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Methodological Handbook in Food Sustainability through Service-learning
No full textInternational audienceThis handbook describes how service-learning can be implemented in curricula at university level, both bachelor or master programs. In addition to basic information, specific examples are described in detail how service-learning can improve the training of students of food related studies in the field of sustainability.Ce manuel décrit comment l'apprentissage par le service peut être mis en œuvre dans les programmes d'études au niveau universitaire, qu'il s'agisse de programmes de licence ou de master. En plus des informations de base, des exemples spécifiques sont décrits en détail sur la manière dont l'apprentissage par le service peut améliorer la formation des étudiants dans le domaine de la durabilité
Manuel méthodologique sur la durabilité alimentaire par le biais de l'apprentissage par le service
No full textInternational audienceEn 2022, le projet NEMOS - un nouveau modèle éducatif pour l’acquisition de compétences en matière de durabilité par le biais de l’apprentissage par le service - a été lancé. Ce projet financé par l’UE a été mis en œuvre en collaboration et en partenariat avec cinq établissements d’enseignement supérieur : en Autriche (TU Graz), en Irlande (TU Dublin), en Italie (UNIPI), en France (ISARA) et en Espagne (UPNA) ; et vise à faire un pas en avant dans la transition vers l’éducation au développement durable grâce à des approches et des interventions éducatives pratiques et innovantes.Un processus de collaboration a été lancé dans le cadre de ce projet afin de mettre en commun les connaissances et l’expérience des cinq établissements partenaires pour mettre en pratique de nouveaux modèles éducatifs afin d’acquérir efficacement des compétences en matière de durabilité par le biais de l’apprentissage par le service, dans le cadre de diplômes basés sur l’alimentation. Chaque établissement avait un programme éducatif basé sur l’alimentation et partait d’une base différente en termes d’expérience et de pratique dans la mise en œuvre de la durabilité par l’apprentissage par le service.Ce travail collaboratif a abouti à ce manuel. Il vise à faciliter la prise de décision des enseignants et des établissements d’enseignement supérieur quisouhaitent commencer ou continuer à intégrer et à promouvoir les compétences en matière de durabilité dans les programmes d’études et dans la pratique quotidienne en classe. Il regroupe les enseignements clés tirés du processus ainsi que les recommandations collectées tout au long de celui-ci
FILEG opère-t-elle comme un Système d'Innovation Responsable ?: Une analyse d'une association régionale pour le développement des légumineuses à graines
No full textDoctoralThe development of legumes is fundamental for healthy and sustainable agricultural and food systems. Regarding the multiple obstacles hindering their development in Europe, collective action is a major lever. We used the Mission-oriented Innovation Systems (MIS) and Resources Based View approaches to study the contribution of a formal network of actors, built in the Occitanie region, to the innovation dynamics of the legume sector. Our case study is FILEG, an association aiming to structure and sustainably develop the sector by bringing together regional actors from up and down stream. We conducted a document desk research, a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with these actors to map the dynamic of network innovation. The results show that the actions of the association contributed to the MIS functions by following a certain order. Currently, the association can contribute, directly or indirectly, to all functions. Its actions, however, remain conditional on its ability to coordinate the deployment of available resources at the different levels (organization, network and system). The combination of the theoretical approaches used proved to be relevant for the study and enlightening for the association. A more in-depth analysis of the links between actors could strengthen the understanding on the dynamics of collective innovation structuring the FILEG network.Le développement des légumineuses est fondamental pour des systèmes agricoles et alimentaires sains et durables. Face aux multiples verrous freinant leur développement en Europe, l’action collective est un levier majeur. Nous avons utilisé les approches des Systèmes d’Innovation Responsables (SIR) et Resources Based View pour étudier la contribution d’un réseau formel d’acteurs, construit en région Occitanie, à la dynamique d’innovation de la filière des légumineuses. Notre cas d’étude est l’association FILEG, qui a pour but la structuration et développement durable de la filière légumineuses, en fédérant les acteurs des différents maillons de la filière essentiellement en région. Nous avons mené une recherche documentaire, un questionnaire et des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de ces acteurs pour dresser un état des lieux de cette dynamique d’innovation collective. Les résultats montrent que les actions de l’association contribuent aux fonctions des SIR en suivant un certain séquençage. L’association peut contribuer, directement ou indirectement, à toutes les fonctions. Ses actions, néanmoins, restent conditionnées à sa capacité à coordonner le déploiement des ressources disponibles aux différents niveaux (organisation, réseau et système). La combinaison des approches théoriques mobilisées s’est montrée pertinente pour l’étude et éclairante pour l’association. Une analyse plus poussée des liens entre acteurs renforcerait la compréhension de la dynamique d’innovation collective structurant le réseau FILEG
