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Medically assisted procreation through the prism of Catholic science and personalist bioethics
No full textBudući da su supružnici pozvani biti su-stvoritelji u ostvarivanju Božjega stvarateljskog plana, naravna je težnja bračnih parova da rode svoje vlastito potomstvo. No, u vremenu u kojemu živimo suočavamo se s velikim brojem neplodnih parova, što uzrokuje brojne bračne i psihološke probleme. Veliki broj neplodnih parova spreman je pod svaku cijenu doći do potomstva ne gledajući pri tome etičnosti i moralnost pojedinih postupaka.
Razvojem suvremene medicine različitim tehnikama medicinski pomognute oplodnje omogućeno je ovakvim parovima nadići neplodnost i doći do željenog potomstva. Budući da ove medicinske intervencije zadiru u početak i integritet života ovaj diplomski rad nastoji prikazati neke važne moralne i bioetičke implikacije.
Ovaj rad prije svega govoriti o neplodnosti i njezinim uzrocima te njezinoj dijagnostici koja je nužna kako bi se otkrio pravi uzrok neplodnosti i najbolji način liječenja. Nadalje prikazuje tehnike medicinski pomognute oplodnje koje se koriste u suvremenoj reproduktivnoj medicini. Zbog velike mogućnosti manipulacije genetskim materijalom važno je da svaka država donese zakonske okvire koji će regulirati ove metode. A ovaj rad posebno se bazira na zakonsko reguliranje u Hrvatskoj. Prikazuje bioetičku problematiku i izazove koji prate suvremenu reproduktivnu medicinu te na kraju donosi moralni i etički sud Katoličke Crkve o tehnikama medicinski pomognute oplodnje.
Budući da u suvremenoj reproduktivnoj medicini čovjek zadire u život, što je za nas kršćane najsvetije, Crkva je pozvana u suradnji s bioetičkim znanostima ispravno oblikovati savjest vjernika kako bi sa strahopoštovanjem pristupali novome životu i nastojali ga zaštiti.Since spouses are called to be co-creators in the realization of God's plan for creation, it is a natural desire of married couples to give birth to their own offspring. But in the times we live in, we face a large number of infertile couples, which causes many marital and psychological problems. A large number of infertile couples are ready to reach offspring at all costs, without considering the ethics and morality of the individual procedures.
With the development of modern medicine, various techniques of Assisted reproductive technology have enabled such couples to overcome infertility and have desired offspring. As these medical interventions touch into the core beginning and integrity of life, this graduate thesis seeks to portray some important moral and bioethical implications.
Thus, this thesis at first and foremost talks about infertility and its causes, and its diagnostics, which is necessary to discover the true cause of infertility and the best treatment. It further illustrates Assisted reproductive technology techniques which are used in modern reproductive medicine. Due to the great ability to manipulate with genetic material, it is important for each state to adopt legal frameworks to regulate these methods. And this thesis will be especially based on legal regulation framework in Croatia. Also, it presents the bioethical issues and challenges that follow modern reproductive medicine, and finally makes a moral and ethical judgment on the techniques of Assisted reproductive technology by the Catholic Church.
Since in modern reproductive medicine, man encroach into life, which is the most sacred to us Christians, the Church is called into, in collaboration with bioethical sciences, uprightly shaping the conscience of believers so they will be able to approach life with awe and strive to protect it
"WHOEVER BELIEVES IN HIM IS NOTCONDEMNED" The place and meaning of judgment in the Gospel of John
No full textMotiv koji nas je usmjerio prema izabranoj temi rada jest zamijećena zaboravljenost teme suda u teologiji koja je u povijesti dugo vremena bila povezana s kulisom straha i nejasnoće. Temeljni se doprinos rada, dakle, sastoji u pokušaju vraćanja i razumijevanja suda kao teološke teme u svjetlu mjesta i značenje suda u Ivanovom evanđelju. Rad je strukturiran u tri dijela. U prvom dijelu rada prikazat ćemo uporabu i značenje pojma »sud« u Svetome pismu, te njegov povijesni razvoj, kako u Starom, tako i u Novom zavjetu. U drugom dijelu rada prikazat ćemo uporaba i značenje pojma »sud« u Ivanovu evanđelju, s naglaskom na povijesno okruženje, strukturu te literarne značajke Ivanova evanđelja koje će nam biti svojevrsni uvod treći i najvažniji dio rada. Treći dio, dakle, donosi detaljniju egzegetsko-teološku analizu odabranih ulomaka u kojima se prikazuju temeljne značajke suda prema