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Is atmospheric pollution exposure during pregnancy associated with individual and contextual characteristics ? A nationwide study in France
No full textInternational audienceBACKGROUND: Exposure to atmospheric pollutants is a danger for the health of pregnant mother and children. Our objective was to identify individual (socioeconomic and behavioural) and contextual factors associated with atmospheric pollution pregnancy exposure at the nationwide level. METHOD: Among 14 921 women from the French nationwide ELFE (French Longitudinal Study of Children) mother-child cohort recruited in 2011, outdoor exposure levels of PM2.5, PM10 (particulate matter <2.5 µm and <10 µm in diameter) and NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) were estimated at the pregnancy home address from a dispersion model with 1 km resolution. We used classification and regression trees (CART) and linear regression to characterise the association of atmospheric pollutants with individual (maternal age, body mass index, parity, education level, relationship status, smoking status) and contextual (European Deprivation Index, urbanisation level) factors. RESULTS: Patterns of associations were globally similar across pollutants. For the CART approach, the highest tertile of exposure included mainly women not in a relationship living in urban and socially deprived areas, with lower education level. Linear regression models identified different determinants of atmospheric pollutants exposure according to the residential urbanisation level. In urban areas, atmospheric pollutants exposure increased with social deprivation, while in rural areas a U-shaped relationship was observed. CONCLUSION: We highlighted social inequalities in atmospheric pollutants exposure according to contextual characteristics such as urbanisation level and social deprivation and also according to individual characteristics such as education, being in a relationship and smoking status. In French urban areas, pregnant women from the most deprived neighbourhoods were those most exposed to health-threatening atmospheric pollutants
Influence of cellular and molecular factors on membrane target sensitivity to insecticides
No full textInternational audienceThe effective control of insect pests is based on the use of insecticides. Most of these compounds act on molecular targets in the insect nervous system. However, the large-scale deployment of insecticide treatment has led to the development of resistance, which decreases insecticide efficacy. Although the resistance mechanisms are largely studied today, this review aims to point out new insights on the less-known cellular and molecular factors involved in the modulation of the sensitivity of the targets to insecticides. This review will focus on the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation process, the post-transcriptional events such as editing and alternative splicing and the influence of the association with auxiliary proteins of the receptors and/or ion channels targeted by insecticides. In addition, the involvement of calcium-dependent signaling pathways in the modulation of the sensitivity of the target to insecticides will also be considered and discussed. Finally, this review will insist on different strategies proposed to optimize the efficacy of insecticide treatment while reducing doses to decrease side effects on environment and on non-target organisms by combining two different chemical insecticides or a given active ingredient associated with biological and/or chemical synergistic agents. This review is part of the special issue "Insecticide Mode of Action: From Insect to Mammalian Toxicity"
Benzo[a]pyrene-induced DNA damage associated with mutagenesis in primary human activated T lymphocytes
No full textInternational audiencePolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), are widely distributed environmental contaminants exerting toxic effects such as genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, mainly associated with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation and the subsequent induction of cytochromes P-450 (CYP) 1-metabolizing enzymes. We previously reported an up-regulation of AhR expression and activity in primary cultures of human T lymphocyte by a physiological activation. Despite the suggested link between exposure to PAHs and the risk of lymphoma, the potential of activated human T lymphocytes to metabolize AhR exogenous ligands such as B[a]P, and produce DNA damage has not been investigated. In the present study, we characterized the genotoxic response of primary activated T lymphocytes to B[a] P. We demonstrated that, following T lymphocyte activation, B[a]P treatment triggers a marked increase in CYP1 expression and activity generating, upon metabolic activation, DNA adducts and double-strand breaks (DSBs) after a 48-h treatment. At this time point, B[a]P also induces a DNA damage response with ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase activation, thus producing a p53-dependent response and T lymphocyte survival. B[a]P activates DSB repair by mobilizing homologous recombination machinery but also induces gene mutations in activated human T lymphocytes which could consequently drive a cancer process. In conclusion, primary cultures of activated human T lymphocytes represent a good model for studying genotoxic effects of environmental contaminants such as PAHs, and predicting human health issues
