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Formation continue courte à destination des accompagnateurs de collectifs : « faire parler travail » dans le changement
No full textInternational audienceThis text reports on an experiment in short continuing training courses organised for facilitators offarmers' groups. The training was designed and tested as part of a Co-Agil research-action project- Towards agile collectives: governance and work organisation 2.0. The original aim of the projectwas to get farmers to ‘talk about work’, with the aim of improving the way their collectives(development groups, Cuma) operate and understanding the generational, agro-ecological anddigital transitions in these collectives. By ‘talking about work’, we mean discussing the concretecontent of the ordinary work carried out by farmers on their farms and in their collectives, thedifficulties involved, the conditions under which it is carried out, working relationships, as well asthe subjective experience of their activity. We present three key aspects of the training: i) how toquestion the reality of farmers' work, ii) the value of conducting this questioning in a group settingand iii) how to incorporate this into professional support practice. Finally, we present what thetraining reveals about the real work of group facilitators.Ce texte rend compte d'une expérience de formation continue courte organisée à destination des accompagnateurs de collectifs d'agriculteurs. Cette formation a été conçue et expérimentée dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche-action Co-Agil -Vers des collectifs agiles : gouvernance et organisation du travail 2.0. Le pari original du projet était de « faire parler travail » les agriculteurs dans le but d'améliorer le fonctionnement de leurs collectifs (groupes de développement, Cuma) et d'appréhender les transitions générationnelles, agroécologiques, numériques de ces collectifs. Par « faire parler travail », nous entendons discuter du contenu réel du travail réalisé par les agriculteurs sur leurs fermes et dans leurs collectifs, des difficultés rencontrées, des conditions dans lesquelles ce travail s'effectue, des relations de travail, ainsi que de l'expérience subjective de leur activité. Nous présentons trois aspects de cette formation continue courte : i) comment questionner la réalité du travail des agriculteurs ii) l'intérêt de conduire ce questionnement dans un contexte collectif iii) comment l'intégrer dans la pratique professionnelle d'accompagnement. Pour conclure, nous présentons ce que cela nous apprend du travail réel des accompagnateurs
Le sol - Quantification des externalités de l'agriculture biologique
No full textLe chapitre “Quantification des externalités de l’Agriculture Biologique : le sol” a été rédigé par Eva Lacarce, agronome et pédologue. Pour cette rédaction, l’ITAB a bénéficié en particulier de l’appui extérieur de plusieurs experts du sol : Joséphine Peigné (ISARA), Marie Benoit (ISARA) et Christian Mougin (INRAE). 230 références bibliographiques ont été mobilisées et figurent dans ce chapitre “Sol”, dont la liste figure en fin de document. Ce chapitre synthétise les principales externalités de l’agriculture biologique concernant le sol, en référence aux pratiques majoritairement mises en œuvre en agriculture conventionnelle. Il aborde la qualité biologique, physique et chimique du sol avec une prise en compte de travaux qui s’attachent à rendre compte d’une santé globale du sol. Les livrables sont consultables sur https://itab.bio/thematique-en-bref/le-sol-quantification-des-externalites-de-lagriculture-biologiqu
Long‐term conservation tillage in organic farming maintains sandy loam soil functioning despite increased penetration resistance
No full textInternational audienceConservation tillage is an attractive practice in organic farming; however, it requires more trafficking for weed management than conventional tillage. This scenario can lead to soil compaction below the tillage working depth. However, it is not clear whether long‐term conservation tillage practices impair soil functions. Therefore, this study investigated whether long‐term conservation tillage causes soil compaction and impairs water retention, gaseous exchange capability and microbial activity of the soil below the tillage working depth. A long‐term (16 years) organic farming experiment consisting of conservation tillage (VST, shallow tillage to 7 cm depth) and conventional tillage (MP, mouldboard ploughing to 30 cm depth) was conducted on a sandy loam soil. Soil penetration resistance (PR), saturated hydraulic conductivity (SHC), water retention, gaseous exchange properties and microbial activity were determined in the 20–30 cm soil layer. The PR did not significantly differ between the tillage treatments at any depth; however, VST recorded 