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Study of control strategies for sterile insect technique, using monosexual and bisexual releases: The case of the oriental fruit fly
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616820/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): ;AttracTIS;(FRA) Développement d'outils de biocontrôle contre Bactrocera dorsalis à la Réunion : la Technique de l'Insecte Stérile combinée à un ATTRACtif de femelles// ;ECOPHYTO;(FRA) Ecophyto//International audienceThe oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, a major invasive fruit pest whose females damage many host plants, has been established in La R´eunion since 2017 and threatens to spread in Europe [3]. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), a biological control method in which sterile insects are released to suppress populations, is a well- documented control strategy which has been successfully implemented in di!erent countries [4]. So far, male-only releases have been privileged and studied [1, 4], but in practice e”cient sexing methods do not exist for every species and are expensive. Therefore bisexual releases have to be considered. The impact of bisexual releases has been studied in [2] through a probabilistic model, however it has not yet been investigated with deterministic methods. We propose a dynamical system model of SIT incorporating both monosex- ual and bisexual release strategies, aiming to identify the optimal approach given species-specific biological parameters. We establish the existence of a critical release rate, #crit(p), depending on the release sex ratio p, above which pest extinction is the only equilibrium and is globally asymptotically stable, and below which there also exist generically two strictly positive equilibria. By analyzing the dependence of #crit on p, we identify conditions under which bisexual releases minimize the crit- ical release rate, conditions that are met by B. dorsalis. Finally, we examine the dependence of #crit on various biological parameters and compare realistic bisexual release strategies where the sex-ratios of released and wild insects are the same, with monosexual release strategies
Granular flow past a wall down an incline: cross-comparison between smooth and non-smooth discrete element methods
No full textSteady flows of dry granular materials impacting a rigid wall down a rough incline are investigated by simulations based on the discrete element method (DEM). This granular flow-obstacle setup, where quasi-static, dense inertial and dilute flow states co-exist, is used as a stringent test to cross-compare standard DEM using YADE and non-smooth DEM using SICONOS. Identical post-processing procedures, including coarse-graining and temporal averaging, are applied to assess the consequences of the different DEM implementations. Kinematic variables and stress fields obtained with both methods are compared at three different locations: the flow input at the exit of the feeding tank, the undisturbed region, and the vicinity of the obstacle. At the macroscopic scale, the two methods show good overall agreement. In particular, similar trends in terms of the µ(I) rheology are recovered, as well as comparable impact forces on the rigid wall. However, pronounced differences emerge at the contact scale, leading to higher energy dissipation in the YADE simulations. Local discrepancies are observed near the boundaries both at the bottom and against the wall, where differences in contact force implementations are most pronounced and thus result in differences in basal slip velocities and stress distributions
DOP135 Bowel damage and disability in Crohn’s disease in the first year after diagnosis - results from the CROCO study.
No full textDigital oral presentationInternational audienceBackground Crohn’s disease (CD) progression can result in bowel damage (BD) and disability. BD is often believed to occur as a consequence of long-term progression. However, there is limited data about the early occurrence of BD within the first year of disease. Methods The Crohn’s Disease Cohort (CROCO) is a multicentre European study enrolling newly diagnosed CD patients (<12 months since diagnosis) and prospectively following them for 5 years to characterise BD progression and disability. BD is assessed using the Lémann Index (LI) (0 – no damage to 115 – maximal damage) at years 1 (Y1), 3, and 5 after diagnosis. The presence of any degree of BD was defined as a LI > 0, and the presence of significant BD as a LI > 2.1 Disability is evaluated every six months using the IBD-Disability Index (IBD-DI). Here, we report BD at Y1 and its associations with key disease features and with the IBD-DI. Results 539 patients were enrolled across 19 centres, with a median interval between diagnosis and inclusion of 3.7 months (IQR 1.5–7.3). Of these, 415 completed the Y1 visit, and 243 (58%) the LI evaluation [57% male; median age at diagnosis 35yo (IQR 25–50)]. At inclusion, 89% had ileal or ileocolonic disease, 73% had inflammatory phenotype, and 8% had perianal disease. During the first year, 10% underwent surgery (18 intestinal, 5 perianal) and 21% required hospitalisation. During the first year after diagnosis, 18% received 5-ASA, 30% systemic corticosteroids, 36% immunosuppressants, and 61% advanced therapy. The median time from diagnosis to advanced therapy was 3.5 months (IQR 1.4–5.7), with 48% initiating it within six months. Overall, 64% of patients showed some degree of BD at Y1, although the median LI remained low [0.6 (IQR 0–1)]; 41 patients (17%) had significant BD. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, B2/B3 behaviour (p < 0.001) and perianal disease (p = 0.008) were independently associated with BD at Y1 (Table 1). In a sensitivity analysis restricted to B1 patients without prior surgery, isolated colonic disease (L2) was associated with a decreased likelihood of BD (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.12–1.00, p = 0.039). Among patients with LI data, 227 completed the IBD-DI at Y1. The median IBD-DI was 16 (IQR 10–29), with 18% showing moderate-to-severe disability (IBD-DI>35). No association was observed between any BD and moderate-to-severe disability (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.52–2.15, p = 0.88). Conclusion In this cohort of newly diagnosed CD patients, two-thirds showed some degree of BD after one year, which was mostly minimal, with only 17% developing significant BD and 18% experiencing moderate-to-severe disability. No association was observed between BD and disability. These findings support early disease as an important period for disease modification. Reference: 1. Gilletta C, Lewin M, Bourrier A, Nion-Larmurier I, Rajca S, Beaugerie L, Sokol H, Pariente B, Seksik P, Cosnes J. Changes in the Lémann Index Values During the First Years of Crohn’s Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Sep;13(9):1633-40.e3. Conflict of interest: Revés, Joana: Has received consulting fees from Janssen and Pfizer. Arebi, Naila: Personal Fees: Janssen,Lilly, Pfizer and Takeda Non-financial Support: Janssen (J & J), Novonesis Fadra, Adam: None to declare Madsen, Gorm Roager: None Burisch, Johan: Grant: Johnson & Johnson, MSD, Takeda, Tillots Pharma, BMS, Novo Nordisk Personal Fees: Celgene, MSD, Pfizer, AbbVie, Takeda, Tillots Pharma, Samsung Bioepis, BMS, Pharmacosmos, Galapagos, Zealand Pharma, Orion Pharma, Ferring, Johnson & Johnson Cravo, Marilia: None Bonnet-Dodel, Marie: None Kaimakliotis, John: None Vieujean, Sophie: Speaker fees from Abbvie, Takeda and Janssen. Van Kemseke, Catherine: No conflicts Ellul, Pierre: No Conflicts Conti, Kelly: None. Duricova, Dana: Personal Fees: Lecture fee from Janssen, Takeda, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, AbbVie, Ferring. Horutova, Jana: None. Rodríguez-Lago, Iago: Financial support for traveling and educational activities from or has served as an advisory board member for Abbvie, Adacyte, Alfasigma, Biogen, Chiesi, Faes Farma, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Mirum Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Pfizer, Roche, Takeda, and Tillotts Pharma. Research support from AbbVie. Supported by a research grant from Gobierno Vasco-Eusko Jaurlaritza (Grant No 2020111061 and 2023222006). Elorza, Ainara: None. Ordás Jiménez, Ingrid: None. Fernandez Clotet, Agnes: None Sebastian, Shaji: Grant: Takeda, Tillots pharma, Biogen, Pfizer, Abbvie, Johnson & Johnson, Olympus -Odin Vision Personal Fees: Tillots, Johnson & Johnson, Olympus Odin Vision, AbbVie, Takeda, Merck, Pharmacosmos, Amgen, Eli Lilly, BMS, Odin Vision Non-financial Support: Tillots, Takeda, AbbVie, Celltrion, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Alphasigma, Ferring Pharma Thut, Jessica: None. Mocanu, Irina: None. Hernández Ramirez, Vicente: Vicent Hernandez has served as consultant, has served as speaker, has received travel support or research funding from MSD, AbbVie, Ferring, Dr. Falk Pharma, Tillotts Pharma, Pfizer, Takeda, Janssen, KernPharma Biologics, Adacyte, Sandoz, FAES Farma, Galapagos, Lilly and Casen-Recordati Fumery, Mathurin: Grant: Pfizer Personal Fees: Abbvie, Janssen, Takeda, MSD, Biogen, Amgen, Sandoz, Fresenius, Gilead, Celgene, Galapagos, Mylan, Tillots, Ferring, Pfizer, Hospira, CTMA, Boehringer, Lilly, Arena Non-financial Support: Abbvie, Janssen, Takeda, MSD, Galapagos, Ferring, Pfizer Nachury, Maria: Abbvie, Alfa Sigma, Biosynex, Celltrion, Galapagos, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Pfizer, Takeda Pedersen, Natalia: No any Rajão Saraiva, Margarida: None. Goldiș, Adrian Eugen: None. Guedes, Ana: None. Ribeiro, Ana Raquel: None. Ungaro, Ryan: Personal Fees: AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, Lilly, Pfizer, Janssen, Takeda Bigot, Noemie: None. Mary, Jean-Yves: none Lambert, Jérome: none