HAL du Programme national de recherche environnement-santé-travail (PNR EST)
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Clay beads as artificial trapping matrices for monitoring bacterial distribution among urban stormwater infiltration systems and their connected aquifers
No full textInternational audienceStormwater infiltration systems (SIS) have been developed to limit surface runoff and flooding in urban areas. The impacts of such practices on the ecological and biological quality of groundwater ecosystems remain poorly studied due to the lack of efficient methodologies to assess microbiological quality of aquifers. In the present study, a monitoring method based on the incubation of artificial matrices (clay beads) is presented to evaluate microbial biomass, microbial activities, and bacterial community structure. Four microbial variables (biomass, dehydrogenase and hydrolytic activities, bacterial community structures) were measured on clay beads incubated in three urban water types (stormwater surface runoffs, SIS-impacted and non-impacted groundwaters) for six SIS. Analyses based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) of partial rrs (16S rRNA) PCR products (V5-V6) were used to compare bacterial community structures of biofilms on clay beads after 10days of incubation with those of waters collected from the same sampling points at three occasions. Biofilm biomass and activities on clay beads were indicative of nutrient transfers from surface to SIS-impacted groundwaters. Biofilms allowed impacts of SIS on groundwater bacterial community structures to be determined. Although bacterial communities on clay beads did not perfectly match those of waters, clay beads captured the most abundant bacterial taxa. They also captured bacterial taxa that were not detected in waters collected at three occasions during the incubation, demonstrating the integrative character of this approach. Monitoring biofilms on clay beads also allowed the tracking of bacterial genera containing species representing health concerns
Associations of black carbon with lung function and airway inflammation in schoolchildren
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Few studies have investigated the 24-hour respiratory health effects of personal black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (UFP) exposure in schoolchildren. The objective of this study was to investigate these associations with the lung function in children 10-years old with and without persistent respiratory symptoms.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 305 children (147 and 158 with and without persistent respiratory symptoms, respectively) from three European birth-cohorts: PARIS (France) and INMA Sabadell and Valencia (Spain). Personal 24-hour measurements of exposure concentrations to BC and UFP were performed by portable devices, before lung function testing. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were determined.Results: There was no association of UFP with lung function parameters or FeNO whereas the increase in 24-hour BC exposure concentrations was related to a statistically significant decrease in lung function parameters only among children with persistent respiratory symptoms [−96.8 mL (95% Confidence Interval CI: −184.4 to −9.1 mL) in FVC, and −107.2 mL (95% CI: −177.5 to −36.9 mL) in FEV1 for an inter-quartile range of 1160 ng/m3 exposure increase]. A significant positive association between BC and FeNO was observed only in children with persistent respiratory symptoms with current wheezing and/or medication to improve breathing [FeNO increases with +6.9 ppb (95% CI: 0.7 to 13.1 ppb) with an inter-quartile range BC exposure increase].Conclusion: Children suffering from persistent respiratory symptoms appear to be more vulnerable to BC exposure
3D space-dependent models for stochastic dosimetry applied to exposure to low frequency magnetic fields
No full textInternational audienceIn this study, an innovative approach that combines Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Gaussian process regression (Kriging method), never used before in the assessment of human exposure to electromagnetic fields, was applied to build space-dependent surrogate models of the 3D spatial distribution of the electric field induced in central nervous system of children of different age exposed to uniform magnetic field at 50 Hz with uncertain orientation. The 3D surrogate models showed very low normalized percentage mean square error values, confirming the feasibility and the accuracy of the approach in estimating the 3D spatial distribution of E with a low number of components. The electric field induced in children tissues were within the ICNIRP basic restrictions for general public and that no significant difference was found in the level of the exposure and in the 3D spatial distribution of the electric fields induced in tissues of children of different ages
Expositions et risques sanitaires liés aux composés organiques semi-volatils dans l’habitat. Synthèse du programme de recherche ECOS-Habitat
