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A Study on Effects of Laser Remelting and Ultrasonic Nanocrystal Surface Modification on Additively Manufactured STS 316L
No full textDirected energy deposition (DED) is one of the additive manufacturing(AM) technology that produce three-dimensional shapes by melting metal powder with a high-power laser beam. DED process can selective deposition because laser and powder are irradiated at the same time. It has been applied to various industrial fields such as product repair and surface reinforcement. However, the surface of DED has traces of the spatter, unmelted powder, and deposited tracks. In this study, we used ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) to improve DED surface. UNSM, which is attached to the NC/CNC can precise modify the surface. In addition, it is excellent for improving mechanical properties as it can apply a compressive stress of up to 30 MPa 1.6 million times per minute.
This study aimed to broaden the range of UNSM application. So, surface laser remelting (SLR) is applied before UNSM process, to maximize the UNSM effect. In addition, the high-temperature characteristics of UNSM were analyzed by observing of UNSM-treated materials in a high-temperature environment. First, the surface and mechanical properties were improved using the SLR and UNSM process. The continuous application of SLR and UNSM improved significantly the surface roughness and waviness. In addition, the plastically deformed depth treated by UNSM could be further increased by applying SLR before UNSM treatment. As a result, it can improve the mechanical properties inside the material. Next, as a result of comparing the properties of the untreated material and the UNSM treated material in a high-temperature environment, the hardness improvement effect was maintained, but the abrasion properties decreased. In particular, it was confirmed that the amount of abrasion increased significantly at 500 ℃ because the dynamic recrystallization of the UNSM treated material occurred first. Because, UNSM treated specimen has high internal energy. In the future, mechanical property test in a high-temperature environment will be enforced. Through this, basic research on UNSM treated materials in a high temperature environment is to be prepared. These experimental results are expected to help the repair and post-processing industries using AM technology.1 서론
1.1 연구배경 1
1.2 국내·외 연구 동향 3
1.3 연구 목적 및 범위 6
2 레이저 재용융을 이용한 표면 개질 7
2.1 Surface laser remelting (SLR) 7
2.2 실험 장비 및 재료 9
2.2.1 실험 재료 9
2.2.2 실험 장비 15
2.3 실험 결과 17
2.3.1 표면 특성 변화 17
2.3.2 미세조직 관찰 27
2.3.3 경도 및 잔류응력 변화 31
3 초음파를 이용한 표면 개질 36
3.1 Ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) 36
3.2 실험 장비 및 재료 40
3.3 실험 결과 42
3.3.1 표면 특성 변화 42
3.3.2 미세조직 관찰 45
3.3.3 XRD 및 EBSD 분석 48
3.3.4 경도 및 잔류응력 변화 52
4 SLR과 UNSM 연속 공정을 이용한 표면 개질 55
4.1 실험 장비 및 재료 55
4.2 SLR과 UNSM 공정 조합에 따른 특성 비교 58
4.2.1 표면 특성 변화 58
4.2.2 미세조직 관찰 63
4.2.3 EBSD 분석 74
4.2.4 경도 및 나노인덴테이션 시험 81
4.2.5 XRD 및 잔류응력 변화 87
5 고온 환경에 대한 UNSM 효과 92
5.1 실험 장비 및 재료 92
5.2 실험 결과 95
5.2.1 고온 경도시험 95
5.2.2 고온 마모시험 97
5.2.3 표면 관찰 103
5.2.4 EBSD 분석 106
5 결론 109
참고문헌 114
감사의 글Maste
A Study on Architectural Planning of Submerged Floating Underwater Habitat Complex as a Sustainable Living Space
No full textThis underwater architectural planning is a conceptual and multidisciplinary approach to display various technological, industrial and legislative environments that are most relevant for making a submerged living space come true, and rearrange them in consideration and initial analyses on planning submerged oceanic spatial utilization over the continental shelf of Korean peninsula for permanent human occupancy. And as the result of search for most realistic and sustainable oceanic facility on the continental shelf of Korea Strait (Namhae), a specific architectural plan of submerged floating habitat modules within a P2G hydrogen power plant (SBHPP) at the nominee site of South Brother point, near South Brother Island, Busan across the range of installation water depth between 37 and 86 meters is presented.
While the demand on coastal living spaces have been high ever since, urban waterfronts have evolved as one of the most-highly populated or utilized areas among world cities. Such expansion of oceanic spatial utilization includes human residences of fixed and floating types and both permanent on-the-water-surface and temporary under-the-water-surface living space. The main objective of the current planning however, is of a permanent and submerged-floating habitat complex of 1000 cubic meters and a semi-mobile habitat module of 500 cubic meters, which connects the complex and the water surface, inside the perimeter of 100MW hydrogen power plant equipped with six units of submerged floating gas storages and electrolyser compartments, and two units of electrical substations connected to land electric grids.
For the planning of SBHPP, design requirements of both the autonomy and the sustainability of the system are taken into consideration to develop an autonomous and permanently stationary oceanic facility that acknowledges climate neutrality. The full relevance of the SBHPP’s systemic locality and lifecycle-assessed self-sustainability has integrated into the planning by being connected to the land electric power grids and the logistic routes for resources from Busan and Geoje.
As a very early research attempt on planning a submerged habitat for permanent occupancy, the limits of current research are apparent without design and fabrication standards, regulatory guidelines, or objective means for evaluating the performance developed models. To bring about a future of reliable underwater architecture for permanent human occupancy, the study concludes that the modeled living space system of SBHPP should be required to be aware of climate neutrality in both architecture and utilization methodology.1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background 3
1.1.1 Evolutionary path of human residence into submerged oceanic space 3
1.1.2 Technological innovation of conventional on-land residences with offshore residence development 5
1.1.3 Post COVID-19 architectural necessity of residential facility design innovation 7
1.1.4 Underwater Habitats and P2G hydrogen power plant 8
1.2 Methodology 8
1.3 Objectives 10
2. The Concept of Underwater Residence 12
2.1 Underwater Habitat 12
2.1.1 Shoreside submerged spaces 14
2.1.1.1 Primary requirements of underwater observatory within nearshore
range 14
2.1.1.2 Israeli Underwater Restaurant, “Red Sea Star”, Eilat Israel 15
2.1.1.3 Advanced requirements to improve the performance of shoreside submerged residence 17
2.1.2 Offshore submerged spaces 18
2.1.2.1 Requirements of primitively autonomous gravity-fixed underwater habitat 19
2.1.2.2 Gravity-fixed habitat, “Aquarius Underwater Laboratory”, Florida
USA 21
2.1.2.3 Advanced requirements for offshore autonomous gravity-fixed
habitat 22
2.1.3 Submersible residence 28
2.1.4 Submerged floating habitats 30
2.1.4.1 Primary requirements for submerged floating habitat system 30
2.1.4.2 Advanced requirements for a submerged floating habitat with
enhanced seabed utilization 33
2.1.4.3 Floating City “Ocean Spiral” Plan by SHIMIZU Corporation
(淸水建設), Japan 43
2.1.4.4 Drifting Laboratory “SeaOrbiter” by Jacques Rougerie of France 46
2.1.4.5 Autonomous underwater residence 48
2.1.4.5.1 Primary requirements of an autonomous underwater habitat 49
2.1.4.5.2 Advanced requirements of an autonomous submerged habitat 51
2.2 Operating pressure of underwater habitats 55
2.2.1 Indoor atmospheric pressure set to sea level pressure 56
2.2.1.1 By air duct 56
2.2.1.2 By high-pressure air storage and regulated 1 ATA air supply 57
2.2.2 Indoor atmospheric pressure set to ambient installation-depth pressure 58
2.2.2.1 Air supply to submerged living spaces 58
2.2.2.2 Breathing gas mixture supply to living spaces in deep water 60
2.2.3 Safe decompression 62
2.2.4 Autonomous underwater habitat and its functionality integration 64
2.3 Operating depth of underwater habitats 65
2.3.1 Shallow Sea (0 to 50 meter) 66
2.3.1.1 Nearshore shoaling and protection of wave impact 66
2.3.1.2 Fixed benthic and autonomous 68
2.3.2 On continental shelf offshore (50 to 200 meter) 69
2.3.2.1 Submerged floating habitat at wave protected depth 70
2.3.2.2 Benthic habitat complex 73
2.3.3 On deep pelagic space (200 to 1,000 meter) 75
2.3.3.1 Benthic facility 76