Colombel, Jean-Frédéric: Grant: AbbVie, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Takeda, Prometheus and Bristol Myers Squibb Lectures from: AbbVie, Roche and Takeda Other: AbbVie, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Allergan, Apini, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Astellas, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, candidrx Celgene, Celltrion, Clearview Curogen, Eli Lilly, Envision Pharma Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Galmed Research, Glaxo Smith Kline, Roche, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Kaleido Biosciences, Immunic, Iterative Scopes, Landos, Microba Life Science, Merck, Mirador, Novartis, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Owkin, Pfizer, Protagonist Therapeutics, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Takeda, Teva, TiGenix, and is holding stock options in Intestinal Biotech Development Buisson, Anthony: Grant: Abbvie, Celltrion, Pfizer and Takeda Personal Fees: Abbvie, Amgen, Arena, Biogen, Celltrion, Ferring, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Takeda, Tillotts, Vifor Pharma, Tinoco da Silva Torres, Joana: Grant: Abbvie, Janssen Personal Fees: Pfizer, Janssen, Abbvie, Sandoz, Lilly, Sanofi, Takeda Non-financial Support: Janssen, Abbvi
Pistes pour un modèle génératif de systèmes de villes hiérarchisés, fondé sur les lois d'échelle de différentes fonctions et activités urbaines
No full textInternational audienceLes villes, en interaction dans des systèmes de villes depuis très longtemps, sont très différenciées par leur taille et par leur spécialisation économique et sociale. Selon la théorie évolutive des villes, les inégalités de taille des villes résultent des interactions spatiales entre les villes, de leur diversification fonctionnelle et de la diffusion hiérarchique des innovations [1].La communication présentera les pistes explorées pour la réalisation d'un modèle génératif de systèmes de villes hiérarchisés sur le temps long qui s'inscrit dans cette théorie. Nous envisageons que la population au temps t+1 combine: (1) une fonction de croissance de base de la population des villes de t à t+1, basée sur la population en t; (2) différentes lois d'échelle urbaines en t+1, variant selon les phases des fonctions et activités urbaines dans un processus de diffusion des innovations entre les villes.Le modèle doit être applicable à des systèmes de villes réels, impliquant que toutes les variables et paramètres doivent pouvoir être estimé(e)s à partir de données disponibles. Nous nous fonderons sur le cas français car des données sur les populations des villes et les réseaux d'infrastructures de transport existent à cette échelle et à plusieurs pas de temps depuis la deuxième moitié du 18e s. [e.g. 2,3]. Les informations sur les fonctions/activités urbaines sont en revanche extrêmement dispersées et nécessitent d'être ré-évaluées à partir de grandes synthèses urbaines[4].[1] Pumain, D. (2018). An evolutionary theory of urban systems. Rozenblat, C. et al. (dir.) International and Transnational Perspectives on Urban Systems, Springer Nature, Singapour, 3–18.[2] Cristofoli, P. et al. (2021) Des chefs-lieux de Cassini aux communes de France (1756-1999) [...]. https://didomena.ehess.fr/concern/data_sets/6395wb092?locale=en.[3] Perret, J. et al. (2015) Roads and cities of 18th century France, Scientific Data, 2(1). [4] Lepetit, B. (1988) Les villes dans la France moderne (1740-1840). Albin Michel, Paris
Serum metabolomic signatures associated with frailty-related phenotypes in a cohort of older people
No full textInternational audienceFrailty is a geriatric syndrome characterized by reduced physiological reserves and increased vulnerability to stressors. Given its complex phenotypes and underlying biology, robust multidimensional biomarkers are needed to advance personalized care. We aimed to identify serum metabolomics signatures associated with frailty phenotypes and related features. We analyzed serum metabolomics data in 901 participants (47.5% males, mean age 68.3 +/- 3.5 years) from the Berlin Aging Study II, classified as non-frail, pre-frail, or frail using Fried's criteria at baseline (T0) and after 7 years (T1). Linear models assessed associations between metabolite levels, frailty, and related parameters. At T0, 1% were frail, increasing to 4.8% at T1. Over follow-up, 323 participants transitioned to a worse frailty category. Across 82 metabolites, no significant differences emerged for frailty status. However, in males, 27 and 30 circulating metabolites were negatively associated with handgrip strength at T0 and T1, respectively. Also in males, L-tyrosine was positively associated with fat mass, while 22 metabolites (carbohydrate-related, maltose, fructose, glucose, galactitol, mannose, lactate, acetylcarnitine; amino acid-related, valine, tyrosine, isoleucine, alpha-hydroxybutyrate) correlated with nutritional status at T0. In females, dimethylsulfone was positively associated with changes in handgrip strength over time, and glycerol with appendicular lean mass at T0. While serum metabolomics showed weak associations with frailty itself, clear links were observed with frailty-related features, notably muscle strength and nutritional status. These findings highlight insulin sensitivity as a central determinant, suggesting that early metabolic alterations may contribute to impaired muscle health in aging
