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OBSTACLES À L’HARMONISATION TRANSATLANTIQUE DU DROIT DE LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES PERSONNELLES DANS LEUR CONTEXTE
No full textInternational audienceGlobalization seems to call for the harmonization of laws, especially in sectors affecting global business, and this is all the truer with respect to laws affecting the technology industry, with the facility of its cross-border communications networks. Data privacy law on both sides of the Atlantic benefits from common origins but eventually divergence occurred, causing compliance challenges for companies and the potential halting of cross-border data flows from the European Union to the United States. Harmonization could possibly obviate such difficulties, and there is a window of opportunity to achieve this with discussion in the United States of a potential federal data privacy law. After setting out the historical context, this study posits and details three major obstacles to full-scale transatlantic harmonization of data privacy law, from the perspective of what has become the predominant data privacy model-that of the European Union. These are: laissez-faire policy and neoliberalism in the United States (and resulting focus on self-regulation there), the lobbying power of the U.S. technology industry giants in a conducive U.S. legislative system, and differing constitutional provisions on both sides of the Atlantic.La mondialisation semble demander l’harmonisation des lois, en particulier dans les secteurs qui touchent les entreprises mondiales, et c’est d’autant plus vrai en ce qui concerne les lois affectant l’industrie de la technologie, avec la facilité de ses réseaux de communication transfrontaliers. La législation sur la protection des données des deux côtés de l’Atlantique bénéficie d’origines communes, mais la divergence s’est finalement produite, ce qui a posé des problèmes de conformité pour les entreprises et l’arrêt potentiel des flux transfrontaliers de données de l’Union européenne vers les États-Unis. L’harmonisation pourrait éventuellement éviter de telles difficultés, et il y a une fenêtre d’opportunité pour y parvenir en discutant aux États-Unis d’une éventuelle loi fédérale sur la protection des données. Après avoir établi le contexte historique, cette étude pose et détaille trois obstacles majeurs à l’harmonisation transatlantique à grande échelle du droit de la protection des données, du point de vue de ce qui est devenu le modèle prédominant de la protection des données, celui de l’Union européenne. Il s’agit de la politique de laissez-faire et du néolibéralisme aux États-Unis (et l’accent mis sur l’autoréglementation qui en résulte), du pouvoir de lobbying des géants de l’industrie technologique des États-Unis dans un système législatif américain favorable et de dispositions constitutionnelles différentes sur des deux côtés de l’Atlantique
ICDAR2019 Robust Reading Challenge on Multi-lingual Scene Text Detection and Recognition — RRC-MLT-2019
No full textInternational audienc
The State of Artificial Intelligence Research in the Context of National Security: Bibliometric Analysis and Research Agenda
No full textPart 4: Artificial Intelligence and Internet of ThingsInternational audienceArtificial intelligence (AI) is a growing research topic in national security due to the growing need for peaceful and inclusive societies, as well as for the maintenance of strong institutions of justice. As e-societies continue to evolve due to the advancements made in information and communication technologies (ICT), AI has proven crucial to guarantee the development of security measures, especially against growing cyberthreats and cyberattacks. This relevance has been translated into an explosive growth of AI applications for the improvement of decision support systems, expert systems, robotics, surveillance, and military operations that aim at ensuring national security. However, there is no bibliometric research on AI in national security, especially one that highlights current debates on the topic. This paper presents an overview of research on AI and national security, with emphasis on the research focus areas and debates central to research on the topic. We analyzed 94 references collected from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection and used VOS viewer software to analyze them. Based on these analyses, we identified 7 focus areas and 8 debates on AI in national security. We also identified the state and evolution of research on the topic in terms of main journals, authors, institutions, and countries. Our findings help researchers and practitioners better understand the state of the art of AI research on national security, and guides future research and development projects on the topic
Financial deprivation? But which financial deprivation? The different effects of social and temporal financial deprivation on budget allocation preferences
No full textInternational audienceLa thématique du congrès : marketing et territoires. Assez naturellement c’est le thème du territoire sous toutes ses formes, en lien avec une multiplicitéde problématiques de marketing, de consommation et de marché qui sera le fil conducteur de ce 35ème Congrès de l’AFM. Dans un contexte de mutation et des évolutions constantes et rapides de la fonction marketing, traiter du territoire pourrait sembler une disruption à l’envers. Mais le territoire est avant tout une matrice, un athanor de tous les possibles pour les idées, les hommes et les actions. Traiter du territoire, de son attractivité, de son image c’est se situer au cœur des enjeux d’aujourd’hui et de demain dans un marketing en mouvement avec et pour nos contemporains
THE EUROPEAN UNION'S 2014 NON-FINANCIAL REPORTING DIRECTIVE: MANDATORY EX POST DISCLOSURE -BUT DOES IT NEED IMPROVEMENT?