2.3.3.2 Pelagic facility 79
3. Authorities Having Jurisdiction and Regulatory Trends of ocean space development 82
3.1 Laws and Regulations 83
3.1.1 Domestic statutory and regulatory trend in Korea 83
3.1.1.1 ⌜Act on the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf⌟ 83
3.1.1.2 ⌜Public Waters Management and Reclamation Act⌟ 84
3.1.1.3 ⌜Marine Environment Management Act⌟ 85
3.1.1.4 ⌜Act on Marine Spatial Planning and Management⌟ 94
3.1.1.5 ⌜Marine Science and Technology Promotion Act⌟ 96
3.1.1.6 Special Exceptions to Floating Buildings of ⌜Building Act⌟ 99
3.1.2 International statutory and regulatory trend 100
3.1.2.1 United Nations 100
3.1.2.1.1 ⌜United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea⌟ (UNCLOS) 100
3.1.2.1.2 International Seabed Authority (ISA) 101
3.1.2.1.3 Sustainable Development Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources 103
3.1.2.2 United States 103
3.1.2.2.1 ⌜Submerged Lands Act and Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act⌟ 104
3.1.2.2.2 ⌜Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1953⌟ 104
3.1.2.2.3 ⌜Federal Oil and Gas Royalty Management Act of 1982⌟ 104
3.1.2.2.4 ⌜Federal Oil and Gas Royalty Management Act of 1996⌟ 104
3.1.2.2.5 ⌜Energy Policy Act of 2005⌟ 104
3.1.2.2.6 Deep Horizon Oil Spill Accident 2010 105
3.1.2.2.7 Secretarial Order 2010 and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management 105
3.1.2.2.8 ⌜NOAA Undersea Research Program Act of 2009⌟ 106
3.1.2.3 United Kingdom 106
3.1.2.3.1 ⌜Petroleum Act 1998⌟ 106
3.1.2.3.2 ⌜Energy Act 2008⌟ 107
3.1.2.3.3 ⌜Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009⌟ 107
3.1.2.3.4 ⌜The Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration, Production, Unloading and Storage (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2020⌟ 107
3.1.2.3.5 Recommendation by the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee 108
3.1.2.4 European Union 109
3.1.2.4.1 European Union Offshore Oil and Gas Authorities Group (EUOAG) of European Commission 109
3.1.2.4.2 ⌜Regulation (EU) 2021/695 Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 28 April 2021⌟ 109
3.1.2.5 Norway 110
3.1.2.5.1 ⌜Act 29 November 1996 No. 72 relating to petroleum activities⌟ 110
3.1.2.5.2 ⌜Regulations relating to exploitation if subsea reservoirs on the continental shelf for storage of CO2 and relating to transportation of CO2 on the continental shelf⌟ 111
3.1.2.5.3 ⌜Act of 17 June 2005 No 79 Relating to Aquaculture (Aquaculture Act) ⌟ and ⌜Act of 27 June 2008 No 71
Relating to Planning and the Processing of Building Applications (Planning and Building Act) ⌟ 113
3.1.2.6 Japan 114
3.1.2.6.1 ⌜Basic Act on Ocean Policy⌟ 114
3.1.2.6.2 ⌜Building Standard Law⌟ (as of August 1st, 2015) 115
3.1.2.6.3 ⌜Marine Building Safety Evaluation Guidelines⌟ of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism 116
3.1.2.7 Australia 117
3.1.2.7.1 ⌜Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973⌟ 117
3.1.2.7.2 ⌜Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act of 2006⌟ 118
3.1.2.7.3 ⌜Offshore Mineral Act 1994⌟ 118
3.1.2.7.4 ⌜Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000⌟ 119
3.2 Technical and Safety Standards 120
3.2.1 Domestic Technological Society and Standards 121
3.2.1.1 Korean Register (KR) 121
3.2.1.2 Korean Design Standard KDS 41 70 02: 2016 Floating Structure 122
3.2.2 International Classification Society 122
3.2.2.1 American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) 122
3.2.2.2 Det Norske Veritas (DNV) 125
3.2.2.3 Bureau Veritas (BV) 127
3.2.3 Other Technological Societies and Safety Standards 129
3.2.3.1 ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) 129
3.2.3.2 SUBSAFE (Submarine Safety Program of the United States Navy) 130
3.2.3.3 NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 131
3.2.3.4 OrcaFlex by Orcina 2019 131
4. Planning of Floating Underwater Habitat Complex for 100MW Hydrogen Power Storage Applicable on Continental Shelf 132
4.1 Design Basis 133
4.1.1 Planning goals and new trend 134
4.1.1.1 Definitions and Main Design Principles 134
4.1.1.2 Environmental Conditions and Operational Limits 136
4.1.2 Autonomous oceanic space as permanent residency 137
4.1.2.1 Structural stability 137
4.1.2.1.1 Meteorological-Oceanographic environment of sites 137
4.1.2.1.2 Stability design 151
4.1.2.2 Resource sufficiency 162
4.1.2.2.1 Electric resource 162
4.1.2.2.2 Resources for environmental regeneration
(atmosphere, pressure, temperature, navigation
visual aid (outdoor), noise) 166
4.1.2.2.3 Resources for life support (food, hygiene, lighting
(indoor), privacy space) 175
4.1.2.2.4 Resources for social life and work environment
(transit, public spaces, social connection) 176
4.1.3 Sustainable facility and sustainable life practice 178
4.1.3.1 Objectivity of climate neutrality 179
4.1.3.2 Sustainable living system 180
4.1.3.3 Sustainable life practice 185
4.1.4 Safe living system design 190
4.1.4.1 Indoor atmosphere pressure safety 190
4.1.4.2 Operational safety 191
4.1.4.3 Wet boundary and wet floor safety 192
4.1.4.4 Noise management 192
4.1.4.5 Fire/explosion prevention 192
4.2 Plan 195
4.2.1 General 195
4.2.1.1 Arrangement of modules and systematic organization 196
4.2.1.1.1 Energy source 199
4.2.1.1.2 Electric substation 199
4.2.1.1.3 Energy storage method 200
4.2.1.1.4 Storage pressure 201
4.2.1.1.5 Electrolyser/fuel cell 202
4.2.1.1.6 Habitat complex 203
4.2.1.1.7 Land support base 204
4.2.1.1.8 Control/communication 204
4.2.1.2 Living space system 205
4.2.1.2.1 Habitat complex 205
4.2.1.2.2 Transit module 208
4.2.1.3 Gas storage and power generation module 210
4.2.1.3.1 Commute methodology 210
4.2.1.3.2 Work environment 211
4.2.1.3.3 Indoor life support system 211
4.2.1.4 Auxiliary modules 211
4.2.1.4.1 Electrical substation 212
4.2.1.4.2 Repair habitat module 212
4.2.2 Structural plan 212
4.2.2.1 Habitat complex and Transit module 213
4.2.2.1.1 Hull structure 213
4.2.2.1.2 Mooring 216
4.2.2.2 Gas storage and power generation module 217
4.2.2.2.1 Hull structure 218
4.2.2.2.2 Mooring 220
4.2.3 Safety plan 221
4.2.3.1 Living module 222
4.2.3.1.1 Pressure safety 222
4.2.3.1.2 Breathing gas quality safety 223
4.2.3.1.3 Life support system safety 224
4.2.3.1.4 Decompression safety 224
4.2.3.1.5 Fire safety 225
4.2.3.1.6 Emergency evacuation safety 226
4.2.3.2 Gas storage and power generation module 226
4.2.3.2.1 Commute safety 226
4.2.3.2.2 Fire safety 227
4.2.3.3 Auxiliary modules 227
4.2.3.3.1 Operational safety 227
4.2.3.4 Other safety issues 229
4.2.4 Installation and management plan 229
4.2.4.1 Fabrication 229
4.2.4.2 Load out 230
4.2.4.3 Transportation 230
4.2.4.4 Installation 231
4.2.5 Operational Plan 232
4.2.5.1 Floor plan 232
4.2.5.1.1 Off-duty activities 232
4.2.5.1.2 On-duty activities 233
4.2.5.2 Vertical transit 234
4.2.5.2.1 Transit to submerged duty 234
4.2.5.2.2 Transit to land base 235
4.2.5.3 Excursion 235
4.2.5.3.1 On-duty excursion 235
4.2.5.3.2 Off-duty excursion 236
5. Assessment 237
5.1 Stability Assessment 237
5.1.1 Hydrodynamic mooring stability of Habitat complex and Transit module 237
5.1.1.1 Numerical model 238
5.1.1.2 Numerical method 239
5.1.1.3 Load cases 240
5.1.1.4 Results 241
5.1.1.5 Conclusion 243
5.2 Safety 243
5.2.1 Safety Risk Assessment 243
5.2.1.1 Indoor living and work spaces (at Habitat complex and
Transit module) 244
5.2.1.1.1 Atmospheric pressure 244
5.2.1.1.2 Atmospheric quality (partial pressure) 246
5.2.1.1.3 Decompression 248
5.2.1.1.4 Fire/explosion 250
5.2.1.2 Other work spaces (at work modules) 251
5.2.1.2.1 Excursion safety 251
5.2.1.2.2 General occupational safety issues 252
5.2.2 Safety manual 253
5.2.2.1 On-duty safety manual 253
5.2.2.1.1 Permit system 253
5.2.2.1.2 Safety conduct at duty 253
5.2.2.2 Off-duty safety manual 254
5.2.2.2.1 Permit system 254
5.2.2.2.2 Safety conduct at off-duty 254
5.2.2.3 Outdoor safety manual 255
5.2.2.3.1 Excursion safety 255
5.2.2.3.2 Transit safety: Departing from the SBHPP 256
5.2.2.3.3 Transit safety: Arriving to the SBHPP 256
5.2.3 Evacuation manual 257
5.2.3.1 Controlled evacuation: Medical evacuation 257
5.2.3.2 Uncontrolled evacuation 258
5.3 Sustainability 258
5.3.1 Sustainability index 258
5.3.1.1 Development stages 260
5.3.1.1.1 Design stage 260
5.3.1.1.2 Fabrication stage 261
5.3.1.1.3 Installation stage 262
5.3.1.2 Operation stage 262
5.3.2 Sustainable life manual 263
5.3.2.1 Off-duty 263
5.3.2.1.1 Dining 263
5.3.2.1.2 Sleeping 264
5.3.2.1.3 Hygiene 265
5.3.2.1.4 Socializing 265