No full textInternational audienceSemivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are chemical substances used as plasticizers, electrical insulators, flame retardants, pesticides, etc., in building materials and consumer products. Their physicochemical properties lead to their partitioning between air (gas and particulates) and settled dust, with a balance between these different phases. The ECOS research program focused on whether their presence in French dwellings presents a public health problem. This ambitious and original health risk assessment aimed, on the one hand, to estimate nationally representative contamination and risks, and, on the other hand, to consider dozens of compounds of different chemical families, both in terms of measurement and cumulative risk. This article presents the selection of compounds, the measurement methods, the measurement campaigns, the estimated contaminations and exposures, and finally the health risk assessment, by substance and cumulatively. © 2019 John Libbey Eurotext.Les composés organiques semi-volatils sont des substances chimiques utilisées comme plastifiants, isolants électriques, retardateurs de flamme, pesticides, etc., dans les biens de consommation et dans les matériaux et produits introduits dans les bâtiments. Du fait de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques, ces composés sont présents à la fois sous forme gazeuse et particulaire – dans l’air et les poussières déposées sur les sols et les surfaces – avec un équilibre entre ces différentes phases. Le programme de recherche ECOS-Habitat a visé à savoir si leur présence dans les logements français posait un problème de santé publique. Une démarche d’évaluation des risques sanitaires a été menée avec pour ambition et originalité, d’une part, d’estimer les contaminations et risques avec une représentativité nationale métropolitaine et, d’autre part, de s’intéresser à plusieurs dizaines de composés de familles chimiques différentes tant du point de vue de la mesure que du cumul des risques. Cet article présente le choix des composés, les méthodes de mesure développées, les campagnes de mesure effectuées, l’estimation des contaminations et des expositions, et enfin l’évaluation des risques sanitaires par substance et cumulés
Is bisphenol S a safer alternative to bisphenol A in terms of potential fetal exposure ? Placental transfer across the perfused human placenta.
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of our study was to evaluate the bidirectional transfer of Bisphenol S (BPS) and its main metabolite, BPS Glucuronide (BPSG), using the model of perfused human placenta and to compare the obtained values with those of Bisphenol A (BPA) and BPA Glucuronide. Fourteen placentas at term were perfused in an open dual circuit with deuterated BPS (1 and 5 μM) and non-labelled BPSG (2.5 μM) and a freely diffusing marker antipyrine (800 ng/ml) in the presence of albumin (25 mg/ml). In a second experiment, the potential role of P-glycoprotein in the active efflux of BPS across the placental barrier was studied using the well-established P-glycoprotein inhibitor, PSC833 (2 and 4 μM). Placental transfer of BPS was much lower than that of BPA in both directions. The placental clearance index of BPS in the materno-fetal direction was three times lower than in the opposite direction, strongly suggesting some active efflux transport. However, our results show that P-glycoprotein is not involved in limiting the materno-fetal transfer of BPS. Placental transfer of BPSG in the fetal compartment was almost non-existent indicating that, in the fetal compartment, BPSG originates mainly from feto-placental metabolism. The feto-maternal clearance index for BPSG was 20-fold higher than the materno-fetal index. We conclude that the blood-placental barrier is much more efficient in limiting fetal exposure to BPS than to BPA, indicating that the placenta has a crucial role in protecting the human fetus from BPS exposure
Analysis of chlorination by-products in swimming pool water by membrane introduction mass spectrometry - influence of water physicochemical parameters
No full textInternational audienceRATIONALE : Chlorine reacts in swimming pools with several compounds released by bathers to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). Epidemiological studies have shown adverse effects on health associated with the exposure to DBPs present in indoor swimming pool atmosphere. DBPs analyses require the use of multiple techniques depending on the targeted molecules. The measurement process itself is challenging due to the low stability of several compounds and the lack of specificity of certain methods. The Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS) technique provides a solution to these problems by specific and sensitive in-situ measurement of DBPs. This study investigates the effect of analytical conditions on DBPs quantification and assesses the relevance of using MIMS for reliable analysis under typical swimming pool operating conditions.METHODS : MIMS is based on the simultaneous permeation of the selected compounds from the air or water samples through a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. DBPs are identified and quantified with a quadrupole analyzer after electron ionization. Limits of quantification (LOQ) of 5 DBPs are determined to assess the sensitivity of the system. Moreover, signal changes are monitored while varying physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH and ionic strength.RESULTS : The mass spectra obtained for individual molecules show that the simultaneous measurement of trihalomethanes (THMs) and chloramines requires the monitoring of several ions and mathematical corrections of the signal. The pH and ionic strength of the solution does not significantly influence the determination of THMs. On the contrary, the temperature and hydraulics at the membrane interface must be controlled for accurate determination of DBPs.CONCLUSION : Results confirm that MIMS is a promising technology for the simultaneous quantification of volatile DBPs in both water and air of swimming pools. However operating conditions such as membrane temperature should be handled with great care in order to avoid interferences
Air pollution modeling and exposure assessment during pregnancy in the French Longitudinal Study of Children (ELFE)
