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Food formulation: rheological and tribological determinants of oral processing and flavor perception
No full textInternational audienc
Effets du génotype (croisés Duroc vs. Piétrain) et de la stratégie alimentaire (origine et nature des ressources protéiques) sur l’empreinte environnementale de la production porcine
No full textInternational audienceImproving pork quality while decreasing environmental impacts of pig farming is a major challenge. This study involved 60 female pigs from two genotypes ([LW × LD] × Piétrain NN (P) and [LW × LD] × Duroc (D)), raised under two feeding strategies in a conventional farming system to assess their environmental impacts through individual life cycle assessment (LCA). At an average body weight (BW) of 33 kg, pigs were allocated to 4 experimental groups (n=15/group): PC and DC received a control diet (C) based on oilseed meals (imported soya bean, rapeseed and shelled sunflower), while PR and DR were fed an R diet containing extruded faba bean (French origin) as the main protein source and extruded linseed as a source of n-3 fatty acids. Pigs were housed individually and fed ad libitum until slaughter at ca. 116 kg BW. Life cycle inventories using experimental data were generated with MEANS-InOut software, and environmental impacts per kg of BW were calculated using the EF 3.1 method. Among the major environmental impacts in the pig-production sector, climate change, acidification, fossil-resource depletion, and water use were influenced by both genetics and diet, while terrestrial eutrophication and land use were influenced only by genetics, and freshwater eutrophication only by diet. Overall, D pigs had higher environmental impacts than P pigs did, and the C diet led to higher impacts than the R diet. The results highlighted that optimized farm-level strategies can improve the environmental performance of pig production
Chemin d’impact du LLUNAM : cadre de référence pour investiguer, concevoir, expérimenter et évaluer ensemble des Solutions fondées sur la Nature sur l’aire urbaine de Montpellier
No full textRapport d’ateliers multi-acteur∙ricesCe rapport présente le chemin d’impact du living lab LLUNAM, dédié au déploiement des Solutions fondées sur la Nature sur l’aire urbaine de Montpellier. Ce chemin d’impact a été co-construit en mobilisant la démarche de planification stratégique ASIRPA lors d’ateliers multi-acteur∙rices. Cette démarche vise à expliciter collectivement les impacts souhaités au long terme, les changements nécessaires pour y contribuer et les stratégies transformatrices à mettre en œuvre pour les générer.Le document articule un diagnostic partagé des enjeux socio-environnementaux du territoire, une vision à l'horizon 2050 d’une métropole fondée sur la nature, ainsi que l’identification de voies de changement structurantes. Celles-ci intègrent des dimensions de gouvernance, de production et partage de connaissances, d’(inter)médiation, de participation citoyenne, de cadre réglementaire et de transformation des pratiques professionnelles.Conçu comme un outil opérationnel et stratégique, ce rapport a vocation à servir de guide de pilotage pour investiguer, concevoir, expérimenter et évaluer, avec les acteur∙rices du territoire, des Solutions fondées sur la Nature. Il peut ainsi être mobilisé comme cadre de référence par les porteur∙euses de projets qui souhaitent situer leurs initiatives dans le champ d’action du living lab LLUNAM
Molecular Dynamics and Quantum Chemical Insights into the Molecular Basis of Differential Toxicity of the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Its Microbial Derivatives DOM-1 and 3-epi-DON
No full textInternational audienceDeoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin from Fusarium species that contaminates cereal grains, posing health risks. DON binds to site A of the 60S ribosomal subunit in eukaryotes, triggering a ribotoxic stress response. Despite structural similarity, its metabolites, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) and 3-epi-deoxynivalenol (3-epi-DON), are nontoxic, but the molecular basis of this difference is unclear. This study employed molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and quantum chemical calculations based on Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory (SAPT) to analyze the interactions of DON and its metabolites with the ribosomal site. Our results reveal that DON adopts a unique binding conformation, enabling strong and stable interactions with an Mg 2+ ion and nucleotide U2873, maintaining its position within the ribosomal pocket throughout 500 ns of MD simulations. In contrast, DOM-1 and 3-epi-DON fail to sustain these interactions due to the absence of the epoxide group or altered hydroxyl orientation, leading to their dissociation. Additional MD simulations of the complex with another potent