5.3.2.1.5 Workout 265
5.3.2.1.6 Excursion 266
5.3.2.2 On-duty 266
5.3.2.2.1 Indoor duty 266
5.3.2.2.2 Outdoor duty 266
6. Conclusion 267
6.1 Submerged living space design 267
6.2 Climate-neutral underwater human settlement 268
6.3 Limitations of the study 269
7. References 271
8. Glossary of Terms 283Docto
전복용 배합사료내 비트잎부산물의 다시마(Saccharina japonica)대체가 참전복 (Haliotis discus hannai) 치패의 성장과 체조성 및 공기 노출시 스트레스 내성에 미치는 영향
No full textDietary substitution effect of beet leaf by-product (BLB) for sea tangle (Saccharina japonica) on the growth and soft body composition of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) subjected to air exposure was determined. A total of 1260 juvenile abalone was randomly distributed into 18 containers. Five experimental diets were prepared. The control (Con) diet contained 20% S. japonica. Twenty five, 50, 75 and 100% S. japonica were substituted with equal amount of BLB, referred to as the BLB25, BLB50, BLB75 and BLB100 diets, respectively. The dry S. japonica was also prepared to compare effect of formulated diets on growth of abalone. The experimental diets were fed to triplicate groups of abalone for 16 weeks, and then exposed to air exposure for 24 h. Survival of abalone was monitored for the next 6 days post observation period after the 24-h air exposure. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed with formulated diets were greater than those of abalone fed with the S. japonica. The greatest weight gain and SGR were obtained in abalone fed the BLB25 diet, followed by the BLB50, BLB75, BLB100 and Con diets, in that order. The maximum values of weight gain, SGR, shell length and shell width of abalone were estimated to be approximately 42.3, 43.5, 39.8 and 33.7% of substitution level of BLB for S. japonica in abalone feed. The chemical composition of abalone soft body was not affected by the experimental diets. Survival of abalone fed with formulated diets was higher than that of abalone fed with the S. japonica at the end of the 6-day post observation period. In conclusion, S. japonica could be completely replaced with BLB in abalone feed without retardation of growth and survival of abalone subjected to the 24-h air exposure. The greatest weight gain and SGR were obtained in abalone fed the BLB25 diet.List of Tables ⅲ
List of Figures ⅳ
Abstract (in English) ⅵ
1. Introduction 1
2. Materials and Methods 5
2.1 Preparation of the BLB 5
2.2 Preparation of the experimental diets 5
2.3 Preparation of abalone and rearing condition 7
2.4 Sample collection and measurement of abalone growth 8
2.5 Chemical analysis of the experimental diets and soft body of abalone 8
2.6 Water stability of the experimental diets 9
2.7 Observation of survival of abalone subjected to air exposure stressor 9
2.8 Statistical analysis 9
3. Results 11
3.1 Water stability of the experimental diets over time 11
3.2 Performance of abalone 16
3.3 Biological parameter of abalone 19
3.4 Chemical composition of soft body of abalone 21
3.5 Survival of abalone subjected to 24-h air exposure stressor 21
4. Discussion 24
5. Conclusion 28
References 29
Abstract (in Korea) 43Maste
Focusing on Inquiry into the Jus Cogens Characters through Abductive Reasoning
No full textThis study investigates whether the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle could be recognized as a jus cogens by analyzing the legal nature of that principle, which occupies a significant position in the Law of the Sea regime. The ultimate goal of this study is to arrive at an in-depth understanding of the desirable process of making legal principles applied to newly appeared discipline spheres. To this end, theoretical and historical perspectives on the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and jus cogens were maintained while attempting to draw the best explanation.
In recent years, one of the crucial topics in the Law of the Sea is ‘Biological diversity Beyond the National Jurisdiction(BBNJ)’. The principle of freedom of the high seas and the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle are proposed as disciplinary principles in this area. At its root, there is an idea that two principles have a self-evident peremptory character in the maritime order. However, higher hierarchical status must be recognized if a specific legal norm can be defined as a jus cogens, so it must be approached strictly legally, not simply from an ideal and moral point of view. Furthermore, the question whether it is possible to create jus cogens norms artificially to maintain order is inevitably accompanied.
While using the jus cogens as a framework to consider the subject, general explanation through the codified rule could not be a critical factor. Instead, the vital was the nature of a legal discourse inherent in the principle. Also, it is not easy to judge the jus cogens character of a specific norm with a single legal interpretation method, especially the legal syllogism. This is because there is no axiomatically self-evident major premise. Therefore, in this paper, an alternative method of abduction is presented.
In order to provide evidence that supports the best explanation in abduction, it is far from enough to cite the current legal text. Therefore, Chapter 2 provides an overview of the historical flow of the Law of the Sea as the background for the emergence of the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the respective property rights of the principle before the full-scale discussion. In Chapter 3, by simultaneously comparing the intentions of the original proponents of the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the codified results, the legal propositionality of the principle was identified, and the four guiding principles were discovered. Chapter 4 outlines the two perspectives of legal positivism and natural law concerning the source of jus cogens, and seeks criteria for judging characteristics of norms that are universally accepted as jus cogens. In this way, the author attempted to find academic and practical standards for forming jus cogens. Finally, in Chapter 5, three hypotheses were established:‘The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle is jus cogens or not jus cogens or conditional jus cogens’. The guiding principles were used as evidence to explain each hypothesis, and the jus cogens criteria were used to judge each of the guiding principles. As a result, the hypothesis that ‘The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle is not a jus cogens norm’ is reasoned to the best explanation. Among the four guiding principles, the unique real right of the Area was categorical but changeable, and the peaceful use was also categorical but only vague words. The part about profit-sharing was hypothetical and made it impossible to be accepted universally. Lastly, management by the international system was also a hypothetical, jus dispositivum.
The question raised directly in this study was whether the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle is a jus cogens norm in the current international legal system. However, a more general discourse is needed to arrive at a delicate understanding of the desirable process of making legal principles. Two more questions accompany this; Whether it is possible to create conditional jus cogens artificially; What is the implication of‘jus cogens making’.
The answers to these two additional questions result in the following. The jus cogens is universally accepted because they contain certain vital legal ideals, and universal acceptance is self-evident according to the trend of the times and cannot be artificially conditioned. The attempt to ‘jus cogens making’ has a strong ideological bias, but this process is unnecessary for already self-evident legal ideals. Historically, various norms in which ‘jus cogens making’ have been attempted have often been inclined to specific ideologies, and it has been difficult to be accepted in all countries. A jus cogens norm could not be ‘made’, but merely juridically judged, ‘already exists’ from air-like obviousness. The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle calls for justice, but it is hard to expect universal acceptance, as the problem of profit allocation at the root inevitably causes confrontation. Therefore, it should be excluded from the BBNJ discussion. The actual content is more important than the name of the principle, and the content can be changed regardless of the name.