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter introduces European Union’s 2014 Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFR Directive), considered a first step in the field of mandatory sustainability reporting, prior to analyzing the need for it to be improved. The author begins by setting out the historical context, both on the international and EU levels, including a new EU definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR) that envisages non-voluntary action. While the emphasis is placed on the extractive industries, the chapter’s treatment of the issue is of more general interest. The NFR Directive, which has been described as an example of the reflection in law and regulation of the United Nations Guiding Principles, is detailed through the legislative proposal and negotiations that led to its adoption, and through its content, including environment, social and employment reporting, which extends to a diversity policy description for publicly-traded companies governed by member State law. The NFR Directive is seen as part of an international process, complementing measures at the international level to improve financial reporting transparency, such as those of the OECD, the G20 and the G8. However, a certain amount of discretion is accorded to the EU member States in the implementation of the Directive into national law (allowing for the possibility of lack of harmonization), and elements such as the legislation’s ex-post focus and limited scope, and the lack of an auditing mechanism have been subject to criticism. The chapter concludes with a discussion of opportunities for improvement
Crossing the Entrepreneurial Rubicon : A Longitudinal Investigation
No full textInternational audienceThe dynamics leading from intention to start-up remain poorly understood. Drawing on the mindset theory of action phases, our empirical study identifies a motivational and a volitional phase in the pre-start-up stage. Only during the motivational phase does entrepreneurial intention help identify future starters. Once individuals have crossed the so-called entrepreneurial Rubicon, it no longer matters. We also show that, through this process, the support needs expressed by individuals evolve to become implementation-driven. To our knowledge, this is the first study to apply the mindset theory of action phases to nascent entrepreneurship. We discuss key implications for researchers and practitioners.<br /
The role of materially heterogeneous entities in the entrepreneurial network
No full textInternational audienceFew researchers have examined empirically the dynamics of human–non-human networking and its importance for strategic outcomes, particularly in the field of entrepreneurship. In this paper, we use Actor-Network Theory to observe and investigate the role of materially heterogeneous entities in the entrepreneurial network. Building on the results of a four-year, multi-case study, this paper describes how an entrepreneurial network, beyond its social nature, is also a socio-material constellation. The symmetric treatment of human and non-human actors enables us to move away from the figure of the heroic entrepreneur. Our findings reveal various roles that the heterogeneity of actor-networks can play in the entrepreneurial process. We see on the one hand their power to attract and recruit new allies when they are aligned with the entrepreneur's vision, and on the other their ability to repel and block the new venture creation process when they fail to effectively translate what the entrepreneur has in mind.<br /
Liquidity provision in ETF markets : The basket and beyond
No full textInternational audienceWe provide a theory and empirical evidence showing that the liquidity (quoted spread) of an ETF is strongly determined by inventory-risk related variables. We consider a risk averse market maker who optimally chooses to either manage her ETF position through trading, or resort to the ETF creation/redemption mechanism to exchange her residual inventory for the underlying basket. The trade-off between the ETF price concession and the cost of trading the basket is key in explaining liquidity provision in ETFs. Using data on European equity ETFs, we provide supporting evidence that ETF spreads depend on the risks and costs of inventory management. We also find that the ETF liquidity is linked with the basket liquidity only when market conditions make on-exchange inventory management unsuitable.Nous développons un modèle théorique accompagné d’une analyse empirique montrant que la liquidé (fourchette de prix affichée) d’un ETF est fortement déterminée par des variables capturant le risque lié à la position détenue par le teneur de marché. Nous considérons la stratégie optimale de celui-ci dans un contexte où il lui est possible de gérer son stock d’ETF à la fois sur le marché secondaire du produit et via le mécanisme de création/rachat. Ce faisant, le teneur de marché doit arbitrer entre d’une part une concession sur le prix auquel il négocie l’ETF, et d’autre part le coût d’illiquidité qu’il supporte sur les actifs constituant le panier répliqué en cas de création/rachat. Nous montrons que cette concession est cruciale pour expliquer les caractéristiques de l’offre de liquidité sur un ETF. L’étude empirique réalisée sur un large échantillon d’ETF européens confirme le rôle clef joué par les variables liées au risque de position. Nous montrons en outre que la liquidité d’un ETF n’est liée à celle des actifs du panier qu’il réplique que lorsque le risque de position des teneurs de marché ne peut pas être géré efficacement sur le marché secondaire de l’ETF
