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Sand Play and 0- to 8-Year-Old Children's Physical, Cognitive and Socioemotional Outcomes: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review
No full textBackground
Sand play (SP) is a global phenomenon that may be linked to children's health outcomes, but limited evidence exists. The purpose was to synthesize evidence on the association between SP and 0- to 8-year-old children's physical, cognitive and socioemotional outcomes.
Methods
CINAHL, Academic Search Premier, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, ERIC, Medline, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched. Studies were eligible if 0- to 8-year-old children's outcomes were reported while attending SP. Synthesis was performed using effect direction (quantitative), thematic (qualitative), narrative and results-based convergent synthesis incorporating the risk of bias and confidence in the evidence assessments. Studies were grouped by SP exposure context as education, leisure and rehabilitation.
Results
The effect direction (Nstudies = 17; Nchildren = 677), thematic (Nstudies = 8; Nchildren = 131) and narrative (Nstudies = 8; Nchildren = 11 784) syntheses included 28 studies published in 1993–2023 (Ntotal = 12 646; Mchildage = 3–6 years; Mgirls 41%; Methnicity Asian 3%, African American/Black/Hispanic 8%, European American/White/Non-Hispanic 56%, Multi-ethnic 36%). Based on very low to moderate confidence in the evidence, findings indicated inconsistent associations between educational, rehabilitational and leisure SP and children's physical, cognitive and socioemotional outcomes. There was inconsistent evidence on the occurrence of SP by children's gender and age.
Conclusion
SP may enhance some childhood outcomes. However, high-quality controlled designs describing the exposure to SP are needed to inform the effectiveness of SP on children's health and development
The influence of 2D WS2 nanoparticles on the liposomes formation, morphology and spectral properties
No full textLiposomes, with their dynamic lipid structure, are ideal models for studying cell membrane properties and functions. The unique physical properties of 2D-WS2 material are attracting attention for use in modern biotechnologies. Here we study the interaction of WS2 nanoparticles (nanopowder and nanoplatelets) with liposomes on the 1,2-dioleoyl-sn‑glycero‑3-phosphocholine (DOPC) basis 1) after their formation, covering the surface of liposomes and 2) in the process of formation of liposomes, as well as their structural and morphological properties.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS), optical and SEM microscopy for size analysis, complemented by Raman and IR spectroscopy, and quantum-chemical calculations for structural insights were used. Optical microscopy confirmed the obtaining liposomes are smaller than 1 μm both with and without particles. Despite the fact that the SEM method established the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) in the region of the liposome but it did not give an opportunity to answer the question about their location. Only vibrational spectra and quantum-chemical calculations made it possible to answer the question of how NPs and liposomes interact. FTIR spectra revealed changes in liposomes with WS2 particles inside compared to liposomes covered with nanoparticles or unloaded ones in the formation of H–bonds and curvature of the lipid backbone with particles inside the liposome. Quantum chemical calculations showed the possibility of the formation of a bond between the tungsten atom and the oxygen of the glycyl group in front of the DOPC lipid tail, which was confirmed by IR spectroscopic data during the synthesis of liposomes together with WS2 particles. Raman spectra showed luminescence quenching in liposomes signals containing WS2 nanoparticles inside compared to unloaded and those covering the surface of liposomes
Video Game Translation and Creativity in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
No full textThis chapter addresses the potential and limitations of automated translation to enhance the transfer of creative texts in video games. Since the commercialization of neural machine translation, this translation technology has seen widespread use, and academic studies have shown that many translators experience productivity gains when post-editing the output of a neural machine translation system. However, these results cannot be directly transferred to translators working in the field of video games and other areas of audiovisual translation, as multimodal features and the need for creative transfer strategies make audiovisual translation very complex. Considering new approaches to applying neural machine translation and generative artificial intelligence solutions based on large language models, this chapter discusses their implications on the creative aspects of game translation. By highlighting potential new workflows, this chapter contributes to the discussion of how to make the most of automation technologies in the creative field