The role of this study in obiter dictum is to suggest abductive reasoning to explain the legal nature of a norm by recognizing the limits of conceptual categorization. The method of deduction and induction were useless in revealing how far the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle was from the archetype of the jus cogens category. Abductive reasoning gathers all evidence to provide an optimal explanation for the hypothesis and persuades the audience. This method would be fruitful in the academic field and practice, such as courts. It is expected that various fields of application will be found through empirical research in the future.Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Objectives 1
1.2 Methodology and Structure 14
Chapter 2 Basis for the Discussion 20
2.1 Differentiation of the Ocean Area and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 22
2.2 The Theory of Real Rights Under the Law of the Sea 29
2.2.1 Significance of Real Rights 29
2.2.2 Roman Civil Law and the Law of the Sea 32
2.3 The Terminology Matters 36
2.3.1 Use and Specific Meaning of Terms 36
2.3.2 Principle and Norm 40
Chapter 3 Analysis on the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle 46
3.1 Analysis on Historical Perspective 49
3.1.1 Arvid Pardo and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 49
3.1.2 Analysis on Pardo’s Work 51
3.1.3 Analysis on‘Declaration of Principle’ 60
3.2 Analysis on Legal Nature 62
3.2.1 Understanding of the Legal Proposition 62
3.2.2 Legal Nature of the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle 69
3.3 Conclusion and Implications 83
Chapter 4 Jus Cogens and its Cases 86
4.1 Formation of Concept of the Jus Cogens 86
4.1.1 Basic Concept 86
4.1.2 Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties 90
4.1.3 Article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 100
4.2 Sources and Identification of Jus Cogens 109
4.2.1 A View of Legal Positivism 110
4.2.2 A View of Natural Law 117
4.3 Case Review of the Jus Cogens 121
4.3.1 International Human Rights Law 124
4.3.2 International Humanitarian Law 129
4.3.3 Other fields of the International Law 133
4.4 Conclusion 134
Chapter 5 Inquiry into the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle as the Jus Cogens 138
5.1 Methodology for the Inquiry 139
5.1.1 Lay-Out for the Reasoning Process 140
5.1.2 Limits of the Conceptual Categorization 149
5.2 Inquiring the Jus Cogens Character through Abductive Reasoning 153
5.2.1 Discovering the Phenomenon and General Rules 153
5.2.2 Hypothesis Setting and Evidence Review 156
5.2.3 The Optimum Hypothesis for the Jus Cogens Character 168
5.3 Implications on the Having Jus Cogens Character 169
5.3.1 Common Heritage of Mankind Principle as the Conditional Jus Cogens 170
5.3.2 Implication of the Modifying Common Heritage of Mankind Principle 174
Chapter 6 Conclusion 179
Bibliography 185
국문초록 206Maste
Dense Thermal 3D Point Cloud Generation of Building Envelope by Drone-based Photogrammetry
No full textThe Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MOLIT) has established a ‘smart construction technology roadmap’. And it is aim to establish a foundation for using smart construction technology by 2025 and complete construction automation by 2030. In particular, technological innovation from 2D design drawings to 3D information models is important in the field of design, construction, and maintenance, and it leads to increase in the use of drones. Accordingly, research using drone technology is actively underway in the construction field, such as a system for modeling and managing a 3D building using drones, information acquisition and data analysis of collapsed areas in the event of a disaster, DEM construction and spatial analysis of planned construction sites.
At the same time, interest in thermal imaging drones, which have been mainly used for military or reconnaissance purposes, is increasing as drones with thermal cameras are used to observe and monitor COVID-19. Thermal imaging is a visual representation of the intensity of infrared rays according to the degree of thermal energy by recognizing it as a number of points. Thermal imaging information is currently being used in various fields such as firefighting, power line management, wildfire monitoring, and livestock disease, and with the use of thermal imaging cameras to prevent and manage the aforementioned COVID-19, we are looking forward to further advances in this technology. Research on the use of thermal imaging cameras that provide various data that cannot be seen through visible images, such as non-destructive testing, temperature-dependent effect evaluation, leak detection in piping facilities, and early diagnosis of structures, is being actively conducted in the construction field. However, domestic research is focused on research using only thermal imaging cameras, so accessibility is low, such as monitoring high buildings or observing large areas, and there is a limit to the effectiveness of thermal imaging cameras when there is difficulty in data acquisition.
Using thermal imaging drones are diversifying, including roof and building inspection, solar panel inspection, electrical inspection, oil and gas inspection, agriculture, road and bridge inspection, public safety and security, and more. Recently, the United States used thermal imaging drones for firefighters to evaluate structural damage before a fire and to provide safety rescue, while Vietnam used thermal imaging drones to find survivors from floods and landslides. In addition, recently, thermal imaging drones have started to be used for building insulation and diagnosis, which can identify leaks and insulation defects before deterioration. However, most of the research has used only fragmentary image information or temperature information of thermal imaging cameras, and the technology for data generation using simple image information and 3D modeling is insufficient. In particular, it is difficult to visually check the site because the construction or civil engineering site structure consists of a large structure, but the problem point for defects or inspection is not large in many cases. In addition, thermal imaging cameras are mainly used for maintenance and management performed after construction management of structures, but there is a limit to obtaining detailed data due to the low resolution of thermal imaging drone modeling compared to visible image drone modeling.
Therefore, in this study, a proposed technique for generating a high-density thermal image 3D point cloud from multiple overlapping images obtained from a visible and thermal imaging camera mounted on a drone was presented. Here, a high-density point cloud is generated through processing of a visible image, and a technique for precisely matching temperature information obtained from a thermal image to this is proposed. In addition, in order to represent the DN value (pixel value) of the thermal image as the actual surface temperature of the facility, the thermal image DN value and the temperature of the non-contact and contact thermometers were compared and analyzed.
First, the drone-attached camera used in the experiment has a visual image camera and a thermal image camera integrated, so the experiment was conducted assuming that the initial external expression elements of the captured visible image and thermal image were the same. The experiment first proceeds to generate a 3D point cloud from a high-resolution visible image. By adjusting the bundle of the visible image, internal and external expression elements are extracted, and the accuracy of the generated three-dimensional point cloud of the visible image is evaluated. The second is to calibrate the temperature information of the thermal imaging camera attached to the thermal imaging drone. In this process, the DN value is measured using a thermal imaging camera attached to the drone, compared with a non-contact thermal imaging thermometer, and adjusted. In addition, in order to evaluate the accuracy of the non-contact thermometer, the accuracy analysis and evaluation through the contact thermometer are also conducted. Finally, a method for generating and utilizing a thermal image 3D point cloud is presented. After the previous visible image processing, the bundle adjustment of the thermal image is performed using the external expression element and the 3D point cloud result, and finally, a high-density 3D point cloud of the thermal image is generated in consideration of the collinear condition and the ground occlusion area.
As a result of the experiment, the RMS error of the visible image was 0.01m (1cm), creating a high-density point cloud within the allowable range. However, there was a limit to obtaining satisfactory results due to the effect of emissivity in the temperature comparison experiment conducted in the process of substituting the actual surface temperature to the DN value of the thermal image. Therefore, the thermal image 3D high-density point cloud generation was performed with DN values, and the results regarding whether the occlusion area was considered or not were analyzed. In the case of the occluded area, in order to project one DN value to the visible image point cloud, the minimum, maximum, and average values of the DN values were compared and analyzed. As a result, if the occlusion area is considered using any of the DN values, it is possible to generate a 3D high-density point cloud of a thermal image of higher quality than that in which the occlusion area is not considered.국토교통부에서는 ‘스마트 건설기술 로드맵’을 수립하고 2025년까지 스마트 건설기술 활용기반을 구축하며, 2030년에 건설자동화를 완성함을 목표로 하고 있다. 특히 설계, 시공 및 유지관리 분야에서 2차원 설계도면에서 3차원 정보모델로의 기술혁신이 중요하며, 드론의 사용 증대가 예상된다. 이에 따라 드론을 활용한 3차원 건물을 모델링하고 관리하는 시스템, 재난 발생 시 붕괴지역 정보취득과 데이터 분석, 공사예정지의 DEM 구축 및 공간 분석 등 건설 분야에 드론 기술을 이용한 연구가 활발히 진행 중이다.
