HAL du Programme national de recherche environnement-santé-travail (PNR EST)
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Early effect markers and exposure determinants of metalworking fluids among metal industry workers: protocol for a field study
No full textInternational audienceBACKGROUND: Exposure to aerosols from metalworking fluids (MWF) has previously been related to a series of adverse health outcomes (eg, cancer, respiratory diseases). Our present epidemiological study focuses on occupational exposures to MWF and a panel of exposure and effect biomarkers. We hypothesize that these health outcomes are caused by particle exposure that generates oxidative stress, leading to airway inflammation and ultimately to chronic respiratory diseases. We aimed to assess whether MWF exposure, in particular as characterized by its oxidative potential, is associated with biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as genotoxic effects.OBJECTIVE: The ultimate goal is to develop exposure reduction strategies based on exposure determinants that best predict MWF-related health outcomes. The following relationships will be explored: (1) exposure determinants and measured exposure; (2) occupational exposure and preclinical and clinical effect markers; (3) exposure biomarkers and biomarkers of effect in both exhaled breath condensate and urine; and (4) biomarkers of effect, genotoxic effects and respiratory symptoms.METHODS: At least 90 workers from France and Switzerland (30 controls, 30 exposed to straight MWF and 30 to aqueous MWF) were followed over three consecutive days after a nonexposed period of at least two days. The exposure assessment is based on MWF, metal, aldehyde, and ultrafine particle number concentrations, as well as the intrinsic oxidative potential of aerosols. Furthermore, exposure biomarkers such as metals, metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamine are measured in exhaled breath condensate and urine. Oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostane, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, nitrates, and nitrites) and exhaled nitric oxide, an airway inflammation marker, are repeatedly measured in exhaled breath condensate and urine. Genotoxic effects are assessed using the buccal micronucleus cytome assay. The statistical analyses will include modelling exposure as a function of exposure determinants, modelling the evolution of the biomarkers of exposure and effect as a function of the measured exposure, and modelling respiratory symptoms and genotoxic effects as a function of the assessed long-term exposure.RESULTS: Data collection, which occurred from January 2018 until June 2019, included 20 companies. At the date of writing, the study included 100 subjects and 29 nonoccupationally exposed controls.CONCLUSIONS: This study is unique as it comprises human biological samples, questionnaires, and MWF exposure measurement. The biomarkers collected in our study are all noninvasive and are useful in monitoring MWF exposed workers. The aim is to develop preventative strategies based on exposure determinants related to health outcomes.DERR1-10.2196/13744
Mechanisms of endocrine disruption through nuclear receptors and related pathways
No full textInternational audienceEndocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a broad class of molecules present in our environment that are suspected to cause adverse effects in the endocrine system by interfering with the synthesis, transport, degradation, or action of endogenous hormones. Humans are generally exposed to low doses of pollutants, and current researches aim at deciphering the mechanisms accounting for the health impact of EDCs at environmental concentrations. Here, we review different mechanisms through which EDCs might alter hormonal functions by interfering with the nuclear receptors and related pathways, including extranuclear signaling by membrane-bound receptors mediating rapid non-genomic responses, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
L’impact de la composante chimique des particules fines sur la santé respiratoire: Impact des PM2,5 variant selon leur source (influence trafic routier versus industrie) sur la santé respiratoire. Approche in vitro
No full textNational audienceLa pollution atmosphérique est considérée comme un important facteur de risque dans le développement de pathologies humaines, principalement respiratoires et cardiovasculaires. L’objectif principal de l'étude TriPleR était d’évaluer l’impact, immédiat et retardé, des particules fines en lien avec les sources d’émission. Notre hypothèse était qu’à côté de la distribution des particules selon leur taille, leur contact plus ou moins long avec l’épithélium respiratoire (via le film muqueux) pouvait conduire à une interaction entre la fraction chimique et le tissu, provoquant alors un effet retardé et/ou prolongé dans la réponse cellulaire
Repeated gestational exposure to diesel engine exhaust affects the fetal olfactory system and alters olfactory-based behavior in rabbit offspring