30%–63% higher PR values in the 10–30 cm soil layer. Among the measured soil properties, only microbial activity could yield a statistical difference between the two tillage practices. The water retention behaviour, plant available water capacity, SHC and relative gas diffusivity were very similar under both tillage treatments. The mean effective air‐filled porosity (E‐AFP) at pF 1.5 was 21% lower under VST than that under MP; however, the difference was reduced to 3% at pF 2. At field capacity, the E‐AFP was approximately 14%—above the critical limit (10%) for plant growth—under both tillage practices. Air permeability was 76% and 57% higher under VST at pF 1.5 and 1.7, respectively, compared with MP. The microbial activity was 56% lower ( p = .04) under VST than that under MP. Likewise, 31%, 65% and 34% higher microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon, respectively, were observed under MP compared with VST. These results indicated that despite higher penetration resistance, long‐term conservation tillage did not limit water retention and aeration capability of soil in the 20–30 cm soil layer. However, long‐term conservation tillage may induce vertical stratification of organic matter and microbial activity, which have implications for crop production
Combining wheat and prairies using functional diversity to promote positive ecological interactions and a better regulation of C and N cycles in agroecosystems
No full textInternational audienc
What is the prospect of a perennial grain revolution of agriculture?
No full textInternational audienceNon-technical summary : Agriculture has been dominated by annual plants, such as all cereals and oilseeds, since the very beginning of civilization over 10,000 years ago. Annual plants are planted and uprooted every year which results in severe disturbance of the soil and disrupts ecosystem services. Science has shown that it is possible to domesticate completely new perennial grain crops, i.e. planted once and harvested year after year. Such crops would solve many of the problems of agriculture, but their development and uptake would be at odds with the current agricultural technology industry. Technical summary : Agriculture is arguably the most environmentally destructive innovation in human history. A root cause is the reliance on annual crops requiring uprooting and restarting every season. Most environmental predicaments of agriculture can be attributed to the use of annuals, as well as many social, political, and economic ones. Advances in domestication and breeding of novel perennial grain crops have demonstrated the possibility of a future agricultural shift from annual to perennial crops. Such a change could have many advantages over the current agricultural systems which are to over 80% based on annual crops mainly grown in monocultures. We analyze and review the prospects for such scientific advances to be adopted and scaled to a level where it is pertinent to talk about a perennial revolution. We follow the logic of E.O. Wright's approach of Envisioning Real Utopias by discussing the desirability, viability, and achievability of such a transition. Proceeding from Lakatos' theory of science and Lukes' three dimensions of power, we discuss the obstacles to such a transition. We apply a transition theory lens to formulate four reasons of optimism that a perennial revolution could be imminent within 3–5 decades and conclude with an invitation for research
PSDR4 -In search of Mid Tier Food Systems (MTFS)
No full textThis issue brings together texts from projects carried out as part of the research programme : For Regional Development’4, under the aegis of INRAE and 10 French Regions.International audienceTowards a better understanding and developing of French mid-tier food supply chainsThe objective of this article is to underline the diversity of our case studies, and to show how they reflect the innovation processes grouped under the term MTFS. Our article is structured into three parts. First, we explain how we selected our case studies and the criteria used to choose them. Then we explain the specificity of these innovative food systems: their uncertainties in terms of stabilization and their need; the importance of intermediary actors; the processes of qualification and fair remuneration; the importance of shared governance. Finally, we highlight the different barriers and levers linked to these systems. In conclusion, we focus on the tools available on the PSDR4 site and show how the project, by naming littleknown and innovative systems, is now promoting their development and a transition towards sustainability.</p
Contributions aux enjeux des transitions dans les domaines des produits et matériaux durables
