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Rethinking social protection from the perspective of One Health approach. A case study of the southern Madagascar
No full textInternational audienceThis article is an original contribution to reconsider social protection mechanisms in contexts of rural extreme poverty from the perspective of One Health approach. Poor individuals in rural areas confront a set of risks stemming from climate, agriculture, livestock, health, and nutrition. This article introduces new perspectives in understanding the interplay between climate change and development. By delving into the interconnection between human, non-human animal, and environmental health issues, the One Health approach offers an original outlook for redefining the development of social protection programs. Then, this article operationalizes this approach in the context of southern Madagascar, a region characterized by the prevalence and interaction of human health issues (e.g. diseases, water and food scarcity), animal health issues (e.g. diseases, water and food scarcity), and environmental issues (e.g. drought, flood, wind). Using a mixed method incorporating original data, this article investigates the array of social protection mechanisms in response to diverse risks (human health, animal health, and environment health). The findings of this article underscore (i) the importance of interactions among human, animal and environmental risks and (ii) the inadequacy of social protection mechanisms in addressing these risks
Uncovering the early and conserved molecular mechanisms of root nitrogen foraging in model and crops
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Nitrogen (N) foraging, the ability of plants to promote preferential root growth in N-rich patches of soil, is fundamental to the competitiveness and wellbeing of plants. A unique "split-root" system, where a heterogenous N environment stimulates root foraging, provides a powerful experimental model to study the mechanisms underlying root foraging in model (Arabidopsis) and/or crop plants.Results: We used the split-root set up to capture early molecular events involved in systemic N-signaling after exposure to a heterogeneous N signal, through time-course transcriptomic analysis across shoots and roots of Arabidopsis. We found that a histone methyltransferase, SET DOMAIN GROUP 8 (SDG8), is necessary for root N-foraging, suggesting a previously unknown role for chromatin regulation in mediating the preferential root growth response to colonize N-rich patches. To determine if the underlying molecular mechanism is conserved in evolution, we compared the root foraging behavior from model-to-crop (Arabidopsis, tomato and maize). Our analysis showed the model and crop species shared a root N-foraging growth.</p
Enabling cross-sectoral transformation for coastal climate adaptation in Europe: Four directions for interdisciplinary efforts
No full textInternational audienceCoastal areas in Europe are of immense value – not only to their residents but also to communities further inland. At the same time, they are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The current pace of coastal climate adaptation remains slow, constrained by underfunding and the fragmented, sectoral nature of many initiatives. This calls for radically new yet practical approaches. In this perspective, a group of European researchers from diverse disciplines explores what cross-sectoral transformation could mean in the context of coastal climate adaptation. Drawing on expertise in environmental science, spatial planning, law, ecology, health, and tourism, we propose four directions for interdisciplinary research to enable such transformation: (1) developing dynamic and holistic understandings of climate impacts and adaptation responses; (2) establishing shared adaptation objectives and priorities across sectors; (3) promoting ecosystem-based development; and (4) adapting legal and institutional systems to support integration and flexibility. We invite scholars and practitioners to engage with these interdependent directions to advance adaptation efforts for European coasts
Eco-friendly Insulating Materials for Transformers in MVDC and HVDC Power Networks
No full textInternational audienceThis work investigates the viability of natural and synthetic ester liquids as potential alternatives to mineral oil in MVDC and HVDC transformer insulation systems. Finite Element Method simulations (FEM) were performed using the measured dielectric properties of the oils and their impregnated pressboards as input parameters to evaluate their influence on steady state electric field distribution. A comparison on the field distribution under AC and DC condition is performed for the different materials, identifying regions of maximum stress around the corona head and high voltage electrode. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity values of the materials and their effect on the steady state DC electric field distribution is explored. The higher conductivity of ester liquids when compared to mineral oil provides a more uniform field redistribution between the oil and pressboard, also facilitating the shift of maximum electrical stress from the oil to pressboard. The results support the technical merits of using ester-based insulation material for field stress equalization in HVDC networks
Interplay between cholesterol, Bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate, and parasitophorous vacuole dynamics in Leishmania infantum infection of macrophages
No full textInternational audienceLeishmania spp., the causative agents of leishmaniasis, are protozoan parasites displaying two life stages: promastigote in the insect vector and amastigote in host macrophages. After inoculation, the promastigote differentiates into the amastigote which multiplies within a parasitophorous vacuole formed by the fusion of the phagosome with the macrophage endolysosome. This compartment is characterized by a specific enrichment in bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP), an atypical phospholipid that regulates endosomal dynamics and cholesterol trafficking. Host cell cholesterol is essential for parasite intracellular development. In this study, we examined the relationships between cholesterol, BMP, and the parasitophorous vacuole during the infection of J774 murine macrophages with L. infantum. Our results showed that cholesterol is redistributed in the vicinity of the parasite within infected cells. BMP is redistributed along with the same pattern and colocalizes with markers of the parasitophorous vacuole. Transcriptomic analyses revealed an upregulation of key genes governing cholesterol uptake and synthesis (HMGCR, SREBP2, LDLR) during infection and conversely a downregulation of ABCA1 involved in cholesterol efflux. Noteworthy, the overexpressions of HMGCR, SREBP2, LDLR were significantly attenuated by macrophage BMP enrichment. As for functional impact, BMP enrichment was associated with a significant increase of the parasite infectivity toward macrophages, assessed by infection rate and parasite load. Together, our results confirm the essentiality of macrophage cholesterol and demonstrate the involvement of BMP during Leishmania infection likely by facilitating parasitophorous vacuole remodeling and cholesterol trafficking
