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Dietary management of normoalbuminaemic canine chronic enteropathies
No full textInternational audienceDietary management represents the cornerstone of treatment for chronic enteropathy in dogs, with approximately 50% of cases in referral practice responding to dietary intervention alone. Success rates improve significantly when multiple systematic diet trials are implemented. Clinical experience suggests that dogs with suboptimal response to dietary therapy alone should be maintained on their most effective diet while additional therapies are introduced, potentially reducing medication requirements and associated adverse effects. Treatment decisions should prioritise individual patient assessment and thorough documentation of responses to each dietary intervention rather than adherence to arbitrary trial protocols. Currently, the literature lacks unified nutritional recommendations for canine chronic enteropathy management. This review aims to provide evidence‐based recommendations for the nutritional management of chronic enteropathy in dogs. Recommendations were derived from review of available studies, supplemented by expert clinical experience where published evidence was insufficient. While individual diet selection remains largely guided by empirical evidence, the recommendations presented herein, based on collective clinical expertise, offer a structured approach to optimise therapeutic outcomes in canine chronic enteropathy
Expert Elicitation on Exposure to Tick Bites and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Risk in Occupational and Recreational Forest Activities
No full textThis article is based on work conducted for a TBEV risk assessment of a working group established by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), which is a public administrative body reporting to the Ministries of Health, the Environment, Agriculture and LabourInternational audienceBackground: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is transmitted to humans via tick bites and occasionally via the consumption of unpasteurized milk products. According to the literature, the most important driver of TBE emergence and increase in incidence in humans is changes in human behaviour/activities. Method and principal findings: To compensate for the lack of data, expert opinions were gathered to identify the risk factors for exposure to tick bites linked to twenty-eight human activities (professional or recreational) in forests and to target prevention messages at the populations most at risk. Opinions were elicited from a total of twenty-five European experts. Seven criteria were included in the analysis for each activity: frequency, seasonality, duration of exposure, distance covered, degree of contact with vegetation, speed and average level of protection against tick bites. The activities considered to be the most at risk of exposure to tick bites are, in descending order: three occupational activities (forest monitoring activities, forestry and wood industry activities and scientific and/or analytical activities), five recreational activities and one hunting activity (mushroom picking, spending the night in the forest, hunting, naturalist activities, orienteering, and berry or fruit picking). Conclusions and significance: Prevention messages regarding tick bites could be targeted at people who engage in activities considered in this analysis to be at highest risk of exposure to tick bites
Assessment of the performances of blood tests for the antemortem diagnosis of aspergillosis in wild or captive aquatic birds
No full textInternational audienceAbstract The antemortem diagnosis of aspergillosis in birds remains a complex challenge. A variety of diagnostic methods are currently available, including direct detection of Aspergillus components, antibody-based assays, and nonspecific markers such as serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), but their diagnostic performances remain limited. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the performances of several diagnostic approaches, specifically, galactomannan index measurement, beta-D-glucan assay, 3-hydroxybutyrate quantification, SPE, and mannoprotein detection tests. A secondary objective was to develop a predictive model of aspergillosis incorporating optimal test thresholds identified in the first phase, combined with clinical signs. A total of 101 serum and 31 plasma samples were collected from 118 aquatic bird of various species in France. Birds were classified into three categories: control individuals ( n = 88), suspected aspergillosis cases ( n = 7), and confirmed cases ( n = 23). While individually considered tests displayed limitations in specificity, predictive modeling revealed that elevated levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate above 0.52 mmol/L (Se = 96%, Sp = 51%) combined with beta-globulins above 6.90 g/L (Se = 78%, Sp = 51%), in conjunction with concurrent respiratory clinical signs, were significantly associated with the occurrence of aspergillosis. A multivariable logistic model combining these variables achieved excellent diagnostic performance, with AUCs up to 0.98 and sensitivity above 98%. These findings suggest that these parameters, particularly when considered alongside clinical signs, may serve as more reliable indicators for detecting aspergillosis in birds
Transfert de chaleur radiatif de gaz non gris dans une géométrie 2D rectangulaire par la méthode du lancer de rayons et le modèle corrélé SLW