Ivanovom evanđelju: sud Svjetlosti (Iv 3, 1-21), sud Sina Čovječjega (Iv 9, 1-41) i sud Riječi (Iv 12, 37-50). Time želimo doprinijeti razumijevanju misli Ivanove poruke i shvaćanju konačnoga suda, kao iznova dolazećeg dana s kojim čovjek u vjeri susreće uskrslog i proslavljenog Gospodina te zadobiva život.Motiv which led us toward chosen topic of the paper is the observed forgetfulness of the theme of judgment in theology, which in history has long been associated with a backdrop of fear and ambiguity. The fundamental contribution of the work, therefore, consists in attempting to restore and understand judgment as a theological theme in the light of the place and meaning of judgment in the Gospel of John. The paper is structured in three parts. In the first part of the paper we will present the use and meaning of the term »judgment« in the Bible, its historical development, both in the Old and New Testaments. In the second part of the paper we will show the use and meaning of the term »judgment« in John's Gospel, with emphasis on the historical environment, structure and literary features of John's Gospel which will be a kind of introduction to the third and most important part of the paper. The third part, therefore, provides a more detailed exegetical-theological analysis of selected passages in which the basic features of the judgment according to John's Gospel are presented: the judgment of Light (Jn 3: 1-21), the judgment of the Son of Man (Jn 9: 1-41) and the judgment of the Word. Jn 12, 37-50). In this way we want to contribute to the understanding of the thought of John's message and to the understanding of the final judgment, as a new day coming with which a man in faith meets the risen and glorified Lord and gains life
Psycholgical - philosophical - moral problem of suicide with special reference to the situation in Croatia
No full textOvim se diplomskim radom nastoji ukazati na bioetičke i moralno-teološke naglaske svetosti, nepovredivosti i dostojanstva ljudskog života, budući da je u zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća, trend samoubojstva u posebnom porastu i kontinuirano raste, o čemu svjedoče alarmantni podaci iz brojnih država, pa tako i iz Hrvatske.
Radi potpunijeg obuhvaćanja problematike kojom se bavi, rad polazi od promatranja samoubojstva tijekom povijesti sve do suvremenih teorija samoubojstava.
Nakon analize pojave i porasti suicidalnosti u hrvatskom društvu, rad posebno naglašava kršćanski pristup vrednovanja života i sugerira pastoralne mogućnosti prevencije suicidalnog ponašanja.
Faktori koji se odnose na pojavu samoubojstva su vrlo kompleksni i uključuju interdisciplinarnu povezanost, integraciju i interakciju: socijalnih, kulturalnih, ekonomskih, fizioloških, intra-psihičkih, duhovnih i drugih elemenata. Stoga i sama prevencija, kao i strateški plan pomoći, zahtijeva nužnu objedinjenost svih holističkih dimenzija, a poseban naglasak stavljaju na pastoralnu strategiju katoličke Crkve.This thesis seeks to point out the bioethical and moral-theological emphasis on the sanctity, inviolability and dignity of human life, since in recent decades, the trend of suicide is particularly increasing and continuously growing, as evidenced by alarming data from many countries, including from Croatia.
In order to more fully cover the issues it deals with, the paper ranges from observing suicide throughout history to contemporary theories of suicide. After analyzing the occurrence and rise of suicidality in Croatian society, the paper wishes to emphasize the Christian approach to the evaluation of life and the pastoral possibility of preventing suicidal behavior.
Factors related to the occurrence of suicide are very complex and include interdisciplinary connections, integration and interaction: social, cultural, economic, physiological, intrapsychic, spiritual and other elements. Therefore, prevention itself, as well as the strategic plan of assistance, requires the necessary unification of all holistic dimensions, and they place special emphasis on the pastoral strategy of the Catholic Church
Eucharistic ecclesiology in the theological thought of Nikolay Afanasiev
No full textU teološkoj misli ruskog pravoslavnog teologa Nikolaja Nikolaeviča Afanasieva (1893.-1966.) dolazi do izražaja na poseban način euharistijska ekleziologija po čemu je on ostao naročito zapažen kao teolog. Stoga rad nastoji prikazati njegovu teološku misao predstavljajući i obrađujući upravo njegovu euharistijsku ekleziologiju. U tome kontekstu u radu se nastoji istražiti i Afanasievo poimanje Crkve kao i njegovo razumijevanje crkvenosti smještajući sve to u povijesni, teološki i ekleziološki kontekst.