The Injection of Lipids Into Yolk Sac has Been Shown to Alter the Lipid Metabolism of Adult Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
No full textInternational audienceNutritional programming (NP) of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), achieved by injecting linseed oil into Nile tilapia alevins, influences lipid profiles and associated metabolic processes during the juvenile stage. However, the persistence of these effects into adulthood is unknown. In this study, we investigated the long-term NP effects of early n-3 PUFA and n-3 long-chain (LC)-PUFA intervention via linseed and fish oil injection, respectively, during the alevin stage on lipid metabolism and associated pathways in adult Nile tilapia. The experimental design included randomized treatment groups of 0.85% NaCl (control), linseed oil, and fish oil, each with six replicates. Linseed and fish oil were microinjected into the yolk reserves of Nile tilapia alevins, while control fish received NaCl injections. Following dietary challenge with a linseed oil-rich diet (weeks 37-40), linseed oil-injected fish exhibited higher weight gain, suggesting that early linseed oil enrichment enhanced n-3 PUFA utilization for growth. Both interventions reduced plasma lipemia, promoted hepatic fat accumulation, and downregulated mlxipl and acaca expression in the muscle, potentially modulating interactions between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. While these effects were more pronounced in the fish oil-injected group, long-term NP effects differed between the liver and muscle, including decreased hepatic but increased muscular n-3 LC-PUFA deposition, and downregulated hepatic but upregulated muscular β-oxidation in fish oilinjected adult fish. Gene expression analysis revealed altered hepatic enzymes involved in DNA (de)methylation and histone modification, implicating epigenetic mechanisms in the long-term NP effects of early n-3 PUFA and n-3 LC-PUFA exposure. Thus, linseed and fish oil enrichment during the alevin stage induces long-term alterations in lipid metabolism and enhances muscular n-3 LC-PUFA deposition in adult Nile tilapia. | IntroductionFish, particularly marine species, are high-quality sources of protein and are enriched in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), which are beneficial for human health [1]. For sustainable aquaculture, and considering the limitations of capture fisheries, farm-raised fish can serve as an alternative</div
jupyterhub-vm
No full textJupyterHub based on a virtual machine built with the help of Packer, Vagrant and Ansible tools for using with VirtualBox or OpenStack
Constitution de la base de données du projet CIPRHES : échantillons national et local
No full textLe projet CIPRHES a pour objectif d’apporter des réponses aux questions de recherche soulevées par l’utilisation de la plateforme de prévision des étiages PREMHYCE depuis son lancement opérationnel en 2018. Pour répondre à ces questions présentées sous la forme de défis scientifiques, différents groupes de travail ont été mis en place. Les groupes de travail 3 (« Développer une modélisation hydrométéorologique intégrée pour la prévision des étiages ») et 5 (« Mettre en place et appliquer des « crash tests » pour évaluer les performances, la robustesse et l’utilité des prévisions ») se basent sur des modélisations et prévisions obtenues à l’aide des modèles hydrologiques implémentés dans la plateforme. Pour alimenter ces modèles, des données de précipitations, d’évapotranspirations et de débits sont nécessaires. Deux échantillons ont été produits dans le cadre du projet CIPRHES : un échantillon national pour l’évaluation globale des chaines de prévision et un échantillon local sur le bassin de la Meuse pour évaluer les modèles semi-distribués mis en place dans le groupe de travail 3. Ce document présente les différents travaux menés pour la préparation de la base de données du projet CIPRHES
Welfare vs. Utility
No full textDocuments de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 2025.03R - ISSN : 1955-611X , eISSN : 2968-6687Economists routinely measure individual welfare by (von-Neumann-Morgenstern) utility, for instance when analysing welfare intensity, social welfare, or welfare inequality. Is this welfare measure justified? Natural working hypotheses turn out to imply a different measure. It overcomes familiar problems of utility, by faithfully capturing non-ordinal information, such as welfare intensity despite still resting on purely ordinal evidence, such as revealed preferences or self-reported welfare comparisons. Social welfare analysis changes when based on this new individual welfare measure rather than utility. For instance, Harsanyi's 'utilitarian theorem' now supports prioritarianism. We compare the standard utility-based versions of utilitarianism and prioritarianism with new versions based on our welfare measure. We show that utility is a hybrid object determined by two rival inuences: welfare and the attitude to intrinsic risk, i.e., to risk in welfare. A new version of Harsanyi's theorem shows that Harsanyi makes the questionable implicit assumption that society is neutral to intrinsic risk, overruling people's risk attitudes. We thus propose risk-impartial utilitarianism, which adopts people's (average) risk attitude
Potential of local collective action to reduce pesticide use in a French Mediterranean landscape
No full textInternational audiencePesticide use in agriculture has significant negative impacts on human health, ecosystems, and natural resources. The failure to meet targets for pesticide reduction at the farm level underscores the need for a systemic, holistic approach that considers the diversity of actors and the complexity of the farming systems involved. The landscape level provides a relevant framework for addressing the reduction of pesticide use and impacts. In this study, we analyzed 19 initiatives aimed to reduce pesticide use or its impacts in agriculture in a Mediterranean peri-urban plain in southern France. Drawing on insights from landscape agronomy and research on collective action, we developed a novel conceptual framework to capture and analyze the diversity and complementarity of local dynamics of pesticide reduction. Through interviews, workshops, and farm surveys,we examined the factors driving the emergence of these initiatives and assessed their anticipated impacts on farming practices, landscape patterns, and natural resources at the landscape level. The results revealed that these initiatives were led by diverse, and sometimes conflicting, strategies to reduce pesticide use that focused mainly on optimizing pesticide use in dominant agricultural systems, alongside farm reconfiguration and biodiversity integration strategies. This study advances current knowledge by providing actionable insights to improve collective action at the landscape level, such as spaces for synergies for landscape-level coordination and identified barriers to this coordination. Our findings emphasize the importance of embracing complexity when designing and implementing pesticide-reduction strategies