Archives ouvertes de l'université catholique de l'Ouest
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Are alternatives to polyethylene less toxic than conventional polyethylene? A case study of MP toxicity on Scrobicularia plana using an Integrative Biomarker Response index (IBR-T)
No full textInternational audienceMicroplastics (MP) are now widely contaminating multiple ecosystems. To mitigate this pollution, the developmentof plastic alternatives is being promoted. However, scientific data on the absence of toxicity of thesealternatives is still lacking. The present study assesses the impact of petroleum-based fragmentable MP, oxopolyethylene(oxoPE), and biobased biodegradable MP, polylactic acid (PLA), on the bivalve Scrobiculariaplana. Clams were exposed for 21 days to environmental concentrations (0.008, 10 and 100 μg L⁻¹) of both PLAand oxoPE MP and impacts were evaluated from individual to molecular levels. The effects of alternative MPwere then compared with polyethylene MP ones, resulted from a previous study. An Integrative BiomarkerResponse - Threshold index (IBR-T) was calculated to assess the differences in toxicity between alternative andconventional plastics. An impact of PLA and oxoPE MP was shown on energy reserves, with a reduction inglycogen concentration in organisms exposed to the highest concentration (100 μg L⁻¹). A decrease in burrowingwas also reported in S. plana exposed to 0.008 and 100 μg L⁻¹ of PLA MP. At cellular and molecular levels,catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST) activities decreased after exposure to PLA MP (10 and 100μg L⁻¹ respectively) suggesting a disruption of antioxidant and detoxication systems, while no impact was notedon DNA damage, whatever the biodegradable MP. Analysis using IBR-T revealed greater effects of PLA (100 μg L⁻¹) on S. plana physiology compared to the different types of PE MP tested, while oxoPE MP showed limited toxicity. These findings support the importance of assessing the toxic effects of biodegradable and fragmentable MP to evaluate whether they can really be considered as a reliable alternative to conventional plastics
Meta-organizational Expertise: the case of the Collectif des Festivals' sustainability expertise
No full textInternational audienceExpertise has usually been analysed at the individual or at the group level, but it is a key yet understudied issue for meta-organizations. In meta-organization studies, expertise has indeed been looked at through the lens of members' diverse expertise and how this helps metaorganizations take decisions. However, what is the expertise of a meta-organization and where does it reside exactly? The very nature of meta-organizations raises specific questions about expertise implying interactions with members and non-members. In his chapter, we build on an in-depth case study of a meta-organization in the cultural sector, which has developed a specific expertise about sustainable practices. Our findings help us define metaorganizational expertise as a set of skills built through a relational process founded on on a voluntary commitment of the members that results in accumulating and disseminating knowledge
Comparing British and American military doctrine in the transition to major combat operations: AirLand Battle, the Third Offset, and Multi-Domain Operations
No full textInternational audienceDid the UK emulate the American changes in military doctrineduring the transition periods after 1973 and 2013? Both countriescame to similar conclusions in these two periods of the need torefocus their military doctrines on conventional major combatoperations after an extensive period of expeditionary warfare. Thispaper uses three hypotheses about military emulation to examinewhether British manoeuvrist doctrine was a direct response toUS concepts of AirLand Battle in the early 1980s and to the ThirdOffset and Multi-Domain Operations in the 2010s, or if the UK cameto similar conclusions without resorting to military emulation. TheUK, unlike what might be expected, appears to not have emulatedthe USA in the 1980s, rather innovating its own doctrine independently.During the second period of transition, the UK followed theUS lead much more closely. The fact that the closest ally of theUSA has not always sought to emulate the dominant NATO memberduring major periods of doctrinal transition holds importantimplications for the future of allied interoperability andwarfighting
What works to engage cancer patients with fatigue in exercise: a scoping review of RCT-based interventions
No full textInternational audienceThis scoping review examines the implementation of exercise interventions aimed at reducing fatigue in patients with cancer. Effective programs typically involve moderate-intensity aerobic or combined aerobic and resistance exercises, performed about 30 min per session, three to five times weekly over 12 weeks. Above these FITT-based parameters, it has been found that exercise effectiveness depends on treatment context, patients' characteristics, and the alignment between program demands and individuals' capacity. The review identifies three key issues: current programs emphasize physical training over holistic rehabilitation, often neglecting patients' broader functional needs; process evaluations of interventions are insufficient, limiting understanding of how and why programs succeed or fail; and methodological weaknesses, including inadequate measures of adherence and a lack of theoretical frameworks, reduce the reliability and generalizability of findings. To enhance exercise effectiveness for fatigue, future interventions should adopt patient-centered, theory-driven approaches that integrate both outcome and process evaluations, addressing physical, emotional, and social dimensions to support long-term engagement and improve quality of life
Archives et autres traces. Du rapport de l’historien(ne) à ses sources
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L’engagement des adjoints de direction d’établissement scolaire public et privé
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Approche dispositionnelle et affective de l’intention d’abandonner en doctorat.