Nakana ovog rada je prikazati ekleziološki život prve Crkve onako kako ga je vidio ruski teolog Nikolaj Afanasiev. Nakon njegove kratke biografije u prvom poglavlju, u drugom poglavlju govori se o euharistijskom životu prve Crkve kao najvažnijoj odrednici cjelokupnog ekleziološkog života te o određenim liturgijskim praksama koje su s vremenom unesene u liturgiju, a koje narušavaju jedinstvo u euharistijskom okupljanju. Treće poglavlje u bitnome definira što je euharistijska ekleziologija i po čemu se ona razlikuje od univerzalne ekleziologije. Osim toga, donosi viđenje jedinstva Istoka i Zapada upravo kroz perspektivu euharistijske ekleziologije.Russian Orthodox theologian Nikolay Nikolaevich Afanasiev (1893-1966) remains well-known as a theologian because he uniquely expressed Eucharistic ecclesiology in his theological thought. Therefore, this paper seeks to present his theological thought by presenting and elaborating precisely on his Eucharistic ecclesiology. In this context, the paper seeks to explore Afanasiev's conception of the Church as well as his understanding of ecclesiology, placing all this in a historical, theological, and ecclesiological context.
This paper intends to present the ecclesiological life of the First Church as seen by the Russian theologian Nikolay Afanasiev. After his short biography in the first chapter, the second chapter discusses the Eucharistic life of the First Church as the most important determinant of the whole ecclesiological life and certain liturgical practices that were introduced into the liturgy over time and that disrupt unity in the Eucharistic gathering. The third chapter essentially defines what Eucharistic ecclesiology is and how it differs from universal ecclesiology. Besides, it brings a vision of the unity of East and West precisely through the perspective of Eucharistic ecclesiology
The charitable activity of the Church under Augustine in De civitate Dei
No full textAutor rada analizira bitne sastavnice pojma Caritasa. Pojam Caritas usko je povezan sa ljubavlju prema Bogu i bližnjemu. Ljubav prema Bogu potiče čovjeka na požrtvovnost i ljubav. Pobliže rečeno potiče čovjeka da čini milosrđe. Isto tako Caritas može označavati i humanu katoličku organizaciju. Isus je dao zapovijed čovjeku da treba ljubiti svakog čovjeka u svakom trenutku.
Autor u nastavku rada prikazuje Boga koji kroz svoju državu poklanja neizmjernu ljubav prema čovjeku. Postavlja kršćanskog vladara na zemaljsku državu kako bi bio autoritet koji bi čovjek morao poštovati. Pošto je Božja ljubav milosrdna, On ju daruje čovjeku kako bi mogao sretno živjeti na svom proputovanju kroz zemaljsku državu. Iako je čovjek počinio grijeh, može ga okajati i obratiti svoje srce. Obraćenje srca je vrlo važan trenutak u kršćanskoj vjeri.
Ljubav prema bližnjemu mora se sastojati u savjetu, ali i u ukoru iz dobre namjere. Takva milosrdna ljubav je najvrjedniji pokazatelj čovjekovog čistog srca. Glede toga mora postojati i vladar koji će kršćanski se brinuti za svoj narod. U takvoj vladavini bitno je da vladar bude pravedan. Usporedno s time postoji i Crkva koja ima svoga vladara koji pravedno postupa sa svojim članovima. Nakon Kristova uskrsnuća pojavljuje se najveća uzajamna ljubav.
Autor na koncu rada zaokružuje dvije teme sa organiziranom i djelotvornom ljubavi. Zbog aktualnih tema koje su obilježile današnji svijet, autor je povezao migrante sa strašnim progonima kršćana u povijesti.Author of this thesis analyse important components of the term Caritas. The term Caritas is closely asscoiated with the love for God and our neighbor. Love for God encourages people to self-sacrifice and love. To clarify, it encourages people to be mercy. Also, Caritas refers to the human catholic organization. Jesus gave us a commandment to love every human and in every moment of our life.
In the following, the author present God who through his country gives immeasurable love to humans. He appoints christian ruler on earth so that he can be an authority which people should respect. Since the love of God is rich in mercy, He gives it to humans so they could live happily on their passing through earth. Although, humans committed sins, they can atone them and convert their hearts. Conversion of heart is a very important moment in catholic religion.
