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Urban Agricultural Soil
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter explores the history of urban agriculture, the diversity of urban soils involved and the challenges that cities face in terms of the services provided and their management. The forms of agriculture that have developed are shaped by available space, the nature of the soil, the farming system and on the type of production or again on the distribution channel. There are many different definitions for urban soils depending on whether the approach used is oriented toward spatialization or toward the origin of the soil. The common effects of anthropization on a soil's physicochemical parameters are observable. Urban agriculture projects are inserted into channels for the distribution and consumption of various food products: from personal consumption to more or less short circuit marketing. Many decision-making tools have been developed for urban agriculture in order to meet to needs of agriculture project leaders, the different actors in urban planning or community technical servic
Philanthropic Funding for Agroecology in Europe – Opening the (black) box of sustainable food system actors
No full textInternational audienceThe global food system has severe environmental and health repercussions. Thus, calls for transforming food systems are becoming increasingly louder. However, this requires a significant financial overhaul. Financing an agroecological transition is critical and has received little academic attention so far. Specifically, philanthropic and non-philanthropic foundations as essential actors in private funding for food system transformation are hardly investigated due to their organizational nature. This study is the first to aim to understand the landscape of foundations supporting an agroecological transition in Europe and opening the "black box" through desk research (n = 100), an online questionnaire (n = 23) and semi-structured interviews (n = 15). We analyzed the context, the organizational characteristics and their strategies by adapting an international integrative framework of foundation types to find (i) a Western European prominence of places of origin and resources, (ii) a few vital financial players responsible for a significant amount of the annual funding and (iii) a rising interest to support agroecology and the transformation to a more sustainable food system. In discussing these results, the article touches upon questions of legitimacy and democratic aspirations, which are recommended for further research
Culture alimentaire et culture cellulaire : les frontières techniques, éthiques et sociales
No full textInternational audienceAs the FAO/WHO has completed the rigorous identification of food safety hazards of cell-based food, this article identifies remaining research gaps, particularly in the economic and social sciences, that need to be filled to better meet the expectations of cell-based food production
Farm Trees as Cultural Keystone Species: Bridging Biocultural Conservation and Sustainable Development in the Morocco High Atlas Mountains
No full textInternational audienceIn many southern Mediterranean mountain areas, the livelihoods of subsistence farmers are threatened by increasing drought periods that affect agroecosystems and cause rapid socioeconomic deterioration. Current initiatives to address this through ecosystem restoration often overlook the cultural significance of different tree species that play an important role in farmers' livelihoods. This may result in the erosion of biocultural diversity and loss of local and Indigenous knowledge. We used the cultural keystone species (CKS) framework to appraise the cultural and livelihood importance of 5 farm tree species-almond, ash, holm oak, olive, and walnut-in Morocco's central High Atlas mountains. Twenty-five structured interviews with knowledgeable farmers revealed that olive trees remain central to local residents' culture. This species met all CKS criteria, whereas walnut and almond trees met many criteria, but they have increasingly lost their cultural importance. Ash and holm oak are prevalent fodder species but do not directly bolster household cash incomes, and they are absent from cultural narratives, ceremonies, and symbolism. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering farm trees' cultural status in developing a culturally sensitive approach to conservation, stewardship of existing trees, and sustainable development in the Mediterranean mountains
Adapting Integrated Pest Management to Climate Change
No full textInternational audienceIntegrated pest management (IPM) is a holistic approach to pest control that combines various climate-dependent tactics. This chapter first reviews how climate, mainly temperature, influences four of these tactics: mating disruption, biological control using entomopathogens and entomophagous arthropods, and insecticides. Reports of recent failures in these techniques worldwide highlight the urgent need for adaptations to climate change, which are explored in the second section. The third section discusses recent and ongoing research efforts to ensure that IPM remains a viable production strategy in the context of climate change, using the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) as a case study