No full textInternational audienceThe ray-tracing method and the SLW correlated model have been implemented to address the problem of radiative heat transfer in a two-dimensional geometry filled with non-gray gases. Mixtures with 10%CO 2 and 20%H 2 O were treated as the participating non-gray gases, while N 2 was regarded as non-participating in the radiative transfer process. The SLW correlated method has been used to compute discrete absorption coefficients, their associated weights, and the Planck-mean absorption coefficient. An exact semi-analytical method using Bickley-Naylor functions, Gauss quadrature, and the ray tracing method has been developed to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE). Radiative properties of the non-gray gases have been calculated for different temperatures to describe the thermal behavior of the medium. The effect of the reference temperature and nongray gas radiative properties on the RTE integral solutions, was also examined. Dimensionless temperature and radiative heat flux distributions were simulated and tabulated under radiative equilibrium, then presented and discussed. The computed radiative quantities showed good agreement with established reference models.La méthode de lancer de rayons et le modèle corrélé SLW ont été mis en œuvre pour traiter le problème du transfert de chaleur radiatif dans une géométrie bidimensionnelle remplie de gaz non gris. Des mélanges contenant 10 % de CO₂ et 20 % de H₂O ont été considérés comme des gaz participants non gris, tandis que le N₂ a été considéré comme non participant au processus de transfert radiatif. Le modèle corrélé SLW a été utilisé pour calculer les coefficients d’absorption discrets, leurs poids associés ainsi que le coefficient d’absorption moyen de Planck. Une méthode semi-analytique exacte, basée sur les fonctions de Bickley-Naylor, la quadrature de Gauss et la méthode de lancer de rayons, a été développée pour résoudre l’équation du transfert radiatif (ETR). Les propriétés radiatives des gaz non gris ont été calculées pour différentes températures afin de décrire le comportement thermique du milieu. L’effet de la température de référence et des propriétés radiatives des gaz non gris sur les solutions intégrales de l’ETR a également été examiné. Les distributions adimensionnelles de la température et du flux de chaleur radiatif ont été simulées et tabulées sous condition d’équilibre radiatif, puis présentées et discutées. Les grandeurs radiatives calculées montrent un bon accord avec les modèles de référence établis
Anticipating and deploying sustainable eating : major challenges and difficulties
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Mapping the Human Chemical Exposome for Public Health
No full textInternational audienceExcitons in the weakly interacting regime can be well-described by many-body perturbation theo-ries such as the Bethe-Salpeter equation formalism. However, for materials such as transition metaldichalcogenides moir´e heterostructures under strong illumination, with the emergence of dense ex-citonic states, the strong correlation and entanglement between electrons and holes may cause themany-body perturbation method to fail, and excitons may not be treated in the bosonic picture,but exhibit fermionic behaviors. In our work, we investigate the phase space where excitons, andthe electrons and holes which constitute them, are weakly or strongly entangled, as well as theirbinding for different interaction profiles and the degree of localization of the electrons and holes. Wecorroborate the validity of using many-body perturbation theory in the exciton with interactions.Our work provides a general way to analyze the correlation and entanglement of multi-particle ex-citations in many-body systems, and gives a more comprehensive understanding of different phasesfor exciton entanglement and interactions in 1D systems
Mise au point d'un protocole de décongélation de gélules gastro-résistantes de microbiote fécal
No full textLe développement de la transplantation de microbiote fécal (TMF) en médecine vétérinaire est récent et porteur d’applications cliniques multiples. Elle est envisagée comme option thérapeutique innovante dans diverses affections, à des stades d’évaluation variables selon les indications. L’encapsulation en gélules vise à simplifier l’administration (absence d’anesthésie, meilleure acceptabilité), mais la littérature vétérinaire comporte encore peu d’études dédiées à la TMF sous forme encapsulée, et aucun consensus de préparation n’est établi à ce jour, ni en médecine vétérinaire ni en médecine humaine. La fabrication de gélules de microbiote fécal apparaît réalisable en contexte hospitalier, sous réserve d’un dépistage rigoureux des donneurs. L’adjonction de glycérol s’avère nécessaire pour la conservation à −80 °C. La décongélation à température ambiante est rapide (environ 20 minutes) et autorise une administration immédiate. Une décongélation au froid positif, également brève, permet de conserver le transplant plusieurs heures avant délivrance. Le transport en contenant isotherme est faisable, avec maintien au froid négatif pendant au moins 10 heures, de façon à acheminer le traitement au domicile. Des investigations complémentaires sont requises pour documenter l’innocuité in vivo de ces gélules et établir leur efficacité clinique, notamment dans les entéropathies inflammatoires chroniques
Etude de la survie des microorganismes collectés par des filtres de centrales de traitement d'air
No full textInternational audienceSampling microbial aerosols may be difficult due to their low concentration. Air handling unit (AHU) filters, which accumulate these bioaerosols with large volumes of treated air, represent an alternative for studying the airborne microbiota in buildings. However, the survival of microorganisms on these filters remains poorly understood. This study proposes to analyze the viability within a microbial community on an AHU filter in the presence of model dust (corn starch powder). During a one-year study and under real-world conditions (full-scale AHU model), the survival and evolution of three model microorganisms were monitored: Aspergillus niger (spores), Bacillus subtilis (in spore form), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (in vegetative form), using agar culture and molecular biology methods. The results show that spore-forming microorganisms accumulate and are able to grow on the filter, even when exposed to high air velocity. This growth is accompanied by an increase in the water content of the filter and is followed by a mortality phase (decrease