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Calcaric Luvisol, WRB
No full textLeetjad mullad on tekkinud karbonaatsele, valdavalt kollakashallile, harvem punakaspruunile saviliiv- või liivsavimoreenile. Neil on tüseda toitainerikka huumushorisondi (A) alla selgelt välja kujunenud heledam lessiveerunud horisont (El), millest savi- ja tolmuosakesed on osaliselt ümber paigutatud alumisse sisseuhtehorisonti (B).
Karbonaate esineb neil enamasti alates sügavusest 60-90 cm.Aasta muld 2026 kuulutati välja XVI Mullapäeval, 5. detsembril 2025.Kaasrahastanud Euroopa Lii
Effect of zeolite-amended sandy soils on growth & yield of Copenhagen cabbage
No full textReceived: May 9th, 2025 ; Accepted: June 21st, 2025 ; Published: August 5th, 2025 ; Correspondence: [email protected] greenhouse pot experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa, to assess the effect of zeolite on the fresh head yield & growth characteristics of cabbage cv. Copenhagen. Zeolite was applied at 0:10, 1:9, 2:8, & 3:7 zeolite to sandy soil (w/w). Cabbage growth parameters, plant height, & number of loose leaves showed significant improvements (p 0.05) in the first growing season. Additionally, marketable cabbage head traits (head diameter, head circumference, & fresh weight) exhibited no significant differences (p > 0.05) among treatments in the first season. Still, significant improvements were observed in the second season. Zeolite applications at 30% reduced cabbage yields by 15.12% (without loose outer leaves) & by 11.64% (with outer leaves) compared to a 20% zeolite application. Furthermore, the findings highlight a practical implication: a 20% zeolite amendment appears to be the optimal level for improving cabbage yield without the negative effects observed at higher application rates. Overall, this study revealed that zeolite could enhance certain cabbage growth parameters & yield, particularly in the second season. This indicates that zeolite might require a fallowing period within the soil to fully benefit plant growth. Additionally, the results also indicate that zeolite soil amendment may have a limit to its beneficial effects. To support broader adoption, the study recommends applying zeolite at 20% prior to planting, integrated with conventional fertilisers, and guided by soil testing in follow-up seasons
Seed priming with polyethylene glycol improved drought tolerance of late sown wheat by enhanced gas exchange attributes
No full textReceived: March 31st, 2025 ; Accepted: July 14th, 2025 ; Published: July 18th, 2025 ; Correspondence: [email protected] sowing, especially in regions prone to drought, significantly hampers crop growth and yield. To address this, field experiments were conducted during the winter of 2021–2022 at Maru and Mushaqar in Jordan to evaluate the effects of seed priming agents as seed priming with water (hydropriming), polyethylene glycol (osmopriming), calcium chloride (osmopriming), and a control (unprimed) on physiological, phenological and yield traits of durum wheat (umqais variety) under normal and late sowing conditions. Results showed that Maru exhibited superior performance in physiology, growth, and yield attributes compared to Mushaqar. While late sown wheat demonstrated better water use efficiency, normal sowing conditions generally favored other yield components. Seed priming by polyethylene glycol (PEG) improved relative water content, stomatal conductance, and grain yield compared to other treatments. Mushaqar recorded higher grain spike-1 and spike m-2 under normal sowing, while PEG-primed seeds produced significantly higher 1,000-grain weight and harvest index. Notably, PEG-primed seeds improved grain yield and 1,000-grain weight, suggesting enhanced drought resilience under late sowing conditions. The study concludes that seed priming, especially with PEG, effectively improves drought tolerance in late sown wheat by enhancing photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll content (SPAD), and water retention. The findings indicate that PEG seed priming can effectively mitigate the negative impacts of late sowing, supporting its use as a practical strategy for improving wheat performance in semi-arid environments
Nordic-Baltic forest growth and yield conference : August 26-28, 2025, Tartu, Estonia
No full textFrom August 26th to 28th 2025, the Estonian University of Life Sciences hosted the international Nordic-Baltic Forest Growth and Yield Conference, which brought nearly 50 forest scientists to Tartu from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Germany
The role of sole proprietors in the Estonian economy in 2019-2024
No full textBakalaureusetöö
Maamajandusliku ettevõtluse ja finantsjuhtimise õppekavalViimastel aastatel on Eestis vähenenud füüsilisest isikust tegutsejate hulk, samal ajal kui piiratud vastutusega vormid ja lihtsustatud maksurežiimid on laienenud; senine pilt ei selgita, kas muutus peegeldab tegelikku ettevõtlusaktiivsuse kahanemist või vorminihet. Käesolev töö täidab selle lünga, käsitledes 2019–2024 arenguid maakondade ja tegevusalade lõikes ning seost rahvastikumuutuse ja osaühingute juurdekasvuga.