Optimizing wheat yield and water productivity under water scarcity: A modeling approach for irrigation and cultivar selection across different agro-climatic zones of Egypt
No full textInternational audienceEgypt, a major wheat importer, grapples with significant food security concerns exacerbated by limited water resources and climate variability. This study investigates strategies to optimize wheat yield and water productivity across Egypt’s diverse agro-climatic zones through precise irrigation management and cultivar selection. Using the DSSAT CERES-Wheat model, calibrated with field data from experiments on three wheat cultivars (Sakha94, Shandweel1 and Sids1) under five irrigation treatments across four locations, we evaluated the impact of irrigation frequency and elevated CO₂ levels (390 ppm) on grain yield and water-use efficiency. Results show that frequent irrigation (50 % depletion) increases yield by up to 22 % compared to less frequent irrigation (90 % depletion), particularly for Sakha94, while reduced irrigation enhances water productivity based irrigation (WP_Irrigation), with Shandweel1 and Sids1 achieving 15–20 % higher WP under water-limited conditions. Elevated CO₂ contributes a modest yield increase of approximately 5 % and enhances WP, indicating potential adaptive benefits in future high-CO₂ scenarios. Sensitivity analysis revealed that moderate CO₂ enrichment (+420–440 ppm) combined with + 1°C to + 2°C increases yield and WP by 10–25 %, but higher temperatures (+3°C) shortened growth cycles and reduced benefits, particularly for heat-sensitive cultivars like Sakha94. Linear mixed model analysis further reveals distinct fixed and random effects, underscoring that strategic irrigation management can effectively balance yield maximization and water conservation. These findings highlight the necessity of location-specific irrigation and cultivar strategies to alleviate water scarcity. Future research should prioritize a multi-model ensemble approach to quantify uncertainties, integrate CMIP6 climate projections and explore multi-factor environmental impacts, supporting sustainable wheat production in water-limited regions
Quand les territoires "font SyAM" (Systèmes Alimentaires du Milieu) : le cas du Département de l’Isère
No full textInternational audienceLa notion de SyAM a trouvé son origine en étudiant le développement de différents collectifs hybrides constitués d’agriculteurs, de transformateurs et de distributeurs qui présentent la spécificité de mettre en œuvre des partenariats dits « gagnant-gagnant », passant par une reterritorialisation de leurs chaines d’approvisionnement. Si les SyAM sont aujourd’hui mieux connus, peu de travaux se sont encore interrogés sur le rôle d’une collectivité dans le soutien à la mise en place de ces partenariats. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement au cas du Département de l’Isère qui a développé depuis le début des années 2000 une politique visant à favoriser une relocalisation à grande échelle de son alimentation. Nous posons la question de son rôle dans le développement de ces collectifs et nous montrons en quoi ce rôle « fait SyAM ». Faire SyAM, c’est participer à un processus qui vise la poursuite de performances durables, facilitant une plus juste rémunération des agriculteurs
Vers une justice cognitive des savoirs anciens et locaux sur l’eau grâce à la mise en place d’une démarche de science territoriale ?
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H3K9 post-translational modifications regulate epiblast/primitive endoderm specification in rabbit blastocysts
No full textInternational audiencePost-translational modifications of histone H3 on lysine 9, specifically acetylation (H3K9ac) and tri-methylation (H3K9me3), play a critical role in regulating chromatin accessibility. However, the role of these modifications in lineage segregation in the mammalian blastocyst remains poorly understood. We demonstrate that di- and tri-methylation marks, H3K9me2 and H3K9me3, decrease during cavitation and expansion of the rabbit blastocyst. Notably, H3K9me3 levels are particularly low in inner cell mass cells at the onset of blastocyst formation but increase again just before gastrulation. Conversely, H3K9ac is abundant in early blastocyst stages but decreases during the transition from the inner cell mass to the epiblast. These distinct distribution patterns correlate with high expression levels of methyltransferases (EHMT1, EHMT2, SETDB1) and deacetylases (HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC5) in expanding blastocysts. Functionally, inhibiting H3K9me2/3 through an EHMT1/2 inhibitor disrupts primitive endoderm segregation, whereas enhancing histone acetylation (including H3K9ac) using a class I HDAC inhibitor promotes epiblast expansion at the expense of the primitive endoderm. These modifications impact the expression of genes associated with pluripotency and lineage determination, underscoring the importance of H3K9 modifications in embryonic cell fate decisions
