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Resiliency Analysis of Mission-Critical System of Systems Using Formal Methods
No full textPart 4: AttackInternational audienceA System of Systems (SoS) is a formation of heterogeneous systems that work together effectively to accomplish critical missions. These mission-critical SoS ensure the safety and security of any nation. Attacks on mission-critical SoS can have devastating outcomes. We need to design missions that are resilient to attacks. SoS engineering must specify, analyze, and understand where adverse events are possible and how to mitigate them while a mission-critical SoS is deployed. This work uses an end-to-end methodology for analyzing the resiliency of mission-critical SoS. The methodology starts with representing SoS mission as a workflow. It then converts the workflow into formal representation using Coloured Petri Nets (CPN). Threat models are extracted from the mission specification, which are used to construct the CPN representations of the attacks. The mission specifications and the attacks are composed to analyze the mission resiliency. The analysis identifies if the mission succeeds, fails, and is incomplete. We apply the methodology to an SoS consisting of a military vehicle and route-reconnaissance drones working together to monitor a national border and respond immediately to any physical threats. The result demonstrates how to restrict the mission to improve the resiliency of SoS formation. Such methodology is important for the early design stage of resilient mission-critical SoS
Are Children Ready for the Metaverse? The Minefield of Virtual Participation in Digital Social Spaces with Harmful Content and Behavior
No full textInternational audienceThe technological concept of the metaverse has the potential to change our society to an extent that can be compared with past inventions such as the internet. The risks and challenges it might bring for its users when participating are often neglected. Past experiences regarding social media or online gaming showed how such technologies can have negative effects on the psychological and physiological well-being of their users and that malicious individuals might abuse them. A user segment that is especially vulnerable in this context is the group of children and adolescents-youth. This study contains a detailed content analysis of two different metaverse applications regarding what types of child-inappropriate content or behavior exist there and reveals a number of serious concerns when children enter such digital virtual spaces. This paper addresses the types risks the use of the metaverse can pose for children and adolescents by creating a knowledge base derived from the current state of literature and interviews with experts. Additionally, it contributes to research by developing a classification scheme that helps to identify and categorize child-inappropriate content or behavior that occurs in metaverse spaces
Sustainable eParticipation Through Lightweight Democracy?
No full textInternational audienceSustainable eParticipation is defined as participation projects that last and become part of the democratic process. Many eParticipation projects fail in this regard. The eParticipation literature presents many studies and test, but few report on the aspects that can make tools and initiatives sustainable over time. The past decade’s rise of populist rhetoric and populist parties in the west shows the urgency of finding good answers to the question of sustainability in eParticipation. In this paper, we argue that lightweight eParticipation initiatives, with low demands on time and effort from citizens, can contribute to sustainable eParticipation. We test this assumption through an evaluation of a Norwegian eParticipation system for low-threshold rapid feedback. Our findings indicate that while the system showed promise and was well received, there were still issues with sustainability, especially related to strategy and financing
Survey Instruments for Measuring Digital Inequality at the Individual Level
No full textInternational audienceFresh light has been shone on the problem of digital inequality (DI) in recent years due to its expanding complexity and impact on society. An issue with DI research is the need for more reliable instruments to measure and gauge the DI status quo, which is critical for appropriate remedial measures and solutions. DI has several dimensions beyond traditional concepts, such as uneven access to modern technologies, insufficient digital literacy, and limited internet use. Measures of DI often ignore some subtle and hidden elements, including socio-economic status, digital literacy, and skill, giving an imprecise image of the differences among people. This paper utilises existing literature, builds on a theoretical framework developed earlier, and subsequently explores possible survey instruments to measure DI. The paper also emphasises the need for constant improvement of survey tools due to their dynamic nature, influenced by rapid technological changes, to capture the complexities of digital inclusion. The proposed instruments are a starting point that will fill a void and allow researchers in the area to conduct more empirical studies to test and validate the suitability of the instruments to better understand the phenomena for valid comparisons and multiple applications
The Digital Transformation of Microbusinesses in Indonesia: Dichotomous Effects and Consequences
No full textInternational audienceDigital transformation is widely lauded as being beneficial for organizations. We undertake a qualitative exploration into how three microbusinesses in Indonesia are affected by Digital Transformation. We focus on the lived experiences of the microbusiness owner-managers. We find that the success of a digital transformation initiative depends on the owner-managers having both a growth and a technology mindset while observing that the availability of support from friends and relatives can be crucial to success
Who Controls the Physical Internet? A Review of Protocols and Algorithms
