Portail HAL ISAR
Not a member yet
1152 research outputs found
Sort by
Explorer les implications des transitions vers l'agroécologie pour la durabilité : une perspective transdisciplinaire
No full textInternational audienceEin erfolgreicher Übergang zur Agrarökologie erfordert ein gemeinsames Verständnis über die Auswirkungen auf die Nachhaltigkeit von Lebensmittelsystemen. Um ein solches Verständnis zu erlangen, wird von Geldgebenden, der Forschung und ihren Endnutzern und ‐nutzerinnenzunehmend ein transdisziplinärer Ansatz gefordert. Im Rahmen des UNISECO‐Projekts wurden transdisziplinäre Prozesse eingesetzt, um strategische Pfade zu entwickeln. Sie sollen den Übergang zur Agrarökologie in Fallstudien in ganz Europa ermöglichen. Diese strategischen Pfade wurden mit Szenarien der EU‐Lebensmittelsysteme im Jahr 2050 zusammengeführt und in Kombination mit agrarökologischen Landwirtschafts‐ und Ernährungsgewohnheiten bewertet. Als Referenz für die Diskussion der Auswirkungen auf die Nachhaltigkeit dienten ausgewählte UN‐Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs). Die Auswirkungen wurden für mehrere SDGs identifiziert, darunter Kein Hunger (SDG 2), chancengerechte und hochwertige Bildung (SDG 4), nachhaltiger Konsum und Produktion (SDG 12), Klimaschutz und Anpassung (SDG 13) und Leben an Land (SDG 15). Schlüsselfaktoren, die zur Nachhaltigkeit des Übergangs zur Agrarökologie beitragen, sind: i) gewachsenes Sozialkapital und verbessertes Wissen in der Landwirtschaft über die Vorteile agrarökologischer Verfahren; ii) verstärkte gemeinschaftliche Aktionen und kollektive Institutionen, um die Verhandlungsmacht innerhalb der Wertschöpfungskette zu erhöhen; und iii) Veränderungen im Konsumverhalten und in der Ernährung. Diese Faktoren unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit, Übergänge zur Agrarökologie und unterstützende Maßnahmen aus der Perspektive der Lebensmittelsysteme zu betrachten. Hieraus wird wiederum die bedeutende Rolle einer transdisziplinären Forschung zur Stärkung der Nachhaltigkeit europäischer Lebensmittelsysteme deutlich.Summary Successful transitions to agroecology require shared understanding of the sustainability implications of transitions for food systems. To gain such understanding, a transdisciplinary approach is increasingly called for by funders, end users of research and scientists. Transdisciplinary processes were used in the UNISECO project to develop strategic pathways that enable transitions to agroecology in case studies across Europe. These strategic pathways were combined with scenarios of EU food systems in 2050, in which combinations of agroecological farming and food consumption practices were assessed. These were then reviewed considering selected UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a reference for discussing the sustainability implications of transitions to agroecology. Sustainability implications were identified for several SDGs including Zero Hunger (SDG 2), Quality Education (SDG 4), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12), Climate Action (SDG 13) and Life on Land (SDG 15). Key factors contributing to the sustainability of transitions to agroecology are: i) mature social capital and improved farmer knowledge of the benefits of agroecological practices; ii) strengthened collaborative actions and collective institutions to increase negotiating power within the value‐chain; and, iii) changes in consumer behaviour and diets. These factors highlight the need for a food system perspective in transitions to agroecology and supporting policies. This in turn highlights the meaningful role of transdisciplinary research in strengthening the sustainability of European food systems.Les transitions réussies vers l'agroécologie nécessitent une compréhension partagée des implications des transitions en termes de durabilité pour les systèmes alimentaires. Pour parvenir à une telle compréhension, une approche transdisciplinaire est de plus en plus demandée par les bailleurs de fonds, les utilisateurs finaux de la recherche et les scientifiques. Des processus transdisciplinaires ont été utilisés dans le projet UNISECO pour développer des voies stratégiques qui permettent des transitions vers l'agroécologie dans des études de cas à travers l'Europe. Ces voies stratégiques ont été combinées avec des scénarios sur des systèmes alimentaires de l'Union européenne en 2050, dans lesquels des combinaisons d'agriculture agroécologique et de pratiques de consommation alimentaire ont été évaluées. Les résultats ont ensuite été examinés en tenant compte de certains objectifs de développement durable (ODD) des Nations Unies comme référence pour examiner les implications en termes de durabilité des transitions vers l'agroécologie. De telles implications ont été identifiées pour plusieurs ODD, notamment Faim zéro (ODD 2), Éducation de qualité (ODD 4), Consommation et production responsables (ODD 12), Action pour le climat (ODD 13) et Vie terrestre (ODD 15). Les principaux facteurs contribuant à la durabilité des transitions vers l'agroécologie sont: i) un capital social mature et une meilleure connaissance par les agriculteurs des avantages des pratiques agroécologiques; ii) des actions collaboratives et des institutions collectives renforcées pour accroître le pouvoir de négociation au sein de la chaîne de valeur; et, iii) des changements dans le comportement des consommateurs et les régimes alimentaires. Ces facteurs soulignent la nécessité d'une perspective de système alimentaire dans les transitions vers l'agroécologie et les politiques d'accompagnement. Cela met ainsi en évidence le rôle significatif de la recherche transdisciplinaire dans le renforcement de la durabilité des systèmes alimentaires européens
Empoissonnement innovant rime-t-il avec rendement ? Une comparaison de deux étangs piscicoles
No full textInternational audienc
Agroecological practices supporting food production and reducing food insecurity in developing countries - Volume 2: A study on scientific literature in 9 countries