Spécificité des besoins de recherche sur la qualité des sols en Agriculture Biologique. Bilan d’un séminaire transdisciplinaire INRA-ITAB
No full textInternational audienceIn November 2018, ITAB (Institute of Agriculture and Organic Food) and INRA (National Institute for Agronomic Research) organized a transdisciplinary seminar to bring together stakeholders to: i) share issues associated with soil management in Organic Farming (OF) systems, ii) collectively define the main research questions to be addressed; and iii) facilitate the construction of networks or projects. More than 150 participants attended the seminar, which was designed using the method of citizen facilitation of the community forum type (Town Hall Meeting) allowing all parties to express themselves and a live summary by experts. The seminar identified important knowledge gaps on soils in OF systems and research needs. The 20 questions resulting from these exchanges relate to: i) the overall functioning of soils, more particularly the major biogeochemical cycles Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus (CNP) and biological interactions; ii) the long-term effects of agricultural practices more or less specific to OF systems; (iii) soil protection; and iv) soil diagnostic and management tools. Most of the issues identified are generic and require multidisciplinary research, especially when responding to systemic issues. The seminar identified needs in terms of device and research observatory that provide the references necessary to validate or adapt to OF systems the tools and methods of evaluation and soil management available for conventional systems. The main questions identified during the seminar are discussed and confronted with recent dynamics in terms of soil research and development.En noviembre de 2018, el ITAB (Instituto de Agricultura y Alimentos Orgánicos) y el INRA (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agronómicas) organizaron un seminario transdisciplinario para reunir a las partes interesadas para: i) compartir problemas asociados con el manejo del suelo en Agricultura Orgánica (AO) sistemas, ii) definir colectivamente las principales preguntas de investigación que se abordarán; y iii) facilitar la construcción de redes o proyectos. Más de 150 participantes asistieron al seminario, que fue diseñado utilizando el método de facilitación ciudadana del tipo foro comunitario (Town Hall Meeting) que permite que todas las partes se expresen y un resumen en vivo por parte de expertos. Los resultados confirmaron las importantes lagunas de conocimiento sobre los suelos en los sistemas de AO y las necesidades de investigación. Las 20 preguntas resultantes de estos intercambios se relacionan con: i) el funcionamiento general de los suelos, más particularmente los principales ciclos biogeoquímicos Carbono, Nitrógeno, Fósforo (CNP) e interacciones biológicas; ii) los efectos a largo plazo de las prácticas agrícolas más o menos específicas de los sistemas de AO; iii) protección del suelo; y iv) herramientas de diagnóstico y manejo de suelos. La mayoría de los problemas identificados son genéricos y requieren una investigación multidisciplinaria, especialmente cuando se trata de responder a problemas sistémicos. El seminario identificó necesidades en cuanto a dispositivo y observatorio de investigación para obtener las referencias necesarias para validar o adaptar, en sistemas de AO, las herramientas y métodos de evaluación y manejo de suelos disponibles para sistemas convencionales. Las principales cuestiones dentificadas durante el seminario son discutidas y confrontadas con la dinámica reciente en términos de investigación y desarrollo de suelos.En novembre 2018, l'ITAB (Institut de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation biologiques) et l’INRA (Institut national de la recherche agronomique) ont organisé un séminaire transdisciplinaire pour : i) partager les enjeux associés à la gestion des sols dans les systèmes en Agriculture Biologique (AB), ii) définir collectivement les principales questions de recherche à traiter ; et iii) faciliter la construction de réseaux ou de projets. Plus de 150 participants ont assisté au séminaire qui a été conçu à partir de la méthode d’animation citoyenne de type forum communautaire (Town Hall Meeting), permettant à l’ensemble des parties de s’exprimer et à une synthèse en direct par des experts d’être réalisée. Les résultats identifient des manques importants de connaissances sur les sols dans