No full textPart 2: Collaborative Manufacturing Systems in the Digital EraInternational audienceThe Physical Internet (PI) is a modern logistics pattern based on resources and information sharing, modeled after the Digital Internet (DI). Running a PI network demands a participatory and distributed decision-making system, requiring communication protocols between nodes and optimization algorithms. Although different in nature, the Protocols and Algorithms (P&A) of the PI are often functionally equivalent to P&A of DI. This paper presents a systematic literature review on the control methods of a PI network. The results show that P&A can be “local”, designed to operate in a distributed manner; “global”, designed to centrally control the PI or parts of it; or for “orchestration”, designed to centrally define operational parameters while avoiding direct control. This paper also draws considerations on the maturity state of PI’s P&A, comparing them with those of the DI and with the process that led to their definition
Cell Zooming in LTE-R as a Potential Game
No full textPart 8: Design of Collaborative EnvironmentsInternational audienceLTE-R will definitely substitute GSM-R to railway communications, especially in high-speed trains, due to its inherent improvements such as coverage and performance. The placement of cells along the route of the train is of paramount importance. GSM-R is a quite old method that suffers from the drawbacks of the GSM technology, while LTE is faster and more reliable. The concept of substituting the GSM-R with LTE-R is a further improvement to railway communications. In this paper we take onboard a linear LTE-R cell network that caters to high-speed train passengers and nearby regions. Addressing inter-cell interference, it’s vital for cells to adapt coverage dynamically, zooming in or out to optimize costs and maintain uninterrupted coverage. We conceptualize this challenge as a linear graph-coloring problem with two colors, enabling cells to transition between micro and macro configurations as required. Our goal is to minimize costs while guaranteeing seamless coverage. This collaborative approach enhances service quality for train passengers and neighboring areas by effectively meeting communication needs through adaptive coverage adjustments
Design and Development of a Marketplace-Based Collaborative Ecosystem for Software Integration and Distribution Within Manufacturing
No full textPart 2: Collaborative Manufacturing Systems in the Digital EraInternational audienceIn the era of rapid technological growth and digitalization, small and medium-sized enterprises often need help to keep up with innovation, facing budget constraints and integration difficulties. The Industry Modular Operating System (IMOS) presents a different approach to software integration, distribution, and collaboration. It aims to boost application availability and integration by fostering collaboration between software developers and manufacturing companies. This platform simplifies the distribution of industry-specific resources, providing containerized software solutions through its integrated marketplace. The platform allows industry professionals to access various applications, services, and data tailored to their unique needs and requirements. By offering this dynamic ecosystem, IMOS aims to bridge the gap between development and production, promoting seamless interaction, problem-solving, and resource-sharing within a community of industry experts
Canvas as Tools for Digital Platform Design: Analysis, Comparison and Evolution
No full textPart 8: Design of Collaborative EnvironmentsInternational audienceCanvas have for long been embraced as a popular design tool. Initially aimed towards, business model development, the model of a one page, visual and collaborative tool has spread to the design of many different artifacts. Digital platforms, with its conjugation of business, technical, and social facets have benefited from the canvas model for its design practices, from both scholars and practitioners. Nonetheless, the recent push for more industry-specific and holistic digital platform research agenda is bound to have an impact in the tools used for platform design. In this paper, we apply a literature review method to examine existing canvas, inspired by the Business Model Canvas, as tools for the design of digital platforms. Using conceptual platform design research as a frame of reference, we review eight canvas specific for digital platform design, highlighting four critical limitations in their application regarding (1) adopted broad platform conceptualizations; (2) a restricted focus on business elements; (3) a lack of focus on platform evolution; and (4) a lack of guidance in the translation of canvas to explicit platform design propositions and requirements. By addressing these limitations, we set a path for the evolution of canvas as collaborative tools that can better support the more comprehensive and nuanced approaches required for the design of digital platforms acting in an evermore non-linear, volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous environments
Cross-Relational Reasoning for Neural Tensor Networks
No full textPart 1: Deep LearningInternational audienceNeural tensor networks are knowledge graph embedding models which infer relationships between two given entities. Although demonstrated to be effective, any inference about an individual relation from a neural tensor network is isolated from the model’s intelligence about the other relations in the problem domain. We introduce cross-relational reasoning, a novel inference mechanism for neural tensor networks which intelligently coordinates all of the model’s relation-specific outputs to augment a prediction corresponding to a single relation. We frame the process of coordinating the relation-specific outputs as a meta-learning problem, not unlike stacked ensemble learning, and illustrate that cross-relational reasoning consistently outperforms the original inference mechanism on the WN18RR knowledge graph. We also explore modifications to the neural tensor network’s internal activation function, and illustrate that using ReLu or Elu can rapidly speed up the neural tensor network’s convergence at the cost of long-term improvement during training, and that using sigmoid universally improves the model’s performance in the context provided by this paper