Töö eesmärk oli kirjeldada ja tõlgendada FIE-de taseme jaotuse ning ettevõtlustulu koondnäitajate muutusi Eestis aastatel 2019–2024.
Analüüsiti riiklikke sekundaarandmeid (Statistikaamet, Siseministeeriumi rahvastik, MTA E-vormi koondandmed). Võrdlus tehti maakondade ja tegevusalade lõikes, normaliseerides näitajad 10 000 elaniku kohta, ajagraafikuid ja ristvõrdlusi kasutati kahe hüpoteesi kontrolliks. Tulemused näitavad FIE-de üldist kahanemist ning tiheduse langust ka kasvava rahvaarvuga kohtades. E-vormi järgi vähenes esitajate arv, ent deklareeritud ettevõtlustulu kogusummad ja keskmine tulu kasvasid; põllumajanduses koondusid mahud väiksema tegijate ringi kätte. Tulemused on kooskõlas rahvusvaheliste tähelepanekutega, et madala püsikuluga tegevused jäävad FIE vormi, kuid kasv ja riskide hajutamine soodustavad liikumist piiratud vastutuse alla.
Edasised uuringud peaksid siduma registrid mikro-tasemel, et kaardistada tegelikud vormiüleminekud ja maksurežiimide mõjud piirkonniti. Praktiliselt on tulemusi võimalik kasutada halduskoormuse vähendamise, juhendatud üleminekutee kujundamise, regionaalse teenuskatvuse ja seire-mõõdikutega.In recent years, the number of sole proprietors in Estonia has declined, while limited-liability forms and simplified tax regimes have expanded; existing statistics do not clarify whether this reflects a genuine fall in entrepreneurial activity or a shift in legal form. This study addresses that gap by examining developments from 2019 to 2024 across counties and industries, and by relating them to demographic change and growth in limited liability companies.
The aim was to describe and interpret changes in the level and distribution of sole proprietors and in aggregate entrepreneurial-income indicators in Estonia during 2019–2024.
The analysis uses national secondary data (Statistics Estonia, Ministry of the Interior population statistics, and Estonian Tax and Customs Board E-form aggregates). Comparisons are made by county and industry, indicators are normalised per 10,000 residents, and time-series and cross-sectional contrasts are used to test two hypotheses.
The results show a general decline in the number of sole proprietors and a fall in density even in locations with growing populations. According to the E-form, the number of filers decreased, yet total entrepreneurial income and the average per filer increased; in agriculture, volumes became concentrated among a smaller group of operators. These findings align with international evidence that low fixed-cost activities tend to remain in the sole-proprietor form, whereas growth and risk diversification encourage movement to limited liability.