No full textThis report represents a second step in structuring existing knowledge about agroecology as farming and food system in support of the EC Knowledge Centre on Food and Nutrition Security (https://ec.europa.eu/knowledge4policy/global-food-nutrition-security_en). It complements the report “Agroecological practices supporting food production and reducing food insecurity in developing countries” (Paracchini et al., 2020 ) in which scientific literature has been screened, selected and synthesized for 17 developing countries. An identical protocol has been applied to a new set of nine countries (Bolivia, Burundi, Cameroon, Colombia, Cote d’Ivoire, Gambia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Uganda). In total, agroecological practices have been analysed on the basis of 278 selected documents (papers and reports) which have been synthesized and used to derive country-specific and general conclusions.Approximately 50% of the analysed papers report a positive contribution of agroecological practices to food security, mostly due to improved yields, improved resilience, enhanced diversification of production, and better economic situation of producers. Overall, agroecology contribution to food security in these regions needs to be further investigated. In fact, most country reports lack of quantifiable data and direct measurement of the relationship between the use of agroecological practices and food security. The availability of useful publications was limited for several countries
Future agricultural systems and the role of digitalization for achieving sustainability goals. A review
No full textInternational audienceAbstract By leveraging a wide range of novel, data-driven technologies for agricultural production and agri-food value chains, digital agriculture presents potential enhancements to sustainability across food systems. Accordingly, digital agriculture has received considerable attention in policy in recent years, with emphasis mostly placed on the potential of digital agriculture to improve efficiency, productivity and food security, and less attention given to how digitalization may impact other principles of sustainable development, such as biodiversity conservation, soil protection, and human health, for example. Here, we review high-level policy and law in the German and European context to highlight a number of important institutional, societal, and legal preconditions for leveraging digital agriculture to achieve diverse sustainability targets. Additionally, we combine foresight analysis with our review to reflect on how future frame conditions influencing agricultural digitalization and sustainability could conceivably arise. The major points are the following: (1) some polices consider the benefits of digital agriculture, although only to a limited extent and mostly in terms of resource use efficiency; (2) law as it applies to digital agriculture is emerging but is highly fragmented; and (3) the adoption of digital agriculture and if it is used to enhance sustainability will be dependent on future data ownership regimes
Experimental evidence for extra proton exchange in ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase catalysis
No full textInternational audienceDespite considerable advances in the past 50 y, the mechanism of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) catalysis is still not well understood. In particular, the movement and exchange of protons within the active site is not well documented: typically, kinetics of H exchange during the first steps of catalysis, i.e. abstraction of the H3 atom of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and enolization, are not clearly established. Here, we took advantage of reaction assays run in heavy water (2H2O) to monitor the appearance of deuterated RuBP and deuterated products (3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycolate) with exact mass LC-MS. Enolization was reversible such that de-enolization generated not only monodeuterated RuBP (2H-[H-3]-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate) but also dideuterated RuBP (2H2-[H-3,O-3]-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate). Carboxylation yielded about one half deuterated 3-phosphoglycerate (2H-[H-2]-3-phosphoglycerate) and also a small proportion of dideuterated 3-phosphoglycerate (2H2-[H-2,O-2]-3-phosphoglycerate). Oxygenation generated a small amount of monodeuterated, but no dideuterated, products. (Di)deuterated isotopologue abundance depended negatively on gas concentration. We conclude that in addition to the first step of proton exchange at H3 occurring before gas addition (and thus influenced by the competition between de-enolization and gas addition), there is another proton exchange step between solvent water, active site residues, and the 2,3-enediol(ate) leading to deuterated OH groups in products
Effect of cocoa pod decomposition on earthworm density in agroforestry systems of the Dominican Republic
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/606610/)International audienceCocoa-based agroforestrysystems (Cocoa AFS), that combine at least onecropin association withcocoa trees, often aim at optimizing ecological and economical interactions among their components. CocoaAFS have been widely described in the literature for their high taxonomic and functionaldiversity, includingthe soil biota. However, in these agrosystems the interactions between agricultural practices and earthworm communities are poorly documented. A common harvestingpractice all over cocoa producing countries consists in piling the harvested cocoapods on a determined area of the plantation floor before opening them. The cocoa beans are extracted and carried out of the plantationsfor further post-harvesting processes, but pod husks remain and decompose on the ground.We compared earthworm densities and some morphological traits (length and body mass) under cacao pods and leaf litterin 42cocoa AFS distributed among 4 age classes:0-3, 4-10, 11-25 and > 70 yearsin the Dominican Republic. The TSBF method was implemented: extraction of 25 x 25 cm, 20 cm depth soil monolith and hand sorting of earthworms (total of 120 TSBF). Earthworm densities were calculated and morphological traits measured. Earthworm densities were significantly higher under cacao pods than leaf litter.Earthworm lengths were slightly higher under cacao pods than under leaf litter in 11-25 years age class. Cocoa pods decomposition lead to earthworm densities increasing and, consequently,to a stimulation of ecological functions that they provide. Further studies are needed to confirmthese results, that could lead toa recommendation to spread pod husks over the plantation floor when harvesting cocoa, taking into accountthe current sanitary recommendations for harvesting
