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An evaluation of several measures of attention and inhibition in ten year old children
Get PDFDue to numerous definitions for attention and inhibition, it is very difficult to
operationalize and measure these constructs (Barkley, 1996). The primary purpose of
this study was to determine whether there is evidence for independence between attention
and inhibition constructs using measures from the TEA-ch, Gordon CPT, Stroop Task,
WISC- Digit Span and Go-No-Go Tasks and tasks of inhibition. Each of 140 students
were evaluated on all measures and scores were correlated. In addition, Teacher Ratings
and scores from the OLSAT were also correlated with attention and inhibition scores.
Gender differences between all scores were also examined.
Overall, measures did not correlate as expected. Results showed that there were
significant but weak correlations among the sustained and selective attention variables.
Similarly, when all inhibition variables were correlated only four significant but weak
correlations were found. The lack of convergent validity and low correlations among
these measures suggest that attention and inhibition constructs may be multi-dimensional.
Intercorrelations between attention and inhibition variables were also weak.
Relationships between OLSAT scores, Teachers Ratings and attention and
inhibition variables showed that as scores that reflect reasoning skills and Teacher
Ratings increased, the ability to attend and inhibit also increased. Gender differences in
attention and inhibition scores were also examined and showed that girls were better at
paying attention to stimuli and inhibiting impulsive responses than boys
The analysis of eye-movements in the judgment of enjoyment and non-enjoyment smiles in people with schizophrenia
Get PDFResearch has consistently shown that people with schizophrenia have impairments in emotional facial recognition. This deficit has been associated with irregular visual scanning patterns of the face. Since people have the ability to control the expression of emotion that they display, the communication process becomes more complex. In fact, in addition to processing the emotion expressed, decoders must pay attention to the subtle details about the sincerity of the expression. The goal of the current study was to conduct a systematic examination of the ability and perceptual-attentional mechanisms used in distinguishing enjoyment and non-enjoyment smiles in individuals with schizophrenia. More specifically, the activation of the orbicularis oculi muscle and symmetry was examined. Sixteen individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and sixteen control (no diagnosis of schizophrenia) were asked to judge the sincerity of smiles while their eye movements were recorded. Individuals with schizophrenia were less accurate than controls in judging the no-cheek smile as a non-enjoyment smile. This difficulty could be explained by their bias towards the mouth. Furthermore, like their healthy counterparts, individuals with schizophrenia showed difficulty with the judgement of asymmetric smiles. However, while perceptual processing can be ruled out as an explanation for the difficulty suggesting interpretation problems in control individuals, the former explanation cannot be discredited for individuals with schizophrenia