한편, 최근 발생한 COVID-19를 관찰 및 감시하는 데 있어 열화상 카메라를 부착한 드론을 사용하면서 기존에 주로 군사용이나 정찰용으로 쓰이던 열화상 드론에 대한 관심도가 높아지고 있다. 열화상은 열에너지의 정도에 따른 적외선의 강도를 다수의 점으로 인식하여 시각적으로 표현한 것으로 열화상 카메라는 물체에서 나온 열에너지 즉, 적외선을 감지해 영상화하는 장치이다. 열화상 정보는 현재 소방, 송전선 관리, 산불 감시, 가축 질병 여부 등 여러 분야에 쓰이고 있으며, 앞서 언급한 COVID-19를 예방 및 관리하는 데 있어 열화상 카메라를 사용하면서 해당 기술에 대한 발전을 더욱 기대하고 있다. 건설 분야에서도 비파괴시험, 온도에 따른 영향평가, 배관시설 누수감지, 구조물 조기진단 등의 가시적 이미지로 볼 수 없는 다양한 데이터를 제공하는 열화상 카메라 활용에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행 중이다. 하지만 국내 연구는 열화상 카메라만을 사용한 연구에 집중된 경우가 많아 높은 건물 모니터링이나 넓은 지역 관측 등과 같이 접근성이 떨어지고, 데이터획득에 어려움이 있는 경우에서는 열화상 카메라 효율성에 한계를 보인다.
열화상 드론을 사용한 분야는 지붕 및 건물 검사, 태양광 패널 검사, 전기 검사, 석유 및 가스 검사, 농업, 도로 및 교량 검사, 공공안전 및 보안 등 다양해지고 있다. 최근, 미국은 소방관이 화재현장 전 구조적 손상을 평가하고 안전 구조를 하기 위하여 열화상 드론을 사용하였고, 베트남은 홍수와 산사태에서 생존자를 찾는 데 열화상 드론을 이용하였다. 이뿐만 아니라 최근에는 열화상 드론을 열화현상 전 누수 및 단열 결함 등을 미리 식별할 수 있는 건물 단열 및 진단에도 사용하기 시작하였다. 하지만 대다수의 연구가 단편적인 영상 정보나 열화상 카메라의 온도 정보만을 활용하였고, 단순 영상 정보를 이용한 데이터 생성이나 그에 따른 3차원 모델링 등의 기술은 미흡한 상황이다. 특히, 건설이나 토목 현장 구조물은 큰 구조체로 이루어져 있는 반면에 결함이나 점검을 하기 위한 문제 지점은 크지 않은 경우가 많아 현장을 가시적으로 확인하는 것에 어려움이 있다. 또, 구조물 등의 건설 관리 이후에 행해지는 유지 및 관리에는 열화상 카메라가 주로 사용되는데, 열화상 부착 드론을 모델링하는 것이 가시 영상 드론 모델링에 반해 해상도가 낮아 상세한 데이터를 얻기 힘들다.
따라서 본 연구에서는 드론에 장착된 가시 영상 및 열 영상 카메라로부터 획득된 다수의 중복 영상으로부터 고밀도의 열화상 3차원 포인트 클라우드를 생성하는 제안 기법을 제시한다. 여기서, 고밀도 포인트 클라우드는 가시 영상의 처리를 통해 생성하고, 이에 열 영상에서 획득된 온도 정보를 정밀하게 대응시키는 기법을 사용하였다. 또한, 열 영상의 DN값(화소값)을 실제 시설물의 표면 온도로 나타내기 위하여 열 영상 DN값과 비접촉 및 접촉 온도계의 온도를 비교하고 분석하였다.
먼저 실험에 사용한 드론 부착 카메라는 가시 영상 카메라와 열 영상 카메라가 일체화되어 있어, 촬영한 가시 영상과 열 영상의 초기 외부표정요소가 동일하다고 가정하고 실험을 진행하였다. 실험은 첫 번째로, 고해상도의 가시 영상으로부터 3차원 포인트 클라우드 생성을 진행한다. 가시 영상을 번들 조정하여 내부 및 외부표정요소를 추출하고, 생성된 가시 영상 3차원 포인트 클라우드의 정확도를 평가한다. 두 번째는, 열 영상 드론에 부착된 열화상 카메라 온도 정보를 캘리브레이션한다. 이 과정에서 드론에 부착된 열화상 카메라를 이용한 DN값을 측정하고 이 값을 비접촉 열화상 온도계와 비교하고 조정한다. 또, 비접촉 온도계의 정확도 평가를 위해 접촉 온도계를 통한 정확성 분석 및 평가도 진행한다. 마지막으로, 열 영상 3차원 포인트 클라우드를 생성하고 활용하는 방안을 제시한다. 앞서 진행된 가시 영상 처리 후 외부표정요소 및 3차원 포인트 클라우드 결과를 이용하여 열 영상의 번들 조정을 진행하고, 최종적으로 공선조건식 및 지상의 폐색 영역을 고려한 열 영상 고밀도 3차원 포인트 클라우드를 생성한다.
실험 결과 가시 영상의 RMS error(최소제곱근 오차)는 0.01m(1cm)로 허용 범위의 고밀도 포인트 클라우드가 생성되었다. 그러나 열 영상 이미지의 DN값에 실제 표면 온도를 대입하는 과정에서 진행된 온도 비교 실험에서 방사율의 영향으로 인해 충분히 만족할만한 결과를 얻지 못하였다. 그러므로 열 영상 3차원 고밀도 포인트 클라우드 생성은 DN값으로 진행되었으며 매칭과정에서 생기는 폐색 영역의 고려 여부에 관한 결과를 분석하였다. 폐색 영역의 경우 가시 영상 포인트 클라우드에 하나의 DN값을 투영하기 위하여 DN값의 최솟값, 최댓값, 평균값으로 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, DN값 중 어떤 값을 사용하여도 폐색 영역을 고려한다면 폐색 영역을 고려하지 않은 것보다 높은 품질의 열 영상 3차원 고밀도 포인트 클라우드를 생성할 수 있었다.1. 서 론 1
1.1 연구배경 1
1.2 연구목적 4
2. 연구 동향 6
2.1 건설 분야의 열 영상 정보 활용 6
2.2 드론 기반 가시 영상 3차원 공간데이터 생성 9
2.3 적외선 영상 기반 3차원 공간데이터 생성 14
3. 방법론 18
3.1 비접촉 열화상 온도 센서 18
3.1.1 비접촉 열화상 온도 센서의 원리 18
3.1.2 방사율 보정 23
3.1.3 비접촉 열화상 온도 센서 데이터획득 시 고려요소 30
3.2 드론 사진측량 기법 38
3.2.1 드론 사진 촬영의 기본요소 38
3.2.2 지상 기준점 측량 42
3.2.3 번들 조정 46
3.2.4 포인트 클라우드 생성 49
3.3 드론 열 영상 기반 고밀도 포인트 클라우드 생성 52
3.3.1 드론 열 영상 온도 데이터획득 시 고려요소 52
3.3.2 드론 열 영상과 비접촉 열화상 온도계의 캘리브레이션 53
3.3.3 열 영상 기반 포인트 클라우드 생성의 한계 57
3.3.4 열 영상 포인트 클라우드 생성을 위한 제안 기법 58
4. 실험 및 해석 61
4.1 실험 데이터 61
4.1.1 실험 지역 및 실험 장비 61
4.1.2 실험 적용 데이터 64
4.2 가시 영상의 3차원 포인트 클라우드 생성 69
4.2.1 가시 영상 번들 조정 및 외부표정요소 추출 69
4.2.2 가시 영상 포인트 클라우드 생성 및 정확도 평가 71
4.3 열 영상 온도 캘리브레이션 75
4.3.1 열화상 카메라를 이용한 DN값 측정 75
4.3.2 DN값과 비접촉 열화상 온도계 및 접촉 온도계의 비교 78
4.4 열 영상 3차원 포인트 클라우드 생성 87
4.4.1 가시 영상을 이용한 열 영상 번들 조정 87
4.4.2 공선조건식을 이용한 열 영상 3차원 포인트 클라우드 생성 90
5. 결 론 94
참 고 문 헌 98Maste
결속원리의 비교분석-중국어, 한국어, 영어를 중심으로
No full textIn the late 1980s, Chomsky proposed the “Government and Binding theory” based on
the original theory of transformational generative grammar. Binding theory, as a subtheory
of GB, is a theoretical generalization of the referential dissimilarity between noun
phrases in the same utterance and the related conditional restrictions.
The properties and morphology of reflexive pronouns in various languages have been a
hot topic of debate in linguistics since Chomsky proposed the Binding theory. The first
principle of Binding theory points out that the anaphor is bound within its binding domain,
and reflexive pronouns belong to the category of anaphor language, so Binding theory can
be closely related to the study of the properties of reflexive pronouns, i.e. morphology. The
second principle pronouns are free within their binding domain, and the third principle Rexpression
(referential expression) must be free in any domain. Based on this theory,
Chomsky and his successors have done a lot of research on reflexive pronouns in different
languages. Among them, the study of Korean and Chinese reflexive pronouns has also
received a lot of attention from linguists.
