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Earthworm abundance response to conservation agriculture practices in organic arable farming under Mediterranean climate
No full textInternational audienceEarthworms are one of the most important soil macrofaunal groups, and they play a major role in agricultural ecosystems. Agricultural practices, such as reduced tillage, the use of green manures and organic fertilization, can be beneficial for earthworm populations in agricultural systems. However, under a Mediterranean climate, not much is known regarding their response to agricultural management. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of tillage type, organic fertilization, and green manures on the density and biomass of earthworms in organic arable dryland. The trial was conducted in a four-year crop rotation with a complete factorial design that combined tillage system (mouldboard ploughing vs. chisel), fertilization (composted farmyard manure vs. no fertilizer) and green manures (green manures vs. no green manures). Earthworms were assessed in each plot by the extraction of all individuals in three soil areas of 33 cm × 33 cm that were excavated to a depth of 25 cm. Only five earthworm species were found in this trial, and the earthworm community was dominated by such endogeic ecotypes as Aporrectodea rosea and Allolobophora georgii, and the anecic ecotype Aporrectodea trapezoides. Endogeic species can benefit from soil inversion because of the incorporation of organic matter, but the anecic ones can be negatively affected by it. The results show that plots with farmyard manure had higher density and biomass of earthworms. We observed that the type of tillage significantly affected earthworm populations: plots that had been ploughed with mouldboard ploughing (soil inversion) the year prior to sampling presented more juveniles. The biomass of earthworms was significantly lower in plots with green manures and chiselling. Our results indicated that the combination of chiselling and green manures were not optimal for earthworm populations, but organic fertilization played a considerably more important role and enhanced their abundances
Publicisation des espaces agricoles, mise en culture des espaces publics : des objets spatiaux illustrant l’équilibre délicat entre arrangements informels et régulation publique
No full textInternational audienceThis paper illustrates parallels between rural and urban natures through a comparative approach between collective urban gardens and periurban farmland. The analysis of the multiple appropriations of those places highlights tensions on public or private status of land, on opening or closing those spaces for public. Localized objects (a padlock or a road sign) are our keys to understand tensions and arrangements to manage the place. To deal with different social and political appropriations, we observe a balance between informal arrangements and a public regulation which increasingly takes the form of standards on security or environment for instance.Cette étude illustre les connexions entre nature des villes et nature des champs au travers d’un regard croisé entre des espaces agricoles périurbains et les jardins collectifs urbains. En analysant les formes d’appropriations multiples de ces lieux, cet article met en évidence les tensions public / privé et d’ouverture / fermeture de ces espaces agricoles et jardinés. Cristallisés dans la matérialitédes lieux, ces tensions et les arrangements pour les gérer se révèlent autour d’objets spatiaux comme un cadenas ou un panneau. Appropriés socialement et politiquement ces lieux témoignent d’équilibres entre des arrangements informels et une régulation publique qui passe de plus en plus par des normes
Performances et santé des vaches laitières Holstein et Montbéliarde conduites en systèmes à bas intrants
No full textSession : Système d'élevageNational audienc
Pourquoi et comment les éleveurs bovin lait adoptent ils le croisement laitier ?
No full textNational audienc
Challenges and action points to amplify agroecology in Europe
No full textInternational audienceAgriculture in Europe results in the production of food for both the European population and for the export sector. Significant environmental and social problems have emerged with the intensification of European agriculture. These include the loss of biodiversity, the contamination of soils, water, and food with pesticides, and the eutrophication of water bodies. Industrialized agricultural and food systems are also a major contributing factor in the decline of farm numbers, and the high use of antibiotics has led to serious human health problems. In this respect, agroecology can provide insights into important pathways and guide the design, development, and promotion of the transition towards sustainable farming and food systems. An analysis of the major challenges for the amplification of agroecology in Europe was carried out by 310 stakeholders in a World Cafe exercise and 23 sessions and workshops during the Agroecology Europe Forum 2017. The different challenges that were identified can be grouped into seven categories: (1) definition and concepts; (2) education, training, and knowledge sharing; (3) research approach and funding; (4) policies; (5) productivity and practices; (5) food systems and consumer awareness; and (6) co-optation. To address these challenges, the following key actions are recommended: (1) to develop a common understanding of agroecology; (2) to enhance education in agroecology and knowledge exchange; (3) to invest in agroecological research; (4) to develop policies enhancing agroecology; (5) to support new and existing agroecological practices; (6) to transform food systems; and (7) to strengthen communication and alliances. In this paper we present and discuss these recommendations for pathways and actions to develop sustainable agro-food systems in Europe through agroecology
A Rapid Electrophoresis Method on Agarose Gel to Characterise Dairy Protein Aggregates
No full textInternational audienc
Development of a Fermented Dairy Product as an Ingredient to be Added to Low-Fat Bakery Goods : Instrumental and Sensory Analyses of Textural and Aromatic Characteristics
No full textInternational audienc
Mise en œuvre de la trame verte et bleue dans les espaces agricoles : articuler enjeux globaux et dynamiques locales
No full textInternational audienc
Produire et échanger dans le cadre de systèmes alimentaires du milieu : des incertitudes aux partenariats
No full textInternational audienc
GABAergic inhibition in dual-transmission cholinergic and GABAergic striatal interneurons is abolished in Parkinson disease
No full textInternational audienceWe report that half striatal cholinergic interneurons are dual transmitter cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons (CGINs) expressing ChAT, GAD65, Lhx7, and Lhx6 mRNAs, labeled with GAD and VGAT, generating monosynaptic dual cholinergic/GABAergic currents and an inhibitory pause response. Dopamine deprivation increases CGINs ongoing activity and abolishes GABAergic inhibition including the cortico-striatal pause because of high [Cl − ] i levels. Dopamine deprivation also dramatically increases CGINs dendritic arbors and monosynaptic interconnections probability, suggesting the formation of a dense CGINs network. The NKCC1 chloride importer antagonist bumetanide, which reduces [Cl − ] i levels, restores GABAergic inhibition, the cortico-striatal pause-rebound response, and attenuates motor effects of dopamine deprivation. Therefore, most of the striatal cholinergic excitatory drive is balanced by a concomitant powerful GABAergic inhibition that is impaired by dopamine deprivation. The attenuation by bumetanide of cardinal features of Parkinson's disease paves the way to a novel therapeutic strategy based on a restoration of low [Cl − ] i levels and GABAergic inhibition