Further research should link registers at the micro level to map actual form transitions and the regional effects of tax regimes. Practically, the findings can inform measures to reduce administrative burden, design a guided transition pathway, strengthen regional service coverage, and develop monitoring metrics
Formation of the root system of oilseed radish under long-term green manuring practices
No full textReceived: March 8th, 2025 ; Accepted: June 9th, 2025 ; Published: June 30th, 2025 ; Correspondence: [email protected], [email protected] optimal selection of plant species for green manuring technologies is impossible without assessing the bioproductivity and morphometry of their root systems, which is an additional and significant factor in the effectiveness of both the growth processes of the green manure crop and its projected impact on the soil profile as a whole. Taking this into account for 11-year period, the bioproductivity of the root system of oilseed radish was assessed by morphological and weight parameters in the soil profile for two sowing dates of green manure: spring and summer. A wide range of methods based on Profile Wall, Monolith Method and Root maps of a profile wall were used to obtain the main functional indicators of the formation and spatial development of the root system. It was determined that oilseed radish from the point of view of formation of morphological characteristics of the root system provided the yield of root biomass in dry matter of 1.19–1.77 t ha-1 in active interaction with the soil profile 40–80 cm deep with the formation of the following components of the root system morphotype in the range of long-term average values for sowing dates: average diameter of the root taproot 5.13–5.67 mm at its taper 0.55–0.66, volume 26.92–39.09 cm3, volume of root spreading zone 36.75–66.39×103 cm3, fractal dimension (D) 0.63–0.73, maximum root depth 47.36–64.41 cm, fraction of total root mass to the soil depth (0–30 cm) 0.77–0.79. The dependence of the formation of indicators of bioproductivity of the root system with a direct nature on the amount of precipitation (determination 47.19–50.20%), water reserves in the soil (27.04–65.61%) and an inverse nature on the average daily temperature (21.44–25.70%), Vysotsky-Ivanov humidification coefficient (57.30–65.45), De Martonne Aridity Index (47.75–51.12) and soil hardness (37.21–59.29%) was determined
The cow reproductive perspective in relation to the colostrum quality and udder health in early lactation
No full textReceived: June 28th, 2025 ; Accepted: October 15th, 2025 ; Published: October 16th, 2025 ; Correspondence: [email protected] study aimed to evaluate cow reproductive performance in relation to colostrum quality measured using a digital Brix refractometer and udder health in early lactation. A dataset of 676 cows was collected from one commercial dairy farm in Latvia over 36 months in 2022–2024. Colostrum Brix% was associated with the year and season of the year. The colostrum quality, as measured by the Digital Brix refractometer, was acceptably high, ranging from 23 to 30 in all cows during the study. The main individual factors associated with colostrum Brix% were the number of lactations, the sex of the calf, and lactose content in the first milk recording after calving. No association was detected between colostrum Brix% and the length of the dry period or the last milk recording data. Neither somatic cell count nor colostrum Brix% was associated with reproductive performance, service period, or the number of inseminations
The formation of land value in a changing economic and political context: prices of undeveloped land in Estonia from 1991 to 2024
No full textMagistritöö
Geodeesia, kinnisvara- ja maakorralduse õppekavalHoonestamata maa hinnad on Eestis viimase 30 aasta jooksul oluliselt muutunud, kuid
siiani puudub terviklik hinnatrendide analüüs, mis käsitleks erinevaid sihtotstarbeid ja
kõlvikuid pikaajalises vaates. Selline ülevaade annab võimaluse paremini mõista maa
hinna kujunemist ning toetada andmepõhist arutelu kinnisvaraturu arengute üle
Magistritöö eesmärk on anda ülevaade hoonestamata maa hinnadünaamikast Eestis
aastatel 1991 kuni 2024 ning kirjeldada peamiseid maa hinda mõjutanud tegureid.
Ülevaade keskendub hoonestamata elamumaa, maatulundusmaa, tootmismaa ja ärimaa
sihtotstarvetele ning haritava maa ja metsamaa kõlvikutele.
Ülevaate koostamiseks kasutati peamiselt Maa- ja Ruumiameti andmeid ning Keskpanga
baasintressimäära näitajaid. Lisaks võeti arvesse kontekstuaalseid sündmusi, näiteks
Euroopa Liiduga liitumine, majanduskriisid ja COVID-19 pandeemia. Metoodiliselt
analüüsiti mediaanhinda, keskmist hinda, tehingute koguhinda ning tehingute arvu. Lisaks
toodi välja, kas Keskpanga intressimäära ja tehinguaktiivsuse vahel esineb statistiliselt
olulisi seoseid.
Töö tulemused näitavad, et hoonestamata maa hinnad on Eestis perioodil 1991 kuni 2024
pikaajaliselt kasvanud, kuid areng on olnud sihtotstarvete lõikes erinev. Elamumaa osutus
kõige tundlikumaks intressimäärade muutustele ja majandusšokkidele, maatulundusmaa,
eriti haritava maa kõlvik, säilitas stabiilse kasvutrendi, samas kui metsamaa näitas
mõõdukaid kõikumisi. Tootmis- ja ärimaa hinnad sõltusid peamiselt majandustsüklist ja
ettevõtlusaktiivsusest. Kokkuvõttes kinnitavad tulemused kinnisvaraturu tsüklilist
toimimist ning poliitiliste ja majanduslike tegurite olulisust maa hinna kujunemisel.Over the past 30 years, the prices of undeveloped land in Estonia have changed
significantly, yet a comprehensive analysis of long-term price trends, covering different
land uses and land categories, has so far been lacking. Such an overview provides an
opportunity to better understand the formation of land values and to support evidencebased
discussion on the development of the real estate market.