In view of the previous analysis, this paper takes the Chinese pronouns ziji, ta-ziji,
Korean pronouns caki, casin, kunyecasin kucasin and English himself, herself as the
objects of study. The concepts of C-command, governing category, Local domain, Longdistance
binding and phi-feature specification and anaphoric dependency of reflexive
pronouns are used for comparative analysis under the framework of Binding theory.
Overall, this study provides new insights into the syntax of Chinese, Korean, and English
reflexive pronouns, and is important for understanding the development of reflexive
pronouns from a linguistic perspective. It also provides pedagogical insights for English
scholar-users.
Key words
Reflexive pronouns, binding theory, referentiality, anaphorContents
List of Abbreviations ···················································································· ii
Figure Contents ························································································· iii
Chapter 1 Introduction ·················································································· 1
1.1 Research background ······································································ 1
1.2 Purpose of Research ········································································2
1.3 Significance of Research ·································································· 2
1.4 Thesis organization·········································································· 3
Chapter 2 Literature Review ············································································4
2.1 Theoretical Framework ···································································· 4
2.1.1 The Binding Theory···································································4
2.1.2 Domain issues and local vs. long-distance binding (LDB)····················· 14
2.1.3 Abstract Movement··································································19
2.2 Previous studies on the reflexive binding in three languages ························21
Chapter 3 Local vs. Long Distance Binding based on Referential Hierarchy···················· 28
3.1 Variation in Binding Distance based on Referential Hierarchy·······················28
3.1.1 Binding Distance –Relative Phenomenon········································ 29
3.1.2 Defining Referentiality based on Lexical Contents······························30
3.1.3 How Local vs. Long Distance Dependency Works······························34
3.1.4 Direction in Binding Phenomena·················································· 41
3.2 Relativity in Principle B Effects·························································· 53
3.3 Reciprocals Anaphors······································································60
3.4 Bimorphemic Anaphors··································································· 65
3.4.1 Do Chinese and Korean have genuine local anaphors?························· 66
3.4.2 Restructuring········································································· 71
3.4.3 Referential Hierarchy revisited·····················································77
5. References ···························································································· 83Maste
Weldability and corrosion resistance properties of super duplex stainless steel using PAW-TIG hybrid tandem welding process
No full text슈퍼듀플렉스 스테인리스강(super duplex stainless steel, SDSS)은 내공식 지수(pitting resistance equivalent number, PREN)가 40 이상으로 기존 오스테나이트 스테인리스 스틸뿐만 아니라 듀플렉스 스테인리스 강에 비해서도 상당히 우수한 내식성과 기계적 성질을 가지는 소재이며, 오스테나이트와 페라이트의 비율이 50 대 50으로 구성되어 있는 소재이다. 또한 듀플렉스강(duplex stainless steel)은 석유, 화학 공장, 해양 플랜트, 오일 및 가스의 제조 공정 등 높은 내부식성을 필요로 하는 다양한 응용 분야에 구조용 재료로 폭넓게 사용되고 있지만, 용접 후 열처리로 인해 존재하는 상들의 균형이 변화되고 결론적으로는 듀플렉스 스테인리스강이 가지기를 기대하는 내부식 성능을 만족하지 못하게 된다.
따라서 외경이 크고 두께가 두꺼운 파이프의 제조가 제한되고 있을 뿐 아니라, 다층용접(multiple welding) 공정에서는 큰 문제가 될 수 있다. 특히 통상적인 일반 듀플렉스 강 및 린(lean) 듀플렉스 강보다 크롬(Cr)과 몰리브덴(Mo)의 함량이 높은 슈퍼 듀플렉스강은 해당 온도 범위로 가열이 될 경우 추가적으로 σ상의 석출로 인한 입계 예민화가 증대되고 입계 부식에 영향을 줄 가능성이 상당히 높아진다. 본 연구에서는 산업계의 특성상 다층용접을 사용할 수밖에 없는 용접 공정에서도 용접 후 열처리의 온도 변화에 따른 σ상 및 2차 상들의 조직내 발생과 이런 상들이 슈퍼 듀플렉스 강의 내부식성에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구를 수행하였다.제1장 서론 1
제1절 연구 배경 1
제2절 연구 목적 3
제2장 이론적 배경 6
제1절 듀플렉스 스테인리스강의 개요 6
1. 듀플렉스 스테인리스강의 역사 6
2. 듀플렉스 스테인리스강의 합금성분 8
제2절 듀플렉스 스테인리스강의 특성 11
1. 절단 및 성형 특성 11
2. 용접 및 열처리 특성 15
3. 기계적 성질 19
4. 부식의 종류와 특성 20
제3장 실험 방법 38
제1절 실험 재료 및 장치 38
1. 실험 재료 38
2. 실험 장치 41
제2절 실험 및 분석 방법 46
1. 실험 방법 46
2. 분석 방법 48
제4장 실험 결과 및 고찰 57
제1절 PAW-TIG 하이브리드 탠덤 용접시 PAW 매개변수의 영향 57
1. PAW의 전류 및 전압에 따른 용접 특성 57
2. 용접 속도에 따른 PAW 용접 특성 63
3. 용접 열원간 거리에 따른 PAW 용접 특성 66
제2절 PAW-TIG 하이브리드 탠덤 용접시 TIG 매개변수의 영향 69
1. TIG 매개변수에 따른 하이브리드 탠덤 용접부 특성 69
2. TIG의 전류 및 전압 최적화 69
3. TIG 용접속도의 최적화 82
4. TIG 용접의 열원간 거리 최적화 85
제3절 PAW-TIG 하이브리드 탠덤 용접부에 대한 열처리 특성 88
1. 열처리 온도 및 유지시간에 따른 용접부 미세조직 특성 88
2. 열처리 변수에 따른 부식 특성 94
제5장 결론 111
참고문헌 114Maste
A Study on Design of High Gain Array Antennas for 17 GHz Band Wave Detector
No full textIn this thesis, the design of a high gain array antenna for a wave detector that detects movements of the sea level is proposed.
In order to detect the movement of the sea level accurately, it is necessary to receive large amounts of data reflected from the sea level. If the X-band in wave detector is applied, it is difficulty to receive a lot of data because the frequency bandwidth cannot be limited. However, if the frequency bandwidth of the wave detector is higher, the usable bandwidth can be extended, which makes it possible to receive a lot of data.
Therefore, in order to increase the performance of the wave detector, a system configuration of the 17 GHz band that can use a wide frequency band is required. In addition, in order to realize the optimized performance of the system, it is essential to apply an array antenna having a high gain.
In chapter 1, Research background and design purpose were presented.
In chapter 2, The configuration of the proposed wave detector was described. The performance and structure of the wave detector and the performance of the microstrip patch array antenna were described, respectively.
In Chapter 3, First of all implemented the optimization data for the single patch antenna using a simulation tool. Then, a prototype having a structure of 6 × 30 array based on the optimized single patch parameters was designed and fabricated. The results of a calculated antenna were agreed well with the measured ones.
In chapter 4, The design of three types of models using a slot array waveguide antenna with side lobe suppressed performance as another method for performance improvement using a simulation tool was presented.
In chapter 5, The conclusion of this thesis was described.
Slot waveguide array antennas were also proposed for sidelode suppression in this research. In order to realize the side lobe suppression performance, 1 × 7 slot waveguide with WR-51 standard structure was considered. Three type models such as uniform array, Chebyshev array and Chebyshev array with electric wall were designed and simulated. The maximum gain of three models was shown more than 15 dB at the reference bandwidth in simulation.
Moreover, a sidelobe level of Chebyshev array with electric wall was improve 6.1 dB to compare with ones of uniform array.
In future study high gain design for Chebyshev array with electric wall will be performed for wave detector application.본 논문에서는 해수면의 미세한 움직임을 탐지하는 Wave Detector 용 고이득 배열 안테나 설계에 관하여 기술하였다.
해수면의 미세한 움직임을 정밀하게 탐지하기 위해서는 해수면에서 반사되는 대용량의 데이터의 수신이 필요하다. Wave Radar에서 사용하고 있는 X-Band의 주파수를 사용하면 주파수 대역폭을 확장할 수 없기 때문에 많은 데이터 수신이 불가능하다. 하지만 Wave Radar의 주파수를 높이면 대역폭 확장이 가능하여 많은 데이터 수신이 가능해 진다. 따라서 Wave Detector의 성능 증대를 위해서는 넓은 주파수 대역이 사용 가능한 17 GHz 대역의 시스템 구성이 필요하다. 또한, 시스템의 최적화된 성능을 구현하기 위해서는 이득이 높은 배열 안테나의 적용이 필수적으로 요구된다.