No full textSustainable food systems are essential to ensure food security and healthy diets for future generations. To make the transition to sustainability, many activities in the food system need to be transformed through systemic thinking skills involving diverse knowledge, bio-resources, materials and processes. My research projects have focused on a central question that aims to provide practical tools and knowledge to contribute to this transition, through (i) eco-designing of sustainable processes for thermal treatment of heat-sensitive and fouling liquids; (ii) developing of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies for agro-industrial systems, through the inclusion of microbiological risk and microplastics, LCA coupling with techno-economic analysis, and multi-criteria sustainability analysis; (iii) studying the sustainability and acceptability of alternative proteins, especially for insect-based foods and meat analogs; (iii) exploring ways to valorise by-products and local bioresources for a circular economy; and (iv) developing biodegradable antimicrobial materials based on nanoemulsions and microcapsules for food biopreservation to reduce plastic and food losses throughout the value chain. Other challenges that I will seek to address in the rest of my scientific career are the identification of synergies and combinations for new antimicrobial materials, such as biomimetic assemblies of nanostructured elements combined with biobased antimicrobial agents from abundant agro-industrial by-products.Les systèmes alimentaires durables sont essentiels pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire et une alimentation saine pour les générations futures. Pour faire la transition vers la durabilité, de nombreuses activités du système alimentaire doivent se transformer à travers des capacités de réflexion systémiques portant sur les diverses connaissances, bioressources, matériaux et procédés. Mes projets de recherche se sont articulés autour d’une question centrale qui vise à apporter des outils et connaissances pratiques pour contribuer à cette transition à travers (i) l’écoconception de procédés durables pour le traitement thermique des fluides thermosensibles et encrassant ; (ii) le développement de méthodologies d’analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) des systèmes agro-industriels à travers l’inclusion du risque microbiologique et des microplastiques, le couplage ACV et étude technoéconomique et l’analyse multicritère de la durabilité ; (iii) l’étude des enjeux de durabilité et acceptabilité des protéines alternatives surtout pour les aliments à base d’insectes et analogues de viande ; (vi) l’exploration des voies de valorisation des coproduits et bioressources locales pour une économie circulaire ; et (v) le développement de matériaux antimicrobiens biodégradables à base de nanoémulsions et microcapsules pour la biopréservation des aliments afin de réduire le plastique et les pertes alimentaires tout au long de la chaine de valeur. D’autres défis que je chercherais à aborder dans la suite de ma carrière scientifique et concerneront l’identification des synergies et combinaisons pour des nouveaux matériaux antimicrobiens tels que les assemblages biomimétiques d'éléments nanostructurés combinées avec des agents antimicrobiens biosourcés à partir des coproduits agro-industriels abondants
What strategies should be adopted, for water management, to ensure the sustainability of mountain cheese production in the face of climate change?
No full textInternational audienc
Accompagner l’agriculture de conservation des sols : mobiliser son expertiseagronomique, gérer les incertitudes et faciliter les apprentissages
No full textInternational audienceUne approche pragmatique de l’accompagnementMobiliser l’expertise agronomique dans l’accompagnement : deux situations contrastéesMobiliser l’expertise agronomique autrement et la faire reconnaîtreGérer les incertitudes : un accompagnement sur mesureFaciliter les processus d’apprentissage dans l’accompagnementConclusio
How Farmers Disentangle from Convention and Develop Social and Ecological Objectives in Lincolnshire, UK
No full textInternational audienceThe ecological and social impacts of conventional farming have prompted European policy initiatives to regulate and encourage farming practices. Yet, the ways in which farmers develop their own ecological and social practices are not well understood. Building on practice theory, this study advances a new framework to examine how some conventional farmers develop social and ecological objectives. Employing this framework in Lincolnshire, England revealed three common pathways for the development of new practices. These pathways were modelled to visualize how farming practices transform gradually and cyclically. The model depicts how some farmers disentangle from convention and engage in new objectives on their own terms