Food-grade TiO 2 impairs intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis, initiates preneoplastic lesions and promotes aberrant crypt development in the rat colon
No full textInternational audienceFood-grade titanium dioxide (TiO 2) containing a nanoscale particle fraction (TiO 2-NPs) is approved as a white pigment (E171 in Europe) in common foodstuffs, including confectionary. There are growing concerns that daily oral TiO 2-NP intake is associated with an increased risk of chronic intestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. In rats orally exposed for one week to E171 at human relevant levels, titanium was detected in the immune cells of Peyer's patches (PP) as observed with the TiO 2-NP model NM-105. Dendritic cell frequency increased in PP regardless of the TiO 2 treatment, while regulatory T cells involved in dampening inflammatory responses decreased with E171 only, an effect still observed after 100 days of treatment. In all TiO 2-treated rats, stimulation of immune cells isolated from PP showed a decrease in Thelper (Th)-1 IFN-γ secretion, while splenic Th1/Th17 inflammatory responses sharply increased. E171 or NM-105 for one week did not initiate intestinal inflammation, while a 100-day E171 treatment promoted colon microinflammation and initiated preneoplastic lesions while also fostering the growth of aberrant crypt foci in a chemically induced carcinogenesis model. These data should be considered for risk assessments of the susceptibility to Th17-driven autoimmune diseases and to colorectal cancer in humans exposed to TiO 2 from dietary sources
Patterns of cellular phone use among young people in 12 countries: Implications for RF exposure
No full textCharacterizing exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields from wireless telecommunications technologies during childhood and adolescence is a research priority in investigating the health effects of RF. The Mobi-Expo study aimed to describe characteristics and determinants of cellular phone use in 534 young people (10-24years) in 12 countries. The study used a specifically designed software application installed on smartphones to collect data on the use of wireless telecommunications devices within this age group. The role of gender, age, maternal education, calendar period, and country was evaluated through multivariate models mutually adjusting for all variables. Call number and duration were higher among females compared to males (geometric mean (GM) ratio 1.17 and 1.42, respectively), among 20-24year olds compared to 10-14year olds (GM ratio 2.09 and 4.40, respectively), and among lowest compared to highest social classes (GM ratio 1.52 and 1.58, respectively). The number of SMS was higher in females (GM ratio 1.46) and the middle age group (15-19year olds: GM ratio 2.21 compared to 10-14year olds) and decreased over time. Data use was highest in the oldest age group, whereas Wi-Fi use was highest in the middle age group. Both data and Wi-Fi use increased over time. Large differences in the number and duration of calls, SMS, and data/Wi-Fi use were seen by country, with country and age accounting for up to 50% of the variance. Hands-free and laterality of use did not show significant differences by sex, age, education, study period, or country. Although limited by a convenience sample, these results provide valuable insights to the design, analysis, and interpretation of future epidemiological studies concerning the health effects of exposure resulting from cellular phone use in young people. In addition, the information provided by this research may be used to design strategies to minimize RF exposureDans le cadre de l'étude internationale MOBIKIDS, l'objectif de cette étude est de mieux connaitre l'exposition aux radiofréquences des technologies numériques de communications utilisées ppar les jeunes, afin de mieux évaluer leur exposition ds le cadre de l'étude Cas -témoin MOBIKIDS sur les relations entre exposition aux radiofréquences et tumeurs du cerveau chez l'adolescent et le jeune adulte
Développement d’un test rapide mesurant l’exposition de l’homme aux piqûres d’Aedes albopictus: Contribution à l’évaluation du risque vectoriel et application à l’évaluation de l’efficacité des stratégies de lutte anti-vectorielle
No full textL’expansion rapide et l’implantation durable du moustique tigre (Aedes albopictus) en France métropolitaine et dans les territoires d'outre‐mer font craindre le déclenchement de foyers épidémiques d’arboviroses telles la dengue, le chikungunya et la fièvre Zika. En l’absence de traitements ou de vaccins efficaces, la lutte antivectorielle (LAV) est la seule méthode envisageable pour contrôler ce risque et diminuer les densités de moustiques du genre Aedes. Toutefois, les méthodes de surveillance entomologique mises en oeuvre par les services de santé ont des limites importantes, en particulier quant à leur déploiement à grande échelle et leur fiabilité. Comment évaluer avec précision l’exposition. Pour mesurer l’exposition humaine aux piqûres d’Aedes albopictus, la mise au point d’un nouvel outil sérologique pourrait représenter, sur le terrain, une alternative intéressante aux méthodes entomologiques actuelles