제 1장에서는 연구의 배경 및 필요성에 대해 기술하였다.
제 2장에서는 구현하고자 하는 Wave Detector 구성을 기술하였다. Wave Detector의 성능과 구조 및 마이크로 스트립 패치 배열 안테나의 성능에 대하여 기술하였다.
제 3장에서는 마이크로 스트립 패치 배열 안테나의 단일패치 소자를 시뮬레이션 툴을 이용하여 최적화 데이터를 구현하였다. 그리고 6 × 30 배열의 구조를 가지는 시제품을 제작하고 성능을 측정하였다.
제 4장에서는 성능 개선을 위한 다른 방법으로 부엽이 억제된 성능을 가지는 슬롯 배열 도파관 안테나를 시뮬레이션 툴을 사용하여 3 종류의 모델에 대한 성능을 검토하였다.
제 5장에서는 본 논문의 결론을 기술하였다.
부엽억제 성능을 구현하기 위하여 WR-51 표준 도파관의 구조를 가지는 1 × 7 배열 안테나 사용하였다. 3 종류(Uniform Array 구조, Chebyshev Array 구조, Chebyshev Array 구조에 전기벽을 적용한 구조)로 설계하고 시뮬레이션을 통하여 그 성능을 검토하였다. 3 종류 모델 모두 최대이득 15 dB 이상 성능을 확인하였고, Chebyshev 배열에 전기벽을 결합시켜 설계한 모델이 Uniform 배열의 부엽 레벨보다 6.1 dB 개선되었음을 확인하였다.
향후 연구에서는 Wave Detector 적용을 위해 전기 벽을 적용한 Chebyshev 배열 안테나의 고이득 설계가 수행될 것이다.1. 서론 1
1.1 연구의 배경 및 필요성 1
1.2 연구 내용 3
2. Wave Detector 구성 4
2.1 Wave Detector 구성 4
2.2 Wave Detector 안테나 구성 및 성능 8
3. 패치 배열 안테나 설계 10
3.1 패치 배열 안테나 설계 10
3.1.1 단일 패치 배열 안테나 설계 10
3.1.2 1 × 2 패치 배열 안테나의 설계 16
3.2 패치 배열 안테나 측정 22
3.2.1 6 × 30 패치 배열 안테나의 측정환경 22
3.2.2 6 × 30 패치 배열 안테나의 측정 25
3.2 검토 및 평가 33
4. 슬롯 배열 도파관 안테나 설계 35
4.1 슬롯 배열 도파관 안테나의 이론적 배경 35
4.1.1 이론적 배경 35
4.1.2 슬롯배열(Slot Array)과 옵셋(Offset) 38
4.1.3 선형 배열 안테나의 방사패턴 분석 40
4.2 슬롯 배열 도파관 안테나 설계 47
4.2.1 슬롯 배열 도파관 안테나의 설계 47
4.2.2 안테나의 설계 시뮬레이션 결과 52
4.3 검토 및 평가 59
5. 결론 61Maste
A Study on the Forecasting of Demand and Supply and the Diagnosis and Countermeasure of Manpower Shortage of Korean Merchant Marine Officer
No full textThe role of marine officer who manages and controls vessels to ensure safe navigation and generate transportation profits is a critical factor in determining the competitiveness of shipping companies. In response to the changes in the maritime industry, such as the advent of innovative ships (smart ships), stricter regulation and policy, and fierce cost competition due to high volume of shipments, retaining talented officer has been considered as a core factor.
However, due to the peculiarity of shipping labor that is isolated from land for a certain period, the number of marine officers is gradually decreasing. This study explored the current state of the marine officers so as to cope with the issues of workforce caused by the decrease in the labor of merchant ships, predicted future demand and supply of labors in various ways, and the results were compared and analyzed. According to the result, the study analyzed how the countermeasures to improve the manpower shortage will affect the demand and supply of manpower in the future.
The demand for manpower of marine officer is forecasted using various methods such as the simple average method using geometric mean, linear and polynomial models of trend analysis, and Auto-Regression(AR), Moving Average(MA), AR+MA(ARMA), and Auto Regression Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA) models of time series analysis based on data between year 2003 and year 2020. In order to increase the objectivity of the forecasting, the results from each method were compared. As a result of forecasting the demand for marine officer in overseas service ships, the result of the simple average method using trend analysis and the linear regression model showed the increase from 6,241 in year 2020 to 11,856 and 9,853 in year 2040 in respectively. The polynomial regression model is considered to be inappropriate because it represents an unrealistic figure in long-term prediction.
The predicted figures of the four models of the time series analysis presented the slight increase at a similar level and then stagnation. The demand of marine officer in coastwise ships slightly increases from 6,241 in year 2020, to 7,887 and 7,786 in year 2040 in the simple average method and linear model of trend analysis respectively while the prediction of polynomial models showed inadequate figure.
The predicted figure of all time series models showed slight increase until year 2023 and then stagnation as well. Demand for overseas employed marine office will continue to decrease from 2,062 in year 2020 to 809 in year 2040 in the case of the simple average method. On the other hand, the predicted figure of linear model and polynomial models of trend analysis showed dramatic fluctuation, which was not adequate to be applied. In the MA model of time series analysis, the figures slightly decreased and then stagnated while those of the other three models all increased slightly to a similar level and then remained stagnant.
The comparative analysis was conducted between the result of demand forecasting for marine office and the actual performance figure from year 2015 to year 2020, to identify the degree to which the forecast results coincide with the actual scale of manpower. As a result of the analysis, the simple average method of trend analysis showed little difference with the actuality, and the AR, ARMA, and ARIMA models of time series analysis showed similar level of differences whereas the difference of the MA model was slightly higher. In the forecasts of the demand for merchant marine officers, when there is a change as well as a large increase or decrease in the actual manpower, the error is large and such error would be delayed and later on reflected on the forecast. Therefore, for the short-term forecast of marine officer manpower, it is appropriate to apply the demand forecast. While for the long-term forecast, various forecasting methods should be applied. The results should be then comparatively evaluated and applied within appropriate categories.
On the other hand, it was found that supply or marine officer of overseas merchant ships will decrease to 5,085 in year 2040 and those of coastwise ships will decrease to 973 according to forecasting analysis based on the manpower scale considering number of retirees and promotions, and new entrants by position and age, the turnover rate in year 2020. As a result of comparing the forecasts of manpower demand and supply of merchant ship marine officers, it was predicted that the problem of manpower shortage in overseas and coastwise ships will be seriously raised in the future.
As a measure to respond to the problem of manpower shortage according to the forecast of demand and supply for merchant mariner officers, we analyzed the extent to which the shortage of manpower was reduced due to the introduction of autonomous ships on the demand side and the implementation of the plan to expand the supply of marine officers (Preferential wages for long-term sailors, income tax exemption, employment incentives, and improvement of seafarer occupational awareness, training of new employee, and improvement of boarding rate) on the supply side.
The results of time series model analysis of changes in the demand and supply of manpower for merchant marine officers due to the introduction of autonomous ships and the expansion of supply, and consequent shortage of manpower showed that the shortage issue of marine officers could not be completely addressed. In particular, it was predicted that the problem of shortage of manpower for domestic merchant ships would not be resolved and worse still, expected to deteriorate at very concerning level. Since it is essential to secure and maintain Korean marine officers for the stable transport volume of coastal freight and secure mobilized fleets during wartime, innovative measures to expand the supply of marine officers should be implemented urgently to prevent the collapse of the coastwise shipping industry by shortage of manpower.
This study comprehensively analyzed and predicted the demand for manpower of marine officers by applying simple average method using geometric mean, linear and polynomial models of trend analysis, and AR, MA, ARMA, and ARIMA models of time series analysis. The purpose of this study is to improve the objectivity and reliability of prediction by comparing and evaluating the prediction results of different methods. In addition, the forecast accuracy of demand forecasting methods was evaluated by comparing the forecasted demand and actually measured figure. The study presents the problems in the application of the demand forecasting method and proposes appropriate utilization methods.
Furthermore, a scientific and systematic forecasting method considering the factors affecting marine officer supply was suggested by presenting changes in supply of marine office according to the changes in workforce composition (number of retirees and promotions, and new entrants by position and age, the turnover rate) for each year by using Markov analysis. Lastly, this study examined the feasibility and effect of plan for supply and demand of marine officer in quantitative way by analyzing the impact of the introduction of autonomous vessel and the realistic supply expansion plan on the reduction of the manpower shortage.