toxic trichothecene, verrucarin A showed stable binding at the same site, emphasizing the importance of these molecular interactions for toxicity. Further, quantum chemical analyses highlighted the energetic contributions of electrostatic and induction forces in stabilizing DON within the binding pocket. These data are in line with experimental studies in HCT116 human colon cancer cells confirming the lack of cytotoxicity of DOM-1 and 3-epi-DON and demonstrating differential ribotoxicity of DON and its metabolites. These results highlight a clear structure-activity relationship, where modifications at key positions markedly affect trichothecene binding and toxicity. Together, these findings advance our understanding of trichothecene toxicity and support the development of detoxification strategies and novel therapeutics targeting this ribosomal site
Modélisation et prédiction des communautés microbiennes du sol sur grand échelle spatial en se basant sur des méthodes de réduction de dimensionnalité sur des données métagénomiques
No full textInternational audienc
Impact of pretreatment on endogenous bacterial communities and metabolite yield in sugar beet pulp fermentation: comparative analysis with external inoculum yields
No full textInternational audienceEndogenous bacterial communities present on biomass exhibit hydrolytic and fermentative activities, producing liquid and gaseous metabolites during fermentation. Several pretreatment methods are employed to hydrolyse complex biomass into simpler forms before conversion by fermentation. However, the impact of these pretreatments on endogenous microbial communities, particularly in the absence of external inoculum, is not well understood. This study investigates the effects of thermal and thermo-acid pretreatments on the selection of endogenous bacteria in sugar beet pulp and their subsequent production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and hydrogen through acidogenic fermentation. Pretreatment increased soluble sugar availability, leading to a metabolic shift toward butyrate production and enhanced hydrogen production up to 91 ± 14 NmL/gVS under thermo-acid conditions. In contrast, the highest VFA yields were achieved without pretreatment (0.72 ± 0.16 gCOD/gVS with inoculum and 0.59 ± 0.05 gCOD/gVS without inoculum). While pretreatment initially reduced microbial population density and metabolite yield in non-inoculated fermentations at day 8, extending fermentation to 14 days allowed the endogenous community to recover, achieving comparable yields with inoculated fermentation at day 8. These results demonstrate that pretreatment can selectively drive metabolic pathways to target products, while fermentation duration and inoculation strongly influence overall metabolite production
Judging Social Priority and the Marginal Utility of Income Among Individuals
No full textNational audienceWeighted benefit-cost analysis is receiving increased attention as a method to incorporate concerns about the distribution of policy effects across individuals. Weights are intended to reflect interpersonal differences in the effect of income on wellbeing (the marginal utility of income) and the social value of improving the wellbeing of different individuals. Lacking an objective method for comparing differences or levels of wellbeing between individuals, multiple approaches to estimating how the marginal utility of income depends on income or other factors have been developed, but each of these requires strong assumptions that are not always recognized. This suggests that weights must be chosen judgmentally. Holding income constant, weights are likely to be smaller for older people, due to shorter remaining life expectancy and other factors
Diversity of soil bacterial communities in response to fonio (Digitaria exilis Stapf) genotypes and pedoclimatic conditions in Benin
No full textInternational audienceIn sub-Saharan regions, soil fertility is a major concern for plant productivity, influenced by physical, chemical, and biological components. Among biological properties, the recruitment of soil microbial communities by plant roots is influenced by both physico-chemical soil properties and plant characteristics, dependent on species or genotypes. Here, rhizosphere bacterial communities associated with five fonio genotypes cultivated under three pedoclimatic conditions were investigated. Rhizosphere soils were collected for high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize soil bacterial diversity. Additional parameters were assessed to classify soil fertility of the three pedoclimatic conditions and to evaluate relationships between the bacterial community’s composition and soil fertility variables. Principal Component Analysis revealed a clear effect of pedoclimatic condition, whereas genotype had no significant impact on soil chemical properties or enzyme activities. Overall, soils were low in fertility, with Boukoumbe soil standing out for its higher chemical values and enzyme activities. For example, Boukoumbe reached 1.48% organic carbon, compared to 0.61% in Gogounou and 0.36% in Ina. Similarly, total nitrogen and available phosphorus were also higher in Boukoumbe. Regarding bacterial community, there is no impact of pedoclimatic condition and genotype on their richness and diversity. However, Bray-Curtis index revealed a significant difference in bacterial community structure among pedoclimatic conditions, but not among fonio genotypes. This suggests, in rhizosphere, bacterial community structure is more modulated by soil properties than crop genotypes. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota were most abundant phyla, varying significantly across pedoclimatic conditions. Moraxellaceae and Oxalobacteraceae bacteria were most abundant families within Proteobacteria, while Chitinophagaceae and Weeksellaceae dominated in Bacteroidota. Our study highlighted the significant roles of soil pH, as well as sulfate and nitrate content, in shaping bacterial communities. These findings offer valuable insights into the bacterial communities associated with fonio and their key drivers
Regularisation and validation of a depth-averaged model for granular flow consistent with the incompressible µ(I) rheology
No full textWe present a regularised extension of a three-equation depth-averaged model for granular flows recently derived by Deléage et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 1009, 2025, p. A57). The previous model was obtained consistently with the µ(I)-rheology, with the help of an asymptotic expansion of the flow variables near a steady uniform flow. However, the range of slope at which steady uniform granular flows can be observed is limited, and the former model cannot be used outside this range, in particular for the liquid/solid and liquid/gas transitions. This is why we present in this paper an extension of the three-equation model, which is valid for any value of the slope. In order to achieve this, we introduce a regularisation coefficient enabling to model a transition between various flow regimes. This coefficient is written in a way that preserves the consistency with the µ(I)-rheology in the range of slope admitting steady uniform flows. Outside this range, the model keeps a well-posed structure. The predictions of the regularised model are then validated through comparisons with experimental data in various unsteady and unstationary regimes. We first study granular dry fronts, and show that the model successfully predicts the flattening of the profiles when the Froude number increases, while keeping a well defined front. We then show that the model provides accurate results for the final deposit left after a granular dam break on low inclination slopes. Finally, a third validation is performed in a configuration combining a steep slope and a variable topography
Identifying knowledge gaps in biodiversity data and their determinants at the regional level
No full textBiodiversity open-access databases are valuable resources in the structuring and accessibility of species occurrence data. By compiling different data sources, they reveal the uneven spatial distribution of knowledge, with areas or taxonomic groups better prospected than others. Understanding the determinants of spatial and taxonomic knowledge gaps helps in informing the use of open-access data. Here, we identified knowledge gaps’ determinants within a French regional biodiversity database, in the largest administrative region in France. Knowledge gaps were assessed using two metrics, completeness and ignorance scores, for 8 taxonomic groups covering five vertebrates and three invertebrates groups. The data was analyzed for the entire region, but also at the level of the three former sub-regions, to identify the potential drivers that may account for knowledge gaps’ determinants. Our findings show that invertebrates were characterized by higher knowledge gaps than vertebrates. Overall, knowledge gaps are influenced by variables related to sites’ accessibility rather than ecological appeal across both metrics. All groups shared similar determinants of gaps, except for the impact of agricultural pressure which is found to be more significant for invertebrates than vertebrates. Ultimately, our study emphasizes the impact of biodiversity governance, through local funding and regional political decisions, on knowledge distribution in open-access databases. We recommend limiting these biases by redirecting biodiversity funding towards under-sampled taxonomic groups and under-prospected areas. When not possible, users of data extracted from these databases should correct for spatial-sampling biases (SSP) using knowledge gaps’ maps in order to get a more accurate understanding of species occurrence