The aim of this Master’s thesis is to provide an overview of the price dynamics of
undeveloped land in Estonia between 1991 and 2024, and to describe the main factors that
have influenced land values. The analysis focuses on undeveloped residential,
commercial, industrial and business land, as well as arable and forest land.
The overview is based primarily on data from the Estonian Land Board and the Bank of
Estonia’s base interest rate indicators. In addition, contextual events such as Estonia’s
accession to the European Union, economic crises and the COVID-19 pandemic were
taken into account. Methodologically, the analysis examined the median price, average
price, total transaction value and the number of transactions. Furthermore, the study
identified whether there are statistically significant correlations between the central bank’s
interest rate and market activity.
The results show that the prices of undeveloped land in Estonia increased over the period
1991–2024, although the developments varied between land uses. Residential land proved
to be the most sensitive to changes in interest rates and economic shocks, commercial
land, in particular the category of arable land, maintained a stable growth trend, while
forest land displayed moderate fluctuations. The prices of industrial and commercial land
were mainly dependent on the economic cycle and business activity. Overall, the results
confirm the cyclical functioning of the real estate market and the importance of political
and economic factors in shaping land values
Punane ristik kui põldheina tähtsaim komponent, eriti Kose rajooni kolhooside kogemusel : diplomitöö
No full textPõllumajanduse arengu saavutuste põhieesmärgiks on rahuldada inimeste materiaalseid vajadusi ja tagada senisest
suurem kultuuriline edasiminek.
Vaatamata sotsialistliku põllumajanduse vaieldamatult
suurtele edusammudele, võib öelda, et kõik see saavutatud
edu ei oIe küllaldane. Praegune põllumajandussaaduste
tootmise tase ei rahulda täiel määral elanikkonna
kasvavaid vajadusi toiduainete järele ning kerge- ja toiduainetetööstuse vajadusi tooraine järele ega vasta põllumajanduse tehnilisele varustatusele ja kolhoosikorras peituvatele võimalustele
Acid composition of wines depending on grapevine (Vitis spp.) cultivars grown in Estonia
No full textReceived: April 23rd, 2025 ; Accepted: August 18th, 2025 ; Published: September 1st, 2025 ; Correspondence: [email protected] Estonia’s very cool climate, excessive acid content in grapes can be a challenge due to delayed ripening. This study aimed to compare the acid profiles of commercial single-cultivar wines produced by Estonian winemakers, and assess the influence of grapevine cultivar. The wines were made from grapes of five different cultivars: ‘Solaris’, ‘Regent’, ‘Leon Millot’, ‘Cabernet Cortis’, and ‘Marquette’. The results revealed significant variation in malic, tartaric, citric, and lactic acid concentrations among the wines. Marquette exhibited the lowest malic acid content (0.3 g L⁻¹), while Leon Millot had the highest (4.4 g L⁻¹). Tartaric acid levels in wines ranged from 2.2 g L⁻¹ in Leon Millot to 4.1 g L⁻¹ in Regent. Citric acid levels varied considerably, with Solaris containing the highest concentration (1.44 g L⁻¹). Marquette had the highest lactic acid content (2.27 g L⁻¹), contributing to its smooth character. Total acid content in wines ranged from 6.9 g L⁻¹ in Marquette to 9.4 g L⁻¹ in Leon Millot, while pH values varied between 2.9 and 3.3. These findings indicate that grape cultivar significantly influences wine acid composition. Contrary to the hypothesis, excessive acid content was not a major issue in commercial wines; however, grape-growing conditions, such as high plastic tunnels, could alter this outcome. This study provides valuable insights for winemakers seeking to optimize acid balance and enhance wine quality in cool-climate viticulture