Through a maze of studies: health questions and ‘undone science’ in a French industrial region
No full textInternational audienceThis article draws insights from a case study examining unanswered health questions of residents in two polluted towns in an industrial region in southern France. A participatory health study, as conducted by the author, is presented as a way to address undone science by providing the residents with relevant data supporting their illness claims. Local residents were included in the health survey process, from the formulation of the questions to the final data analysis. Through this strongly participatory science (SPS) process, the townspeople offered many creative ideas in the final report for how the data could be used to assist in improving their health and environment and policy work is already in evidence, resulting from the study. Drawing from the literature on participatory science and expertise as well as from the initial outcomes of the local health study, I propose that SPS produces a form of knowledge justice. Understanding knowledge and its making as part of a social justice agenda aligns well with environmental justice frames. Through SPS, local residents have a hermeneutical resource to make sense of their embodied lives and augment their claims with strong data supporting actions for improving their health and environment
An assessment of the autonomic nervous system in the electrohypersensitive population : a heart rate variability and skin conductance study
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of the study was twofold: first, to compare the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) between the population self-declared as electrohypersensitive (EHS) and their matched control individuals without intended exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF). The second objective was to determine whether acute exposure to different radiofrequency signals modifies ANS activity in EHS. For that purpose, two different experiments were undertaken, in which ANS activity was assessed through heart rate variability (HRV) and skin conductance (SC). In the first experiment, a comparison between the EHS group (n=30) and the control group (n=25) showed that the EHS has an increased number of responses to auditory stimuli as measured by skin conductance activity, and that none of the short-term heart rate variability parameters differ between the two matched study groups. The second experiment, performed in a shielded chamber, involved 10 EHS from the first experiment. The volunteers participated in two different sessions (sham and exposure). The participants were consecutively exposed to four EMF signals (GSM 900, 1800, DECT and Wi-Fi) at environmental level (1 V/m). The experiment was double blinded and counterbalanced. The HRV variables studied did not differ between the two sessions. Concerning electrodermal activity, the data issued from skin conductance and tonic activity did not differ between the sessions, but showed a time variability. In conclusion, the HRV and SC profiles did not significantly differ between the EHS and control under no exposure. Exposure did not have an effect on the ANS parameters we have explored
Bacteriome genetic structures of urban deposits are indicative of their origin and impacted by chemical pollutants
No full textAuthors thank the iBio platform (UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Universite Lyon 1) for bioinformatics processor resources and support, and Sylvie Barraud for support on chemical data analyses. They also thank OTHU (Field Observatory in Urban Hydrology) of ZABR (Zone Atelier Bassin du Rhone), the Grand Lyon Metropolis and Rhone-Mediterranean-Corsica Water Agency for technical and administrative supports.International audienceUrban activities generate surface deposits over impervious surfaces that can represent ecological and health hazards. Bacteriome genetic structures of deposits washed off during rainfall events, over an urban industrial watershed, were inferred from 16S rRNA gene (rrs) sequences generated by high throughput sequencing. Deposits were sampled over a 4 year-period from a detention basin (DB). Major shifts, matching key management practices, in the structure of these urban bacteriomes, were recorded. Correlation analyses of rrs similarities between samples and their respective concentrations in chemical pollutants, markers of human fecal contaminations (HF183) and antimicrobial resistances (integrons), were performed. Harsher environmental constraints building up in the older deposits led to an increase number of rrs reads from extremophiles such as Acidibacter and Haliangium. Deposits accumulating in the decantation pit of the DB showed an increase in rrs reads from warm blooded intestinal tract bacteria such as Bacteroides and Prevotella. This enrichment matched higher concentrations of Bacteroides HF183 genotypes normally restricted to humans. Bacteriomes of urban deposits appeared good indicators of human-driven environmental changes. Their composition was found representative of their origin. Soil particles and rain appeared to be major contributors of the inferred bacterial taxa recovered from recent deposits