Shifting alliance: the complex relationship between Fusarium and garlic and its implications for management of dry rot
No full textInternational audienceFusarium dry rot of garlic, characterized by the browning of cloves during storage, is emerging worldwide. The distinctive feature of the causal Fusaria of existing as pathogens and commensals in garlic tissues has made it challenging to understand the disease epidemiology and management. I will present the results of eight years of research in collaboration with French garlic growers, and the unexpected conclusions that I draw
Présentation de thèse, Impacts des Projets Alimentaires Territoriaux sur la gouvernance alimentaire territoriale : quelles contributions à la transition du système alimentaire des territoires ?
No full textInternational audienceAbstract: This PhD research analyzes the capacity of Territorial Food Projects (TFPs) to strengthen territorial food governance, and the processes through which such strengthening can help institutionalize a process of reterritorialization of the Territorial Food System (TFS). To answer this question, the research combined a survey of Occitanie’s TFPs, case studies and theoretical analyses, with a composite theoretical framework anchored in institutional economics. The thesis demonstrates the ability of TFPs to strengthen the potential for collective action in territories. It first characterizes the uniformity versus diversity of TFPs, between standardization by the national framework and territorial specificities expressed through governance. It then shows that the TFPs plan a systemic and structuring intervention, via an interfacing posture between niches and regime—following the multilevel perspective approach on sociotechnical transitions. Finally, the thesis highlights the contribution of TFP governance, and more specifically the complementarity of its modalities to the activation of four transition levers.Resumen: Esta tesis analiza la capacidad de los Proyectos Alimentarios Territoriales (PAT) para fortalecer la gobernanza alimentaria territorial y los procesos a través de los cuales dicho fortalecimiento puede contribuir a institucionalizar un proceso de reterritorialización del Sistema Alimentario de los Territorios (SAT). Para responder a esta cuestión, la investigación combinó una encuesta a los PAT de Occitania, estudios de caso y análisis teóricos con un marco teórico compuesto de base institucionalista. La tesis demuestra la capacidad de los PAT para reforzar el potencial de acción colectiva en los territorios. En primer lugar, caracteriza los puntos de uniformidad frente a la diversidad de los PAT, entre la normalización impuesta por el dispositivo nacional y las especificidades territoriales expresadas por la gobernanza. Posteriormente, muestra que a través de los PAT se planifica una intervención sistémica y estructurante, mediante una postura de interfaz entre nichos y régimen. Por último, se destaca la contribución de la gobernanza de los PAT y, más concretamente, la complementariedad de sus modalidades en la activación de cuatro palancas de transición.Résumé : Cette thèse analyse la capacité des Projets Alimentaires Territoriaux (PAT) à renforcer la gouvernance alimentaire territoriale et les processus au travers desquels un tel renforcement peut contribuer à institutionnaliser un processus de reterritorialisation du Système Alimentaire des Territoires (SAT). Afin de répondre à cette question, la recherche a combiné enquête des PAT d’Occitanie, études de cas et analyses théoriques avec un cadre théorique composite marqué par un ancrage institutionnaliste. La thèse montre la capacité des PAT à renforcer un potentiel d’action collective dans les territoires. Elle caractérise tout d’abord les points d’uniformité versus de diversité des PAT, entre normalisation par le dispositif national et spécificités territoriales exprimées par la gouvernance. Elle montre ensuite qu’au travers des PAT se planifie une intervention systémique et structurante, via une posture d’interface entre niches et régime. La contribution de la gouvernance des PAT et, plus particulièrement, la complémentarité de leurs modalités dans l’activation de quatre leviers de transition sont enfin mises en évidence
On-farm validation of a feeding strategy improving nutritional and technological quality of meat from Duroc crossbred pigs and contributing to relocating feed resources