No full textRemerciements à UCEA (Unité Commune d'Expérimentation Animale)International audienceBackgroundAirborne pollution, especially from diesel exhaust (DE), is known to have a negative effect on the central nervous system in exposed human populations. However, the consequences of gestational exposure to DE on the fetal brain remain poorly explored, with various effects depending on the conditions of exposure, as well as little information on early developmental stages. We investigated the short-term effects of indirect DE exposure throughout gestation on the developing brain using a rabbit model. We analyzed fetal olfactory tissues at the end of gestation and tested behaviors relevant to pups’ survival at birth.Pregnant dams were exposed by nose-only inhalation to either clean air or DE with a content of particles (DEP) adjusted to 1 mg/m3 by diluting engine exhaust, for 2 h/day, 5 days/week, from gestational day 3 (GD3) to day 27 (GD27). At GD28, fetal olfactory mucosa, olfactory bulbs and whole brains were collected for anatomical and neurochemical measurements. At postnatal day 2 (PND2), pups born from another group of exposed or control female were examined for their odor-guided behavior in response to the presentation of the rabbit mammary pheromone 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (2MB2).ResultsAt GD28, nano-sized particles were observed in cilia and cytoplasm of the olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory mucosa and in the cytoplasm of periglomerular cells in the olfactory bulbs of exposed fetuses. Moreover, cellular and axonal hypertrophies were observed throughout olfactory tissues. Concomitantly, fetal serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems were affected in the olfactory bulbs. Moreover, the neuromodulatory homeostasis was disturbed in a sex-dependent manner in olfactory tissues. At birth, the olfactory sensitivity to 2MB2 was reduced in exposed PND2 pups.ConclusionGestational exposure to DE alters olfactory tissues and affects monoaminergic neurotransmission in fetuses’ olfactory bulbs, resulting in an alteration of olfactory-based behaviors at birth. Considering the anatomical and functional continuum between the olfactory system and other brain structures, and due to the importance of monoamine neurotransmission in the plasticity of neural circuits, such alterations could participate to disturbances in higher integrative structures, with possible long-term neurobehavioral consequences
Impact of Saharan dust episodes on preterm births in Guadeloupe (French West Indies)
No full textInternational audienceOBJECTIVES: Large amounts of mineral dust are transported from their African sources in the Saharan-Sahel region to the Caribbean Sea, generating peak exposures to particulate matter ≤10 µm (PM10). This study aimed to investigate the impact of Saharan dust episodes on preterm births in the Guadeloupe archipelago.METHODS: The study population consisted of 909 pregnant women who were enrolled in the TIMOUN mother-child cohort between 2004 and 2007. Desert dust episodes were assessed from PM10 concentrations recorded at the unique background air quality monitoring station located in Pointe-à-Pitre. For each woman, the daily PM10 concentrations were averaged over the entire pregnancy, and the proportion of days with intense dust episodes (≥55 µg PM10/m3) during pregnancy was calculated. Weighted logistic regression models adjusting for known individual sociomedical risk factors were used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs for preterm birth.RESULTS: During pregnancy, the mean PM10 concentrations ranged from 13.17 to 34.92 µg/m3, whereas the proportion of intense dust events ranged from 0.00% to 19.41%. Increased adjusted ORs were found for both the mean PM10 concentrations and the proportion of intense dust events (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.81, and OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.98 per SD change, respectively). Restriction to spontaneous preterm births produced similar ORs but with wider 95% CIs.CONCLUSION: Considering the personal and social burden of this adverse pregnancy outcome, this finding is of importance for both healthcare workers and policy makers to provide necessary preventive measures
Exploiting the Richness of Environmental Waterborne Bacterial Species to Find Natural Legionella pneumophila Competitors
No full textInternational audienceLegionella pneumophila is one of the most tracked waterborne pathogens and remains an important threat to human health. Despite the use of biocides, L. pneumophila is able to persist in engineered water systems with the help of multispecies biofilms and phagocytic protists. For few years now, high-throughput sequencing methods have enabled a better understanding of microbial communities in freshwater environments. Those unexplored and complex communities compete for nutrients using antagonistic molecules as war weapons. Up to now, few of these molecules were characterized in regards of L. pneumophila sensitivity. In this context, we established, from five freshwater environments, a vast collection of culturable bacteria and investigated their ability to inhibit the growth of L. pneumophila. All bacterial isolates