No full textInternational audienceThis study examines the profiles of doctoral students who intent to drop out oftheir thesis and those who intent to persevere. Very few studies have explored the influence ofpersonality on doctoral students’ motivation. Thus, a longitudinal study was carried outamong doctoral students in the humanities and social sciences from 2020 (T1) to 2021(T2).Doctoral students were asked to complete a personality test questionnaire. Two additionalmeasures were collected: a measure of their sense of self-efficacy in terms of research skills,and a measure of their level of anxiety and depression. The aim was to determine whetherdoctoral students' stated intention to dropout (vs. persist) could be linked to personalityprofiles, while also considering their emotional experience and sense of self-efficacy. Theresults showed the relevance of discriminating doctoral students according to their intentionsto persist or to drop out, in order to gain a better understanding of the doctoral experience.The results indicated that the personality dimensions significantly involved in the intention todrop out are not the same as those involved in the intention to persist. Also, it appeared thatthe doctoral experience tends to deteriorate over time regardless of whether doctoral studentsintend to abandon or continue. However, the reasons for this deterioration differ according tothe group of doctoral students considered. Overall, this study highlights the need for a morepersonalized approach to doctoral students' intention to drop out or persistence. In thisrespect, suggestions for universities, doctoral schools and thesis supervisors are provided tohelp them reflect on how to support doctoral students.Cette étude s’intéresse aux profils des doctorants qui souhaitent abandonner leurthèse et ceux qui souhaitent au contraire persévérer. Très peu d’études se sont intéressées àl’influence de la personnalité sur la motivation des doctorants. Dans cet objectif, une étudelongitudinale a été réalisée auprès de doctorants en sciences humaines et sociales de 2020(T1) à 2021(T2). Les doctorants ont été soumis à un questionnaire de personnalité, unemesure de leur sentiment d’auto-efficacité en matière de compétences de recherche, et unemesure de leur niveau d’anxiété et de dépression. L’objectif était de déterminer si l’intentiond’abandon (vs. de persistance) déclarée par les doctorants pouvait être mise en lien avec desprofils de personnalités, tout en considérant aussi leur vécu émotionnel et leur sentimentd’auto-efficacité. Les résultats ont montré l’intérêt de discriminer les doctorants selon leursintentions de persister ou d’abandonner, afin de mieux comprendre l'expérience du parcoursdoctoral. Les dimensions de la personnalité impliquées significativement dans l’intentiond’abandonner ne sont pas les mêmes que celles impliquées dans l’intention de persister. Deplus, que les doctorants souhaitent abandonner ou persister, il apparaît que l'expérience dudoctorat tend à se dégrader avec le temps, mais que les raisons de cette dégradation diffèrentselon le groupe de doctorants considéré. Dans l’ensemble, cette étude met en lumière quel’approche de l’intention d’abandonner ou de persister des doctorants gagnerait à êtrepersonnalisée. Des pistes destinées aux universités, écoles doctorales et directeurs de thèsesont à cet égard fournis pour alimenter la réflexion sur l’encadrement des doctorants.Mots clés : Intention d’abandonner, Doctorants, Personnalité, Auto-efficacité, Éducation