Love for neighbor has to consist of advice, but also of reprimand with good intent. This love full of mercy is the most valuable indicator of the pure heart of a human. In this regard, there has to be a ruler who will take care of his people in a christian way. In this reing, it is important that the ruler is righteous. In parallel, the Church has its ruler who is righteous with its members. After the ressurection of Christ, the greatest mutual love emerges.
In the end, the author binds the two subjects with organized and operative love. In regard to current events in the world, the author related the migrants with the horrible prosecution of christians in history
BIOETHICAL JUDGEMENT OF TRANSHUMANIST CYBORG MEDICINE
Get PDFBrzi tehnološki napredak medicine znatno je utjecao na kvalitativno i kvantitativno poboljšanje i produljenje ljudskog života. Znanstvena dostignuća na polju cyborg medicine, nanotehnologije i biotehnologije već sad evociraju budućnost koja je angažirana prema kreiranju tzv. savršenog života, koncipiranog kao fenomena koji je moguće biotehnološki kontrolirati, kreirati i alterirati.
Takav razvoj onda sve više dovodi u pitanje dosadašnje poznate kategorije ljudskosti te daje povoda zabrinutosti zbog oholosti preuzimanja potpune kontrole nad svime. Stoga ovaj diplomski rad prikazuje problem transhumanizma koji je nametnuo čovjeku ideju alteriranja urođenih datosti naravi te tehnološko-kiborgizirajućih poboljšanja koja odbacuju bilo kakav oblik duhovne transcendencije i vode svijet u smjeru gradnje posthumanog društva.
Suvremeni tehnološki napredak koji se dogodio na području cyborg medicine, nanotehnologije i biotehnologije idealno koristi provedbi transhumanističkih ideja i dovodi čovjeka u iskušenje da napusti urođene ograničenosti vlastitog tijela, darovane osobnosti i naravnog identiteta.
Kako čovjek ne bi ugrozio sebe kao ljudsku osobu, a potom i cjelokupno čovječanstvo, u ovom diplomskom radu prikazat ćemo analizu, a potom i bioetičku prosudbu transhumanističke cyborg medicine.The fast technological progress of medicine had a great impact on qualitatively and quantitatively prolongation and improvement of quality of human life. Scientific advancements in the field of cyborg medicine, nanotechnology and biotechnology evoked a future that is engaged towards creating a so called „perfect life“, conceptualized as a phenomenon that is possible to be biotechnologically controlled, created and altered.
That type of evolution challenges all known categories and values and justifies one’s worry about arrogance taking control over everything. For that reason, this paper presents the problem of transhumanism that imposes an idea of altering innate features of human nature and technological-cyborgisational improvements that reject any form of spiritual transcendency and therefore lead to building posthumanous society.
Contemporary technological advancements that happened in the field of cyborg medicine, nanotechnology and biotechnology serve the purpose of executing transhumanist ideas and leads a man into temptation to leave the bounds of his own body and the abilities of his natural identity that he was gifted with.
In this paper we are going to give an analysis and biotechnical evaluation of transhumanist cyborg medicine with a purpose of saving human values and human dignity
Separation and Divorce of marriage - historical - iuridical analysis
No full textU radu predstavljamo rastavu i razvod braka analizirajući povijesne i pravne činjenice. Tematski je podijeljeno u pet poglavlja. Prvo i drugo poglavlje prikazuju rastavu/razvod braka počevši od biblijskog izričaja braka, kao i rastave/razvoda, pa sve do tumačenja rastave/razvoda na prostoru bivše Jugoslavije. U trećem poglavlju obrađeni su pojmovi uzeti iz Obiteljskog zakona Republike Hrvatske. Obiteljski zakon iz 1998. godine govori o rastavi braka, dok, noviji, Obiteljski zakon iz 2003. godine donosi termin „razvod“ braka. U četvrtom poglavlju detaljno je obrađen Zakonik kanonskog prava iz 1983., u čijim kanonima se govori o rastavi ženidbenih drugova u kanonskom pravu, uspoređivano s Kodeksom kanonskog prava iz 1917. godine. Iako Crkva zagovara i štiti brak i obitelj, ona ipak dopušta prekid zajedničkog ženidbenog života, u posebno teškim slučajevima, inzistirajući na pomirenju, ukoliko je to moguće. U petom poglavlju prikazana je sadašnja situacija brakova i rastava/razvoda, te su izneseni statistički podatci razvedenih brakova u Hrvatskoj. U poglavlju su prikazani uzroci rastave/razvoda, posljedice koje ostavljaju na supružnike, kao i na djecu, koja isto tako pate. Zaključno, uočavamo da Crkva može dati odgovore na probleme obiteljskog života, gdje vidimo da se javlja pozitivno raspoloženje kod