were classified within 4 phyla, namely Proteobacteria (179/273), Bacteroidetes (48/273), Firmicutes (43/273), and Actinobacteria (3/273) according to 16S rRNA coding sequences. Aeromonas, Bacillus, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas were the most abundant genera (154/273). Among the 273 isolates, 178 (65.2%) were shown to be active against L. pneumophila including 137 isolates of the four previously cited main genera. Additionally, other less represented genera depicted anti-Legionella activity such as Acinetobacter, Kluyvera, Rahnella, or Sphingobacterium. Furthermore, various inhibition diameters were observed among active isolates, ranging from 0.4 to 9 cm. Such variability suggests the presence of numerous and diverse natural compounds in the microenvironment of L. pneumophila. These molecules include both diffusible secreted compounds and volatile organic compounds, the latter being mainly produced by Pseudomonas strains. Altogether, this work sheds light on unexplored freshwater bacterial communities that could be relevant for the biological control of L. pneumophila in manmade water systems
La qualité de l’air à l’intérieur des cabines d’avion: Événements feux/fumées lors des vols aériens : conséquences sur la qualité de l’air à l’intérieur des cabines d’avion et sur la santé des personnels navigants d’une flotte aérienne française
No full textNational audienceAlors que les aéroports parisiens ont connu une forte croissance en 2018 (dépassant la barre des 105 millions de passagers), la problématique de la qualité de l’air à l’intérieur des cabines d’avion est une question émergente, non encore traitée en France. Le projet de recherche AviSan se propose d’étudier les expositions professionnelles à l’intérieur des cabines d’avion en lien avec des événements accidentels aigus de type événements feux/fumées
How reversible are the effects of silver nanoparticles on macrophages? A proteomic-instructed view
No full textInternational audienceSilver nanoparticles are known to strongly affect biological systems, and numerous toxicological studies have investigated their effects. Most of these studies examine the effects immediately following acute exposure. In this work, we have conducted further investigation by studying not only the acute, post-exposure response, but also the cellular response after a 72 hour-recovery-phase post exposure. As a biological model we have used macrophages, which are very important cells with respect to their role in the immune response to particulate materials. To investigate the response of macrophages to nanoparticles and their recovery post exposure, we have used a combination of proteomics and targeted experiments. These experiments provided evidence that the cellular reaction to nanoparticles, including the reaction during the recovery phase, is a very active process involving massive energy consumption. Pathways such as the oxidative stress response, central and lipid metabolism, protein production and quality control are strongly modulated during the cellular response to nanoparticles, and restoration of basic cellular homeo-stasis occurs during the recovery period. However, some specialized macrophage functions, such as lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine and nitric oxide production, did not return to their basal levels even 72 hours post exposure, showing that some effects of silver nanoparticles persist even after exposure has ceased
Behavioural adaptations of mosquito vectors to insecticide control
No full textInternational audienceBehavioural resistance to insecticides may be an important factor restraining the efficacy of vector control against mosquito-transmitted diseases. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying such behavioural resistance remains sparse. In this review, we focus on the behavioural adaptations of mosquito vectors in response to the use of insecticides and provide a general framework for guiding future investigations. We present our review of vector behaviour in the field and a conceptual classification of behavioural adaptations to insecticides. We emphasise that behavioural adaptations can result from constitutive or induced (i.e. phenotypically plastic) traits. Lastly, we identify gaps in knowledge limiting a better understanding of how mosquito behavioural adaptations may affect the fight against vector-borne diseases
L’exposition des travailleurs du BTP à des nanoparticules de silice: Remodelage pulmonaire après exposition à des nanoparticules de silice chez des travailleurs du bâtiment et travaux publics
No full textNational audienceL’objectif principal du projet PURE-SNOW est d’étudier l’inflammation et le remodelage pulmonaires, suite à une exposition répétée à des nanoparticules de silice, afin de déterminer les effets de ces nanoparticules dans la survenue de lésions pulmonaires observées dans la bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive Chez l’Homme. Ce projet est sans équivalent sur le plan national ou international, car il porte sur une thématique de recherche Santé Travail (dans le secteur du BTP) non explorée à ce jour sous l’angle de la nanotoxicologie