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Ecologging de 2023 à 2026 : stations instrumentées connectées, fiables et évolutives pour étudier divers types d'écosystèmes.
No full textInternational audienceThis presentation aims to present the ECOLOGGING project and its developments over the 2023–2026 period. It describes the different types of instrumented stations, the measurements that can be carried out, a selection of sensors under study, secure data transmission via the 4G network, as well as field feedback and operational experience. Finally, it discusses future perspectives of the project, particularly the integration of satellite-based data transmission solutions within an IoT context. This presentation was prepared for the ISCAD seminar (February 2026) and presented at the OPTmix conference (June 2026).Cette présentation vise à exposer le projet ECOLOGGING ainsi que ses évolutions sur la période 2023–2026. Elle présente les différents types de stations instrumentées, les mesures réalisables, une sélection de capteurs étudiés, la transmission sécurisée des données via le réseau 4G, ainsi que des retours d’expérience issus du terrain. Enfin, elle aborde les perspectives d’évolution du projet, notamment l’intégration de solutions de transmission de données par satellite dans un contexte IoT. Cette présentation a été réalisée pour le séminaire ISCAD (février 2026) et présentée dans le cadre du colloque OPTmix (Juin 2026)
Towards absolute measurements of magnetic losses by the rotational single sheet tester (RSST): an interlaboratory comparison
No full textInternational audienceA comparison of the magnetic energy loss measurement in non-oriented Fe-Si sheets under alternating and rotational polarization has been accomplished by four European laboratories using different Rotational Single-Sheet Tester (RSST) setups and different sample shapes. The measurements, performed in the frequency and polarization intervals 5 Hz ≤ f ≤ 200 Hz, 1.0 T ≤ J p ≤ 1.5 T, aimed at providing a benchmark test for these special measurements, looking for a connection between the RSST outcomes and absolute loss values, obtained by a combination of IEC 60404-2 Epstein data and precise local measurements. The laboratory-averaged RSST alternating loss values are found to range in a ±5% interval around the reference values, with the lab-to-lab discrepancies chiefly descending from the heterogeneous variety of the employed magnetic circuits. Numerical analysis highlights the critical role of the effective field and its uniformity across the RSST sensing area. The statistical assessment of the laboratories' best estimates provides the empirical standard deviations s = 4.5% and s = 3.6% for the alternating and rotational loss figures, respectively, thereby showing a significantly reduced dispersion of the results compared with a previous international comparison launched in the '90s. It additionally points to the circular geometry for both sample and magnetizer as best suited for the prospective standardization of 2D measurements.</div
Soil and water bioengineering on moutain streambanks: Lessons learnt from extensive feedback on projects in the Alps
No full textInternational audienceChannel mobility is essential to maintaining a river's healthy biogeomorphic and ecological functions. Although, local erosion processes can sometimes require stabilization to protect infrastructure. Soil and Water Bioengineering (SWB) techniques use vegetation as living construction materials to provide effective erosion control while preserving riparian ecological functions. Designing these structures depends significantly on expert knowledge and technical documentation that shares best practices and experiences, and provides specific hydraulic stress resistance thresholds. There is currently only limited documentation regarding the use and mechanical resistance of SWB on mountain streambanks where the harsh climate and steep slopes put a strain on vegetation growth and recovering, which in turn makes it challenging to design effective SWB structures. This study aims to fill this gap by providing an exhaustive record of SWB works throughout the French Alps, with additional sites in Italy and Switzerland. Hydraulic parameters, vegetation dynamics, and failure mechanisms were assessed across 48 SWB works. Drawing on our expertise, we assessed the key factors governing the implementation and success of SWB works in mountain streambanks. Our survey revealed that the works could be classified along a "naturalness" gradient, with vegetation playing different structural roles. Riprap was commonly used at the bank toe and technical choices depended mostly on the cultural context of the watershed and the local knowledge of SWB rather than on the hydromorphological context or the assets to be protected. Ultimately, this study enhanced our understanding of the hydraulic stresses experienced by these structures and the most prevalent causes of failure
Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes across contrasted tropical agroecosystems in Réunion Island
No full textThis study presents the first exploratory assessment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic residues in agricultural environments on Réunion Island, a French tropical territory in the south-western Indian Ocean. Sixteen samples from diverse matrices (manure, soil, water, and vegetables) across different agroecosystems were analyzed using high-throughput qPCR targeting 332 ARGs and chemical methods targeting 58 antibiotic compounds and trace elements. ARGs were widely detected across all matrices, with highest abundance observed in amended soils and manure. Surprisingly, ARG profiles, in terms of both abundance and average number, were comparable between unamended soils and natural soils. Antibiotic residues were found in only five manure and soil samples, with no clear correlation between the presence of these residues, trace elements and ARG abundance.Organic amendments significantly increased ARG levels in soils and non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed that ARG profiles clustered primarily by matrix type rather than by location. High-risk ARGs were widely prevalent, with 86% detected and 23% ubiquitous across all samples, and their occurrence in water and raw vegetables suggests potential human exposure through the food chain. This study highlights the influence of agricultural practices on environmental antimicrobial resistance in tropical island contexts and supports the need for expanded One Health surveillance integrating the environmental, animal and human compartments.</p
Pest localization through sequential data assimilation with pheromone sensors