ljudi prema Crkvi. Briga Crkve se prvenstveno odvija prema djeci, koncentrira se na pastoral djece osnovnoškolskog uzrasta, dok roditelji, odrasli koji su ostali sami nakon što su ta djeca odrasla i otišla iz obitelji, ostaju izvan pastoralnog dohvata. Također, rastavljeni roditelji, bivaju ponekad sami u cijelom tom kaosu koji ih je zadesio. Kako bi se približili takvim ljudima, potrebno je organizirati terapeutske radionice i osmisliti pastoralne programe.In this paper work we are representing separation and divorce of marriage by analyzing historical and juridical facts. The whole elaboration is divided into five chapters. First and second chapters are showing divorce starting from the Biblical definition of marriage and divorce until interpretation of divorce on the area of former Yugoslavia. In the third chapter the terms from the Croatian Family Law are explained. Family Law from 1998 is mentioning the word separation while the new Family Law that was brought forth in 2003 has a new definition of the word and uses the word divorce. Fourth chapter has explained details of the Code of Canon Law that was created in 1983. The Code mentions separation of a married couple in the Canonical Law and compares it to Code of Canon Law from 1917. Although the Church mediates and protects marriage and family, she does allow the termination of the marriage life if the situation is especially hard on the spouses but also mediates reconciliation if is possible. Fifth chapter shows us information on marriages and divorces in today's time, were we give some information from the statistic of divorces in Croatia. There is further explanation of the causes of separation/divorce, the consequences they are leaving for the separated spouses and as well the children who are also suffering because of it. In conclusion, we can see that the Church can give answers for the problems of family life and many people are looking toward the Church for answers in good faith. The Church has focused on primary care for children; it is focused on pastoral education of the children in primary school while parents, adults who are left alone after the children grow up and leave the family stay beyond pastoral reach. Also, divorced parents are often left alone in life after the separation. There is a growing necessity for organised therapeutic workshops and pastoral programs to bring these people closer to the Church community
Death in the perspective of theological anthropology by Joseph Ratzinger
No full textTema diplomskog rada je prikaz smrti u teološko-antropološkoj perspektivi Josepha Ratzingera. Rad je tematski podijeljen u tri poglavlja. U prvom poglavlju predstavljen je pojam smrti kroz čovjekov i društveni odnos prema smrti. Zatim je predstavljen odnos smrti uz nekršćanska promišljanja o smrti. Prikazano je filozofsko promišljanje o smrti te idealističko i materijalističko tumačenje smrti. U drugome poglavlju analizirani su teološko-antropološki uvidi Josepha Ratzingera. Predstavljeno je važno kritičko promišljanje Ratzingera o smrti te njegov sustavni prikaz pitanja smrti u biblijskoj objavi. Na kraju poglavlja istaknuta je problematika uklanjanja smrti iz današnjeg života. U trećem poglavlju predstavljeni su crkveni dokumenti o smrti, Katekizam Katoličke Crkve i pastoralna konstitucija Gaudium et spes. Također, istaknute su slike smrti u iznenađenju ljubavi i života. Na kraju se predstavlja aktualnost i originalnost Ratzingerova razumijevanja smrti. Rad završava zaključkom u kojemu se progovorilo o važnosti realnosti smrti kao i o važnosti kršćanske nade spram dramatičnosti smrti.The topic of this paper is the illustration of death in theological-anthropological perspective of Joseph Ratzinger. The paper has been divided into three chapters, according to topics. In the first chapter the term death has been presented, through man´s and societal relationship with it. Later, the relations between death and non-Christian deliberation about it have been depicted. Also, the philosophical deliberation on death has been portrayed, as well as the idealistic and materialistic interpretation of the world. In the second chapter, Joseph Ratzinger’s theological and anthropological insights have been analyzed. Joseph Ratzinger’s crucial critical reflection on death and his systematic representation of the question of death in the Bible have been shown. At the end of the chapter, the problem of death´s disposition from everyday life has been emphasized. In the third and last chapter ecclesiastical documents on death, Catechism of Catholic Church and pastoral constitution Gaudium et spes have been presented. Furthermore, the pictures of death in the surprise of love and life have been accentuated. Finally, the currency and originality of Ratzinger´s perception of death has been described. The paper has been concluded by expressing the importance of death’s reality, as well as the importance of Christian hope in comparison with dramatical death
