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AQUA BIEN-ÊTRE : Amélioration du bien-être des truites d'élevage : besoins, indicateurs spécifiques et effets des enrichissements
No full textCe numéro traite de résultats de projets lauréats en 2019 l'appel à projet CASDAR (Compte d'Affectation Spéciale Développement Agricole et Rural), "Innovation et Partenariat" et "Recherche Technologique. Ces projets sont financés par le ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Souveraineté Alimentaire.National audienceThe article explores the improvement of farming conditions for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), thedominant species in French aquaculture, in the context of growing expectations regarding animal welfare.The AQUA BIEN-ÊTRE project identified 13 health indicators and 12 behavioral indicators to assess theirwell-being, highlighting their behavioral needs. Environmental enrichments were tested, including bubblediffusion as a feeding predictive signal and the introduction of physical structures (pipes, artificial plants),which reduced aggressive behaviors, enhanced cognitive abilities, and maintained growth performance.The EBENE® tool, partially developed within this framework, offers an innovative method to assess andoptimize welfare in farming practices, with potential for adaptation to other economically significantspecies.L'article explore l'amélioration des conditions d'élevage des truites arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss), espèce dominante de l'aquaculture française, dans un contexte d'attentes croissantes en matière de bienêtre animal. Le projet AQUA BIEN-ÊTRE a permis d'identifier 13 indicateurs sanitaires et 12 comportementaux pour évaluer leur bien-être, en mettant en lumière leurs besoins comportementaux. Des enrichissements environnementaux ont été testés, incluant la diffusion de bulles comme signal prédictif du nourrissage et l'introduction de structures physiques (tuyaux, plantes artificielles), réduisant les comportements agressifs, améliorant les capacités cognitives et maintenant les performances de croissance. L'outil EBENE®, développé en partie dans ce cadre, offre une méthode innovante pour évaluer et optimiser le bien-être en élevage, avec des perspectives d'adaptation à d'autres espèces d'intérêt économique
Concours, randonnée en groupe, rassemblement : comment m’assurer que mon cheval reste en bonne santé ?
No full textNational audienc
Microbiology, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of low-grade infection in long-bone diaphyseal non-union after open fracture
No full textInternational audienceAim: Our primary aim was to describe the microbiology of long-bone non-unions after open fracture. Then, we sought to determine the clinical and biological factors associated with the risk of positive intraoperative tissue cultures and the outcome after non-union surgery.Methods: We retrospectively selected patients > 18 years, who had a primary planned surgical treatment of long-bone non-union after diaphyseal open fracture, with no previous history of infection. Infection was confirmed when growth of the same micro-organism was observed from at least two bone/tissue samples obtained at the time of non-union surgery.Results: From 2005 to 2021, 85 patients (64 males, 21 females) were included, with a mean age of 38.5 ± 15 years (18-75 years) at the time of non-union surgery. Anatomic regions included the tibia (58 cases), femur (21 cases), and humerus (6 cases). Cultures were positive in 29 cases (34%), including nine polymicrobial infections (31%), with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (n = 10) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 9) being the most prevalent bacteria, followed by Cutibacterium acnes (n = 5), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 2). The risk of infection correlated with diabetes mellitus (p = 0.0017), the presence of a fistula (p = 0.001), and the type of index wound according to Cauchoix-Duparc (p = 0.03). The risk of postoperative complications and the need for additional surgery, notably for persistent non-union, were higher in patients with an infected non-union.Conclusions: An underlying low-grade indolent infection was found in a third of cases of presumed aseptic long-bone non-union following an open fracture. The risk of infection was associated with diabetes mellitus, the presence of a fistula, and greater severity of the initial wound. In these cases, the risk of septic failure was almost three times higher as compared to patients with negative cultures.Level of evidence: Retrospective study, Level III
An overview of selected “subzero” temperature storage regimes of foods: regulations and perspectives about the expected impact of the "three degrees of change" initiative on the shelf life of frozen foods
No full textInternational audienceFrozen storage temperature plays a crucial role in preserving the initial quality of frozen foods. The most used storage temperature of frozen food is -18°C and is based on 0°F, which corresponds to -17.8°C. This temperature does not correlate with a specific ratio of frozen water in foods (“level of frozenness"-LOF) and has been arbitrarily chosen. The fact is that at -18°C, most foods never reach a 100 % LOF (usually in the range of 95 % LOF). The 100 % LOF refers to a state in which the maximum ice crystallization zone has been covered (usually around -30°C). New low-temperature storage modes, such as chilling, superchilling, and supercooling, gained attention in academia and in the food industry, pushing the boundaries of existing regulations. The recent "Three Degrees if Change" initiative launched by the University of Birmingham (UK) aims at exploring the interest and impact of changing the frozen food storage temperature from -18°C to -15°C. This paper proposes a review of the current regulations in connection with selected subzero temperature storages. Based on the principle of the Q10 models, a Q3 model is proposed showing that frozen foods stored at -15°C may lose around 30 % of their quality life from the sensorial point of view. Raising the temperature to -15°C should not pose a major microbial risk; however, this point must be under scrutiny. In particular, the permitted temperature oscillations during transport and at the retail outlet may require some adjustment
The effect of particle surface roughness and biofilm accumulation on the pressure drop over a biofilter