No full textInternational audienceEarly detection and precise localization of insect pests are critical for the development of effective crop management strategies. To tackle such a challenge, a prior study proposed a Data Assimilation (DA) method that integrates a pheromone propagation model with data pheromone sensors to infer spatio-temporal pheromone emission maps and deduce insect localization. In continuity, this study proposes a Sequential Data Assimilation (SDA) method that iteratively refines sensor positioning by leveraging predicted pheromone plumes, enabling sensors to adaptively reposition toward areas of higher pheromone concentration.This approach combines data assimilation, large-scale physics modeling, and statistical optimization to improve localization accuracy over time. The method is evaluated through numerical experiments, including toy cases with unsteady wind conditions and multiple pheromone sources, as well as a realistic case based on real agricultural landscapes and meteorological data.Results demonstrate that the method significantly enhances the accuracy of pest localization compared to traditional data assimilation approaches. The sequential repositioning of sensors reduces errors in pheromone emission inference and reduces the false absence predictions from 100% to 0% within a few cycles, even in challenging scenarios such as unsteady wind or multiple emission sources.This study highlights the potential of SDA for robust pest localization, offering a promising tool for precision agriculture and sustainable pest management
Co-culture of the fungus Fomitopsis betulina with E. coli on solid media for the detection of antibacterial candidates: Deciphering the bacterial-fungus interaction
No full textInternational audienceAntimicrobial resistance represents an increasing worldwide threat [1]. In this scenario, innovation in antibacterial compound sourcing, especially from fungi that represent bio-sourced and unexplored alternatives to synthetic compounds, is needed to increase the treatment success of infections. Most of the described antibacterial metabolites with fungal origins (penicilline derivatives,cephalosporines) are issued from the Ascomycota division (Penicillium sp., Acremonium sp.). Antibacterial potential of Basidiomycota, the sister group of Ascomycota, is well known, but secondary metabolism of these fungi is expressed only in specific, cryptic conditions. Secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways are thus poorly known in Basidiomycota. In this context, co-culture experiments on solid media were performed to evidence the biosynthesis of antibacterial metabolites from the fungus Fomitopsisbetulina (Basidiomycota) in the presence of the bacteria E. coli. An antibacterial activity, determined by an E. coli growth inhibition (inhibition zone) was observed. Using mass spectrometry metabolomic analyses combined with targeted purification of metabolites, the objective of this study was to highlight and characterize antibacterial candidates. Only one candidate, constitutive of the fungus, was accumulated at the inhibition zone according to the metabolomic results. The compound of interest, purified from the fungus secretome and characterized by 1D and 2D NMR, appears to be a calcium complex of three units of Sumiki’s acid, but did notexert any direct antibacterial activity against E. coli. No other antibacterial metabolites was detected through this MS-based metabolomic study. Interrogations remain regarding the mechanisms of growth inhibition and the correlative accumulation of this chelating agent in the inhibition zone
Comment sont choisies les stratégies de protection des cultures ? Regards croisés d’agriculteurs, de conseillers et de chercheurs
No full textPrincipaux résultats d'une étude dont l’objectif était de mieux comprendre les critères perçus par les agriculteurs comme importants lorsqu’ils choisissent une stratégie de protection des cultures, et le décalage potentiel avec les autres acteurs de la recherche et développement : les chercheurs et les conseillers agricoles
"The Deterrent Effect of the Death Penalty? Evidence from British Commutations During World War I"
No full textNational audienceDuring World War I, the British military condemned over 3,000 soldiers to death, but only executed 12% of them; the others received commuted sentences. Many historians believe that the military command confirmed or commuted sentences for reasons unrelated to the circumstances of a particular case and that the application of the death penalty was essentially a random, “pitiless lottery.” Using a dataset on all capital cases during World War I, I statistically investigate this claim and find that the data are consistent with an essentially random process. Using this result, I exploit variation in commutations and executions within military units to identify the deterrent effect of executions, with deterrence measured by the elapsed time within a unit between the resolution of a death sentence (i.e., a commutation or execution) and subsequent absences within that unit. Absences are measured via handwritten trial records and “wanted” lists prepared by British military police units searching for deserters and preserved in war diaries and police gazettes. I find some limited evidence that executing deserters deterred absences, while executing Irish soldiers, regardless of the crime, spurred absences, particularly Irish absences. I present a model where perceived legitimacy of authority affects why people obey the law
Advanced H-Beta Zeolite Catalysis for Selective Benzene Production from Sulfur-Containing PPS Plastic Waste
No full textInternational audienc
Quantifying the added value of impact-based warnings for flash flood monitoring using innovative multi-source impact data
No full textInternational audienceFlash-floods have devastating impacts on societies. Early warning systems play a crucial role in mitigating these impacts by enabling preventive actions. Traditionally, warning systems have been hazard-based, relying on predefined thresholds for physical parameters such as discharge in the case of floods. However, there is growing interest in impact-based warnings (IBW), which integrate hazard information with exposure and vulnerability to communicate potential impacts. IBW are expected to improve communication with the public, prioritize affected areas, and reduce false alarms, but their operational benefits are not sufficiently validated. This study focuses on IBW for flash floods, comparing their performance with traditional hazard-based warnings (HBW). We used a validation framework based on diverse datasets, including legislative decrees attesting to natural disasters, insurance claim records, and fire and rescue service operation logs. The analysis spans a 13-year continuous period (2010-2022) over the French Mediterranean region, and two different spatial resolutions (river reach and municipality scales). The IBW were based on thresholds of the number of flooded buildings, while the HBW are based on discharge return period thresholds. Our results demonstrate a clear added value of IBW over HBW, particularly at finer spatial scales. On the river reach scale, IBW reduced the number of false alarms by a factor of 2 to 3 compared to HBW. This highlights the potential of IBW to enhance decision-making processes by providing more precise and actionable warnings. The findings underscore the need for systematic impact data collection and the integration of diverse datasets to further refine and validate IBW