les systèmes en AB et les besoins de recherche. Les 20 questions issues de ces échanges portent sur : i) le fonctionnement global des sols, plus particulièrement les grands cycles biogéochimiques Carbone, Azote, Phosphore (CNP), et les interactions biologiques ; ii) les effets à long terme des pratiques agricoles plus ou moins spécifiques aux systèmes en AB ; iii) la protection des sols ; et iv) les outils de diagnostic et de gestion des sols. La plupart des questions identifiées sont génériques et nécessitent des recherches multidisciplinaires, en particulier lorsqu’elles répondent à des enjeux systémiques. Le séminaire identifie des besoins en matière de dispositif et observatoire de recherche afin d’obtenir les références qui sont nécessaires pour valider ou adapter sur les systèmes en AB les outils et méthodes d’évaluation et de gestion des sols disponibles pour les systèmes agricoles conventionnels. Les principales questions identifiées lors du séminaire sont discutées et confrontées aux dynamiques récentes de la recherche et du développement sur les sols
Les insectes dans l’alimentation animale. Une voie prometteuse pour un élevage plus durable
No full textInternational audienceThe use of the larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is an interesting solution for protein feeding of broilers. Thus, these larvae provide a meal with a composition of crude proteins and amino acids comparable to that of soybeans. The satisfactory digestibility of this meal allows to obtain growth performances similar to those of chickens fed with soybean meal. This article describes the nutritional characteristics and zootechnical impact of BSF larvae on chicken rearing. It then reviews the regulations governing the use of BSF larvae in chicken farming and assesses its economic and environmental impact.L’utilisation des larves de la mouche soldat noire (MSN), Hermetia illucens, est une solution intéressante pour l’alimentation en protéines des poulets de chair. Ainsi, ces larves fournissent un tourteau de composition en protéines brutes et acides aminés comparable à celle du soja. Sa digestibilité satisfaisante permet d’obtenir des performances de croissance similaires à celles des poulets nourris avec des tourteaux de soja. Cet article décrit les caractéristiques nutritionnelles et l’impact zootechnique des larves de MSN sur l’élevage des poulets. Il fait ensuite le point sur la réglementation relative à l’usage des larves MSN en élevage et évalue son impact économique et environnemental
Weed community shifts during the aging of perennial intermediate wheatgrass crops harvested for grain in arable fields
No full textInternational audienceThe development of a perennial grain offers opportunities to diversify annual crop rotations, with potential benefits in terms of soil protection. Perennials could also reduce weed development over time through yearround soil cover and longer growing seasons. However, whether weeds would actually decrease remains mainly theoretical, with field data on perennial grains remaining sparse. Qualitative changes might also have an effect, because disturbance and modifications to resource regimes drive shifts in weed communities. Here, we analyzed weed abundance, composition, and traits in three arable fields containing perennial grain over a 4-year period. Specifically, intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) perennial grain (Kernza) was cultivated. IWG grain production was maximal during the first and second growing seasons (899 and 854 kg.ha-1 respectively), with total biomass production peaking in the second year (mean: 11.9 t DM.ha-1). However, reproductive effort noticeably dropped in the third and fourth years. Weed biomass also gradually reduced during the fall of all years (mean: ~0.4-~0.03 t DM.ha-1), but remained constant in spring (mean: 1-2 t DM.ha-1). During spring, the community composition of weeds shifted from broadleaves to grass species and, to a lesser extent, from annuals to perennials, with weed species having an earlier phenology than IWG. Thus, relative fitness appeared to be the strongest driver of weed community composition in aging IWG stands. Weed species richness systematically declined over the years. Specific leaf area, height, light, and nitrogen requirement index of weed communities provided poor descriptors of community shifts; however, all weed species with high light requirements were excluded from aging IWG stands. IWG capacity to compete with weeds might have been undermined by its late growing cycle, absence of forage harvest during the growing season, and substantial initial weed development during establishment (first year of growth). Thus, before IWG establishment, initial site conditions and land use history should be considered to implement the best management strategies for each field. Important weed development in perennial grain fields could lead to high weeding requirement, either mechanical or chemical, in conflict with the initial principle of increasing sustainability and reducing inputs
Biodiversity conservation and fish production in ponds: a contradiction?