No full textInternational audienceThere is an increasing demand from consumers and pork chain actors for farming practices improving simultaneously the intrinsic (e.g. sensory, nutritional, etc.) and the extrinsic (i.e. production-related: type and origin of feed resources, environmental impacts, etc.) quality attributes of pork. In this context, the present study was undertaken in a commercial farm to validate a feeding strategy designed to jointly improve intrinsic and extrinsic quality attributes of pork. The experiment included a total of 102 growing pigs (Danbred dams × Duroc sires) with females (n = 52) and castrated males (n = 50) over three replicates. At an average body weight (BW) of 32 kg, pigs were assigned to either a control (C) or an experimental diet based on ''relocation of feed resources" (R). They were fed ad libitum one of the two diets according to a three-phase feeding programme until slaughter, when pigs achieved around 125 kg BW. The C diet was based on oilseed meals as a source of proteins and the R diet included extruded faba bean as the main source of proteins and extruded linseed as a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs). The average growth rate and slaughter BW tended to be higher (P < 0.1) in R than in C pigs, but hot carcass weight and lean meat content did not differ between the two feeding regimens. Ultimate pH in the Longissimus (LM) and ham (Semimembranosus, Adductor, Gluteus medius (GM) and Gluteus superficialis) muscles was higher (P < 0.01) in R than in C pigs. Drip loss in LM was lower (P < 0.001) in R than in C pigs. With respect to meat colour, L*, b*, C* and h° values measured 24 h after slaughter were lower (P < 0.01) in the LM and GM, indicating less light and redder meat (due to lower h°) from R compared with C pigs. Compared with the C diet, the R diet did not affect LM protein and lipid content but markedly reduced (P < 0.001) the n-6:n-3 and saturated:n-3 FA ratios in both LM and backfat. The current study confirms that in commercial conditions, feeding crossbred pigs with a faba beanbased diet enriched with extruded linseed is a favourable strategy to jointly improve the technological and nutritional properties of pork, while contributing to the relocation of feed resources
Epistemic Capital and Two-Trap Growth in the AI Era
No full textNational audienceI develop a growth model in which AI-generated content contaminates the knowledge commons, creating two nested irreversibilities. A derivative trap arises when recombinative output crosses a threshold in the corpus, degrading frontier productivity faster than talent reallocation or R&D subsidies can offset. A governance trap arises because the institutional capacity to distinguish frontier from derivative knowledge–epistemic capital–is itself a depletable stock. In the baseline simulation, the governance trap preempts the derivative trap by roughly nine years, closing the window for effective policy while measured innovation remains positive. The competitive equilibrium features a double wedge: frontier knowledge is undervalued and derivative output overvalued, driving a strict instrument hierarchy in which epistemic investment is a precondition for governance, which is a precondition for R&D subsidies. The welfare cost of inaction is 6.8% in consumption-equivalent ter
Chambre à accumulation d'accès libre SAGE (Surface-Air Gas Exchange) - La philosophie Faire Soi-Même
No full textInternational audienceGas exchange between soil or water surfaces and the atmosphere is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas production and absorption. Faced with global climate change and increasing atmospheric concentrations of these gases, significant scientific efforts are being made to monitor this exchange using various techniques, including closed-chambers. Although relatively simple, this technique requires careful attention to several key points. Furthermore, any installation using commercial chambers is relatively expensive. Indeed, given the specific variability of gas exchange, a single chamber cannot assess all the gas exchange in the soil of a given plot. Several chambers are therefore necessary, which increases the overall cost of the installation. In our laboratory, we have built different types of chambers: portable “nomad” ultra-low-cost chambers for punctual, large-area measurement campaigns and “automatic” cost-effective chambers for long-term installations. In this article, we aim to share our experience by describing our achievements and providing a link to the complete documentation, which includes 3D and 2D plans, Gerber files for manufacturing printed circuit boards, and a parts list.Les échanges gazeux entre le sol ou l'eau et l'atmosphère peuvent être suivis grâce à la technique de la chambre fermée à accumulation. Cet article décrit notre chambre fermée automatique à accès libre, utilisable à la surface du sol et de l'eau, et offrant plusieurs options et configurations