No full textInternational audienceWe developed a nation-wide exposure model to NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 at a fine spatial and temporal resolution for France in order to study air pollutants exposure during pregnancy for the French Longitudinal Study of Children (ELFE). The exposure to air pollutants was estimated daily for years 2010 and 2011 by combining three simulation models at the national and regional scale (CHIMERE) and at the local urban scale (ADMS-Urban or SIRANE). The spatial resolution was 4 km for the national scale model, 3–4 km for regional models and from 10 to 200 m for urban-scale models. We developed a confidence index (from 0 to 10) based on the target plot to identify the best model to estimate exposure for a given address, year and pollutant. Air pollution exposure during pregnancy was then estimated using each modeling scale for the 17,427 women participating in the ELFE cohort. We described the exposure of the women during different time windows of pregnancy using each of the three models and using the most suitable model as estimated by the confidence index. The exposure estimates obtained from the three models were quite similar and highly correlated (spearman correlation between 0.64 and 0.96), especially for the national and regional models. For NO2 and PM10 predicted by the urban models, the minimum values were lower and the maximum values and the variability were higher, compared to the regional and national models. The averaged confidence indexes were comprised between 5.6 and 8 depending on the pollutant, year and exposure model considered. The best confidence index was observed for urban modeling (10) and the lowest for the regional modeling (0). In average during pregnancy, using the most suitable model, women were exposed to 21 μg/m3 for NO2, 16 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and 24 μg/m3 for PM10. To our knowledge, this is the first study combining three modeling tools available at different scales to estimate NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at a fine spatial and temporal resolution over a large geographical area. The confidence index provides guidance in the choice of the exposure model. These exposure estimates will be used to investigate potential effects of air pollutants on the pregnant woman health and on health of the fetus and development of the child
The effect of antenna polarization and body morphology on the measurement uncertainty of a wearable multi-band distributed exposure meter
No full textInternational audienceThis paper studies the effect of antenna polarization on measurement uncertainty of a multi-band body-worn distributed exposure meter (BWDM). The BWDM is a device for assessing electromagnetic fields in real environments accurately. The BWDM consists of 8 nodes and is calibrated on the body for simultaneous measurement of the incident power density in four frequency bands. Each node contains an antenna that can have two potential antenna polarizations.The BWDM is calibrated on four human subjects in an anechoic chamber to determine its measurement uncertainty in terms of 68% confidence interval (CI68) of the on-body antenna aperture. The results show that using a fixed polarization of the antennas on body can lead to a different CI68 up to maximum 4.9 dB when worn by another person which is still 9.6 dB lower than the measurement uncertainty of commercial exposure meters
Prospective associations of psychosocial work exposures with mortality in France STRESSJEM study protocol
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction - Although evidence has been provided on the associations between psychosocial work exposures and morbidity outcomes in the literature, knowledge appears much more sparse on mortality outcomes. The objective of STRESSJEM is to explore the prospective associations between psychosocial work exposures and mortality outcomes among the national French working population. In this paper, we describe the study protocol, study population, data sources, method for exposure assessment, data analysis and future plans. Methods and analysis - Data sources will include: the data from the national SUMER survey from DARES on the evaluation of psychosocial work exposures and the data from the COSMOP programme from Santé publique France linking job history (DADS data from INSEE) and mortality according to causes of death (data from the national death registry, INSERM-CépiDc). A sample of 1 511 456 individuals will form the studied prospective cohort for which data are available on both job history and mortality over the period 1976-2002. Psychosocial work exposures will be imputed via a job-exposure matrix using three job title variables that are available in both the SUMER and COSMOP data sets. Our objectives will be to study the associations between various psychosocial work exposures and mortality outcomes. Psychosocial work exposures will include the job strain model factors as well as other psychosocial work factors. Various measures of exposure over time will be used. All-cause and cause-specific mortality will be studied. Ethics and dissemination - Both the SUMER survey and the COSMOP programme have been approved by French ethics committees. Dissemination of the study results will include a series of international peer-reviewed papers and at least one paper in French. The results will be presented in national and international conferences. This project will offer a unique opportunity to explore mortality outcomes in association with psychosocial work exposures in a large national representative sample of the working population