Based on the result, it was suggested that proactive measures should be urgently prepared to solve the problem of seaman manpower shortage as the problem will become more serious in the future. This is study is likely to be assessed as very timely research emphasizing the necessity of maintaining Korean marine officer in a situation where the number of marine officers in merchant ships is decreasing.Abstract ⅹ
제 1 장 서 론 1
제 1 절 연구 배경 및 목적 1
제 2 절 연구의 방법 및 구성 4
제 2 장 이론적 배경 6
제 1 절 인력 수요 및 공급 예측 6
1. 인력 예측의 필요성 6
2. 인력 수요 예측 방법 7
3. 인력 공급 예측 방법 17
제 2 절 해기인력의 수급 예측 20
1. 해기인력 수급 예측의 중요성 20
2. 해기인력 수급 예측의 향후 영향요인 22
제 3 절 해기사 인력 수급 예측 선행연구 33
제 3 장 해기사 인력 현황 분석 39
제 1 절 선원 인력 동향 39
1. 세계 선원 수급 동향 39
2. 우리나라 선원 수급 동향 45
제 2 절 해기사 인력 수급 53
1. 해기사 인력 현황 53
2. 해기사 인력 공급 60
제 4 장 해기사 인력 수요 및 공급 예측 70
제 1 절 해기사 인력 수요 예측 70
1. 추세분석에 의한 해기사 인력 수요 예측 70
2. 시계열분석에 의한 해기사 인력 수요 예측 80
제 2 절 상선 해기사 인력 수요 및 예측결과 비교 평가 96
1. 상선 해기사 인력 수요 예측결과 비교 96
3. 상선 해기사 인력 수요 예측 결과와 실적치의 비교 평가 104
제 3 절 해기사 인력 공급 예측 117
1. 외항상선 해기사 인력 공급 예측 117
2. 내항상선 해기사 인력 공급 예측 124
3. 내·외항 상선 해기사 인력 공급 예측 129
제 5 장 해기사 수급 예측에 따른 인력부족 진단 및 대응 분석 131
제 1 절 해기사 수급 예측에 따른 인력부족 진단 131
제 2 절 해기사 인력부족 대웅방안의 향후 수급에 미치는 영향 137
1. 자율운항선 도입에 따른 상선 해기사 수요 변화 137
2. 상선 해기사 공급 확대 방안에 따른 공급 변화 162
제 6 장 결 론 173
제 1 절 연구결과의 요약 173
제 2 절 연구의 한계점과 향후 연구방향 178
참고문헌 180Docto
한국의 주택임대차보호법과의 비교를 중심으로
No full text주택임대는 중국에서 대도시의 새로운 시민과 청년층의 주거 문제를 해결하는 중요한 해법 중 하나로 이 같은 추세가 강화되고 있다. 여전히 대부분은 주택 구입을 선호하지만 치솟는 집값은 도시 젊은이와 저소득층이 다른 주거방식을 택할 수밖에 없고, 주택 임대는 일반적이다. 수요 증가에 따른 임대차 방식도 다양해지고 있어 주택임대 관련 갈등도 늘고 있고, 분쟁도 복잡해져 관련 주체들의 피해도 무시할 수 없다. 하지만 중국에는 아직 주택 임대를 위한 체계적인 법률이 없는 실정이다. 주택임대차 관련 규정은 「민법전(民法典)」, 지방행정법규나 부처 의견, 가이드라인 등 법률 문서에 산재되어 있다. 주택 임대에 대한 규범적인 문서가 존재하지만 시행의 효과는 미미하고, 주택 임대는 시장에서 주로 조절해 일반 국민이 주택 임대에서 자신의 권익을 어떻게 지킬것인지는 매우 어려운 문제이다.
주택임대의 역사적 발전과 외국의 주택임대차법적 경험에 비춰볼 때 주택임대는 시장의 조정에서 정부의 입법 개입으로 발전하는 과정이다. 주택 임대는 다른 물품 임대와 달리 국민의 주거권과 직결돼 국민의 생존을 위한 기본권이기 때문에 더욱 특별입법적으로 보장되어야 한다. 한국과 중국은 문화적 배경이 비슷해 주택 임대의 혼란기를 겪기도 했다. 그래서 주로 한국의 주택임대차보호법과 그에 관한 법률을 소개한다. 한국은 주택임대차보호법과 관련 법규로 주택임대의 기간, 절차, 임차인의 임차권 보장 방식 등을 체계적으로 규정하고 있어서 중국의 주택임대차 법규에 시사점을 주고 있다. 중국의 기존 임대 방식 두 가지, 즉 전통적인 임대 방식과 장기 아파트 임대 방식이다. 전통적인 임대차 방식 중 임대차 관계 불안, 시장질서 부재, 당사자 권익난 보장 등의 문제점이 발견됐고, 장기 아파트 모델의 탄생이 이를 어느 정도 해결해 자본투입과 정책적 지원으로 대도시에서 장기 임대모델이 급물살을 탔다는 분석이다. 그런데 장기 아파트 전세매체는 법적 규제가 미비한 데다 자본금 축출로 잘못된 돈줄 운용이 이뤄지고 있다. 장기임대아파트 회사들은 최대한 이익을 도모하기 위해 위탁계약과 임대계약의 경계를 모호하게 하고 당사자의 관련 권익을 침해한다. 한편 전통적으로 임대차 방식은 임대차 관계를 불안정하게 만들기 쉽고, 반면 장기임대아파트 임대차 방식은 임대인과 임차인 모두에게 손해를 주는 구조이다. 따라서 임대인과 임차인의 권익이 모두 보장될 수 있도록 체계적인 주택임대차법률의 제정이 시급하다.
본 연구의 목적은 한중 주택임대제도를 비교하여 중국의 기존 주택임대차 문제를 분석하고, 그 개선책으로서 입법적 개선방안과 제도적 개선방안을 제안한다. 중국이 하루빨리 주택임대차 당사자의 합법적 권리를 보장할 수 있도록 체계적인 주택임대차 규제법을 마련하기 바란다.제 1 장 서론1
제1절 연구의 배경과 목적 1
Ⅰ. 연구의 배경 1
Ⅱ. 연구의 목적 3
제2절 연구방법과 범위 5
Ⅰ. 연구방법 5
Ⅱ. 연구범위 6
제 2 장 중국 주택임대차의 의의 및 외국의 입법례 8
제1절 중국 주택임대차의 의의 8
Ⅰ. 주택임대차의 개념 8
Ⅱ. 주택임대차법제도의 의의 10
제2절 주택임대차제도의 발전 10
Ⅰ. 근대 11
Ⅱ. 현대 13
제3절 주택임대차법 관련 이론 13
Ⅰ. 정부개입이론 14
Ⅱ. 공익이론 14
제4절 외국의 입법례 15
Ⅰ. 미국 15
Ⅱ. 독일 18
Ⅲ. 일본 22
제5절 소결 24
제 3 장 한국의 주택임대차제도 26
제1절 주택임대차제도의 발전 과정 26
Ⅰ. 발전 배경 26
Ⅱ. 발전과정 27
제2절 주택임대차보호법 내용 30
Ⅰ. 적용범위 30
Ⅱ. 대항력 30
Ⅲ. 우선변제권 31
Ⅳ. 임차권 등기명령제도 33
Ⅴ. 주택임대차의 존속기간 33
Ⅵ. 차임·보증금의 증감청구권 35
Ⅶ. 임차권의 소멸 36
제3절 부동산거래신고 등에 관한 법률 36
제4절 소결 37
제 4 장 중국의 주택임대차제도 38
제1절 중국 주택임대차 관련 법률 38
제2절 중국 주택임대차 제도 발전 39
Ⅰ. 상품화 모색단계 39
Ⅱ. 주택시장화 안정추진 단계 42
Ⅲ. 주택임대차시장 발전단계 43
제3절 중국 주택임대차 방식 44
Ⅰ. 전통임대방식 44
Ⅱ. 장기임대아파트 방식 49
제4절 한중 주택임대차제도 비교 63
Ⅰ. 공통점 63
Ⅱ. 차이점 64
제 5 장 중국 주택임대차제도의 문제점 및 개선방안 67
제1절 중국 주택임대차제도 문제점 67
Ⅰ. 전통임대방식의 문제점 67
Ⅱ. 중국 장기임대아파트 방식의 문제점 70
제2절 중국 주택임대차제도 개선방안 72
Ⅰ. 입법적 개선방안 72
Ⅱ. 제도적 개선방안 74
제 6 장 결론 77
참고문헌 79
국문 초록 83Maste