No full textInternational audienceThe Dombes region is an important French “pondscape”, and a major landscape with extensive fish farming ponds in Western Europe. These ponds are originally man-made, established by monastic communities in the Middle Ages, and used to extensive fish production for centuries. Although this anthropogenic origin, they are also highly recognised for their strong contribution to regional biodiversity. A profound understanding of how management affect biodiversity patterns is crucial for effective long-term conservation. We have analysed the effects of fish farming management practices on the species richness and cover of aquatic plants. We focussed on two practices: drying out ponds during a complete year after four years of fish production, and fish stocking with different densities. We used data collected in Dombes fishponds over the last 15 years. We monitored physico-chemical parameters of water and sediments, and abundance and richness of algae and aquatic plants. We also collected information on fish stocking levels and time since the last drying out. Our results show that the dry out year allowed a recolonization of aquatic plants during the first year with water, with levels of diversity and cover at their highest while the phytoplankton concentration is at its minimum. They are decreasing during the following wet years, in parallel with an increase in algae. Intermediate fish density levels also allowed the maintenance of numerous aquatic plant species, not found in more intensive systems. These two historical practices probably create intermediate levels of disturbances that contribute to maintain stable ecosystems, fish productivity and biodiversity
Insights into agroecological farming practice implementation by conservation-minded farmers in North America
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction : The transformation of our food system towards a more resilient agroecological framework is one of the most pressing needs faced by our global community. Understanding the use of multiple conservation practices is important in the development of research, education, and policy to accelerate their more widespread integration of into farming systems. Methods : The aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation of the trends regarding multiple practice adoption of conservation farming practices by conventional and organic farmers engaging with sustainable farming methods. Forty farmers were interviewed regarding their use of conservation practices, as well as their motivations, barriers, and future plans for new implementation and expansion of current practices. Results : Farmers spontaneously identified cover crops and vegetation strips as the most frequently used conservation practices; however, upon more specific inquiry, we found that more than 50% of farmers used additional agroecological conservation practices including local crop varieties, intercropping, managed grazing, crop rotations, and no-till, with many farmers using multiple practices. Overall, we found no correlation of organic certification with the number of conservation practices implemented by farmers. The major motivations towards the adoption of practices included improved soil quality and profitability. Main identified barriers included financial means and risk, lack of knowledge, and access to resources. Farmers showed interest in further implementation of additional conservation practices, including expanded use of cover crops, tree plantings, and no-till practices.Discussion : Further understanding complementarities, as well as differences in barriers and motivations, can contribute to the design of effective education strategies and financial incentives to promote the simultaneous implementation of agroecological conservation practices
Perception de la "viande" de culture par les consommateurs italiens, portugais et espagnols
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this study was to investigate how consumers ( n = 2,171) originated from South-Western Europe (Italy, Portugal, and Spain) perceive cultured “meat” (CM) and if their demographic characteristics (origin, gender, age, education, occupation, and meat consumption) are related to their willingness to try (WTT), to regularly eat (WTE) and to pay (WTP) for CM. We found the current respondents had an initially positive attitude towards CM: 49% of them perceived CM as “promising and/or acceptable” and 23% “fun and/or intriguing” whereas 29% considered it as “absurd and/or disgusting”. In addition, 66 and 25% would be willing and not willing to try CM, respectively. However, 43% had no WTE for CM and, 94% would not pay more for CM compared to conventional meat. Age and especially occupation were good indicators of consumer acceptance of CM. Respondents of 18–30 years of age had the highest acceptance. Respondents outside the meat sector had the highest WTE and people working within the meat sector had the lowest WTE, scientists (within or outside the meat sector) had the highest WTT, people not scientists but within the meat sector had the lowest WTT. Additionally, we found that men are more likely to accept CM than women, Spanish-speaking consumers had the highest WTT and WTE, people with vegan and vegetarian diets may pay more for CM but generally no more than for conventional meat. The perceptions that CM may be more eco-friendly, ethical, safe and healthy than conventional meat, and to a lower extent, the perception that current meat production causes ethical and environmental problems are likely to be major motives for the current respondents to try, regularly eat and pay for CM. On the opposite, lower perceptions of CM benefits and of conventional meat weaknesses more generally, plus emotional resistance towards CM are main barriers to accept CM
The amending potential of vermicompost, compost and digestate from urban biowaste: Evaluation using biochemical, Rock-Eval® thermal analyses and transmission electronic microscopy
No full textInternational audienceOrganic fraction of municipal solid waste can be recovered using a variety of processes including composting, anaerobic digestion and vermicomposting. The impact of these products was evaluated using an innovative approach combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. Chemical analysis showed that the organic matter content of dry compost, digestate and vermicompost was 76%, 67.2% and 41.7%, respectively. Index of Recalcitrant Organic Carbon (I ROC) was higher for vermicompost (87.2%) than for compost (77.9%) or digestate (66.9%). The Rock-Eval® approach was correlated to the I ROC with its Rindex (R 2 =0.97). Transmission electron microscopy was used to describe the microbial activity, the decomposition state and we observed more advanced maturity from vermicompost, compost to digestate. Finally, the digestate is predicted to have a fertilizing effect whereas the compost should have more an amending effect in the medium/long term. Due to a higher degree of stability, the vermicompost could have both a fertilizing and amending effect