in culture counts). The microorganisms in vegetative form are rapidly lysed and their DNA degraded. In conclusion, microbial growth is possible on the surface of AHU filters and depends heavily on the amount of water available and the nature of the microorganisms. The identification of microorganisms in filter samples, by culture or molecular biology, is strongly influenced by the nature of the microorganisms, as well as the humidity and temperature in the AHU.L'échantillonnage des aérosols microbiens peut-être difficile dans l'air en raison de leur faible concentration. Les filtres de centrales de traitement d'air (CTA), qui accumulent ces bioaérosols du fait des grands volumes d'air traités, représentent une alternative pour l'étude du microbiote aérien des bâtiments. Cependant, la survie des microorganismes sur ces filtres reste mal comprise. Cette étude propose d'analyser la viabilité au sein d'une communauté microbienne sur un filtre de CTA en présence d'une poussière modèle (poudre d'amidon de maïs). Pendant un an et en conditions réalistes (modèle de CTA à échelle 1), la survie et l'évolution de trois microorganismes modèles ont été suivies : Aspergillus niger (spores), Bacillus subtilis (sous forme sporulée) et Staphylococcus epidermidis (sous forme végétative), en utilisant la culture sur milieu gélosé et des méthodes de biologie moléculaire. Les résultats montrent que les microorganismes sporulés s'accumulent et sont capables de croître sur le filtre, même lorsqu'ils sont exposés à une vitesse d'air élevée. Cette croissance est concomitante à une augmentation de la teneur en eau du filtre et du gâteau de filtration et est suivie d'une phase de mortalité (diminution des dénombrements par culture). En revanche, les microorganismes sous forme végétative sont rapidement lysés et leur ADN dégradé. En conclusion, la croissance microbienne est possible à la surface des filtres de CTA et dépend fortement de la quantité d'eau disponible ainsi que de la nature des microorganismes. L'identification des microorganismes dans les échantillons de filtre, qu'elle soit par culture ou par biologie moléculaire, est donc fortement influencée par la nature des microorganismes, ainsi que l'humidité et la température dans la CTA
Cost-revenue analysis of using a haemoadsorbent membrane in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass and ticagrelor
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Patients with acute coronary syndrome requiring coronary artery bypass graft surgery while on ticagrelor face a high risk of perioperative bleeding because of its strong antiplatelet effect. The Cytosorb® haemoadsorbent membrane (CytoSorbents Corporation, Princeton, NJ, USA), which is CE marked for ticagrelor removal, may help to mitigate this risk.Aim: To evaluate the cost-revenue impact of the use of Cytosorb® membrane over two different time periods in a high-volume French hospital.Methods: A retrospective cohort of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with ticagrelor without the use of Cytosorb® and a prospective cohort of patients of the same type undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with the use of Cytosorb® were compared. The primary outcome was the budget impact of using Cytosorb® in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with ticagrelor. Secondary outcomes included morbidity criteria and the length of stay in different hospital departments.Results: Among 40 patients, the cost difference favoured the cohort without Cytosorb® by €2670. However, the Cytosorb® group generated €635 more revenue per patient. Operative variables (duration, cardiopulmonary bypass time, transfusions) were similar, but the Cytosorb® group had a shorter stay in the intensive care unit. Sensitivity analysis highlighted membrane cost as the most influential factor in the overall cost difference.Conclusion: In the French financial context, the use of the Cytosorb® in coronary artery bypass graft surgery with ticagrelor leads to additional costs, despite a slight revenue increase and the potential benefit of a shorter stay in the intensive care unit
Comprehensive experimental analysis of pyrolytic gas composition from various lignocellulosic biomass
No full textInternational audienceBiomass pyrolysis is a fundamental step in thermochemical conversion processes and represents a promising alternative source capable of producing multiple energy carriers. However, its complex reaction pathways make it hard to thoroughly understand it. Despite extensive research on biomass pyrolysis kinetics, most existing studies focus on overall devolatilization rather than individual volatile species. This study addresses this gap by investigating the evolution of major non-condensable gas species produced during the slow pyrolysis of five lignocellulosic biomass (Wood Mix, Wood Waste, Pine Bark, Palm Fiber, and Lavender Straw) using a model-based kinetic approach, supported by experimental data. The pyrolysis experiments are conducted in a laboratory-scale batch reactor under inert conditions at different heating rates and temperatures. The effects of heating rate and temperature on gas evolution profiles and FTIR spectra are analyzed. Results confirm that gas release is closely linked to the progressive thermal degradation of biomass constituents, while no systematic correlation was found between biomass physicochemical properties and kinetic parameters. The obtained kinetic parameters showed good agreement with the thermal decomposition of lignocellulosic components within tested temperatures range. The n th order single reaction model provided good agreement with experimental data for all feedstock (R² > 0.99), supporting the reliability of the proposed gas evolution reaction fitting scheme. Apparent activation energies (20 -110 kJ.mol -1 ) and reaction order (1.0 -2.5) vary depending on gas species and biomass type. These findings demonstrate that a simplified kinetic framework can successfully contribute to a better quantitative understanding of non-condensable gas evolution during biomass pyrolysis