No full textInternational audienceIn this study, the pressure drop prediction of the existing granular rectangular Representative Unit Cell (RUC) model, which already accounts for biofilm development and sphericity, is adapted to include particle surface roughness. The novelty of this study is that a surface roughness factor is derived based on physical principles. It was found to be a function of the average height and number of roughness elements, the porosity as well as the particle diameter. This factor is included in both the Darcy and inertial Reynolds number flow terms. The proposed model includes no empirical coefficients and is validated against experimental data for a biofilter, operated over 107 days, with expanded schist as packing material. It was found that a decrease in average particle shape factor produced an increase in surface roughness over time. The average shape factor was also introduced in order to increase the interstitial form drag coefficient. The average surface roughness of the packing material was measured with a confocal microscope, by utilizing white light microscopy, and the value was used in the pressure gradient prediction of the RUC model. The proposed model is compared to a modified Ergun equation, adjusted to be applicable to biofilters, and satisfactory results are obtained. A sensitivity analysis is also performed on the average height of surface roughness elements, particle diameter, and average particle shape factor. The proposed model is an improvement on the existing models from the literature considered in this study
Disc-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Environmental Cues for Nucleus Pulposus Regeneration
No full textInternational audienceNotochordal cells (NCs), abundantly found in the developing nucleus pulposus (NP), show potential for intervertebral disc regeneration because of their unique instructive and healthy matrix-producing capacity. However, NCs are lost early in life, and attempts at in vitro expansion have failed because they lose their specific phenotype. Therefore, much effort is focused on the generation of cells resembling the properties of healthy matrix-producing NP-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). They are considered a promising alternative for employing native NCs. Given the ongoing challenges in the field to fine-tune the differentiation protocol and obtain a high yield of mature matrix-producing cells, this study aims to build on the epigenetic memory and instructive capacity of healthy NP tissue. For this, we employed the epigenetic memory of tissue-specific hiPSCs derived from TIE2 + NP progenitor cells (NPPCs) and microenvironmental cues of decellularized porcine NC-derived matrix (dNCM), consisting of matrix components and bioactive factors to differentiate hiPSC into mature, healthy matrix-producing cells for NP repair. As a comparison, donor-matched minimally invasive peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived hiPSCs were used. The results show that employing NPPC-derived hiPSCs instructed by natural cues provided by dNCM resulted in an increased expression of healthy phenotypic and matrisome-related NP markers. Furthermore, within this in vitro environment, differentiation of blood-derived hiPSC lines led to augmented differentiation into the hematopoietic and neural cell lineage. In conclusion, we demonstrate that hiPSCs derived from NPPCs achieve enhanced differentiation outcomes in the presence of dNCM, highlighting the potential impact of the epigenetic memory.</div
A participatory approach to identify relevant indicators for the assessment of pig health
No full textInternational audienceAntimicrobials use (AMU) has largely decreased in pig farming in recent years, following sector’s initiatives and regulations. To provide guidance in this minimal AMU while ensuring a preserved pig health and welfare, we are currently developing a multicriteria assessment protocol for monitoring these aspects. However, to our knowledge, if such protocols exist for welfare assessments, there are none that combines validated and operational indicators for the assessment of pig health in farms. Thus, there is a need to determine which health indicators are relevant. A participatory approach with veterinarians was developed and implemented, as they are considered experts of health assessment. During a first meeting, a group of 4-5 veterinarians were asked to select pig health indicators in a list coming from a literature search and rate them based on perceived sensitivity, specificity, reliability and feasibility. The experts had several weeks to complete the rating on their own. Then, during a second meeting, the results were discussed until reaching an agreement on the most relevant indicators for assessing pig health, that will be kept for the assessment protocol later on. Discussions were facilitated by the supervisor of the meeting. This process was repeated for every biological system, e.g. respiratory or digestive systems. Results show that our proposed framework allows identifying pig health indicators regarded as relevant through the elicitation of expert opinion. With the ratings, discussions and debates were facilitated, and indicators were also characterised (e.g. if they are perceived, or not, as feasible, reliable, sensitive and specific). In the same way, the most suitable measure method is identified. Our study provides a participative and iterative framework to identify and characterize pig health indicators through expert elicitation. Thereafter, selected indicators will be integrated and aggregated into a protocol for monitoring pig health, welfare and AMU on farms
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)
No full textInternational audienceBackgroundGlucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) was the first incretin identified and plays an essential role in the maintenance of glucose tolerance in healthy humans. Until recently GIP had not been developed as a therapeutic and thus has been overshadowed by the other incretin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), which is the basis for several successful drugs to treat diabetes and obesity. However, there has been a rekindling of interest in GIP biology in recent years, in great part due to pharmacology demonstrating that both GIPR agonism and antagonism may be beneficial in treating obesity and diabetes. This apparent paradox has reinvigorated the field, led to new lines of investigation, and deeper understanding of GIP.Scope of ReviewIn this review, we provide a detailed overview on the multifaceted nature of GIP biology and discuss the therapeutic implications of GIPR signal modification on various diseases.Major ConclusionsFollowing its classification as an incretin hormone, GIP has emerged as a pleiotropic hormone with a variety of metabolic effects outside the endocrine pancreas. The numerous beneficial effects of GIPR signal modification render the peptide an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, drug-induced nausea and both bone and neurodegenerative disorders