"Psallite sapienter" (Ps 47, 8b). Joseph Ratzingers theological reflections on the music art in liturgy
No full textNakana je ovoga rada prikazati teološka tumačenja njemačkog teologa Josepha Ratzingera, danas rimskog prvosvećenika u miru Benedikta XVI., o naravi, smislu i ulozi glazbene umjetnosti u liturgiji te o crkvenoj glazbi uopće. Nakon kontekstualizacije situacije crkvene glazbe danas u prvom poglavlju, rad donosi biblijska uporišta i direktive za teologiju bogoslužnog pjevanja. U trećem poglavlju govori se o nekim bitnim naglascima razvoja crkvene glazbe kroz povijesno-stilska razdoblja kako ih vidi Ratzinger. Posljednje poglavlje sintetizira biblijsku i teološko-povijesnu analizu te donosi nekoliko načela i putokaza za crkvenu glazbu danas koja treba biti »primjerena Logosu« i primjerena kršćanskoj viziji čovjeka tako da može »oduhoviti kozmos« u gestu molitve i humanizirati svijet.The purpose of this thesis is to present Joseph Ratzinger’s – German theologian, current retired Roman pontiff Benedict XVI – theological interpretations regarding the nature, meaning and role of musical art in liturgy, so as of church music in general. After the contextualization of the situation of church music today in the first chapter, this thesis brings forth biblical groundings and directives for the theology of liturgical chanting. The third chapter deals with some of the relevant points of the development of church music through the historical and stylistic periods form Ratzinger’s point of view. The last chapter synthesizes the biblical and theological-historic analysis and brings a few principles and guidances for church music today, which has to be »appropriate to Logos« and to a christian vision of a man, so it would be capable to »spiritualize the cosmos« into a gesture of prayer and humanize the world
Selected contemporary models of interpretation of the teaching of transubstantiation
No full textEuharistijsku teologiju bilo kojeg teologa možemo načelno smjestiti između dviju krajnosti: s jedne strane je krajnji realizam – potpuna istovjetnost između Kristova tijela i euharistijskih darova, a s druge strane je krajnji simbolizam – euharistijski darovi samo predstavljaju Kristovo tijelo.
Cilj rada je protumačiti dogmu o transupstancijaciji, koja je bliža krajnosti realizma. Prvo proučavamo njen nastanak. Razvijana je u teološkim raspravama razvijenog srednjeg vijeka. Njeno vrhunsko filozofsko-teološko tumačenje dao je Toma Akvinski, a na Tridentskom saboru ona ima središnje mjestu u definiranju euharistijskog nauka. Nakon sabora malo je koji katolički teolog zastupao neku od spomenutih krajnosti.
Napretkom znanosti u 20. st. pojam supstancije biva osporavan, što 60-ih godina rezultira raspravom o transupstancijacijskoj dogmi. U ovoj raspravi B. Welte, P. Schoonenberg i E. Schillebeeckx su teolozi sa simbolističkim tendencijama. Pritom se oslanjaju na personalističku filozofiju i na filozofiju Martina Heideggera. Među onima koji, unatoč znanstvenim spoznajama 20. st., uočavaju trajno važeću realističku srž proučavane dogme prikazujemo misli K. Rahnera, R. Spaemanna i J. Ratzingera.The Eucharistic theology of any theologian can in principle be placed between two extremes: on the one hand is the ultimate realism - the complete identity between the body of Christ and the Eucharistic gifts, and on the other is the ultimate symbolism - the Eucharistic gifts only represent the body of Christ.
The aim of this paper is to interpret the dogma of transubstantiation, which is closer to the extreme of realism. We first study its origin. It was developed in the theological treatises of the High Middle Ages. Its supreme philosophical-theological interpretation was given by st. Thomas Aquinas, and at the Council of Trent it has a central place in defining the Eucharistic doctrine. After the council, few Catholic theologians advocated any of the aforementioned extremes.
With the advancement of science in the 20th century, the notion of substance was challenged, resulting in a discussion about transubstantiation dogma in the 1960s. In this discussion B. Welte, P. Schoonenberg, and E. Schillebeeckx are theologians with symbolist tendencies. In doing so, they rely on personalist philosophy and the philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Among those who, despite of the scientific knowledge of the 20th century, notice the permanently valid realistic core of the studied dogma, we present the thoughts of K. Rahner, R. Spaemann and J. Ratzinger