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Which signal(s) can we retrieve from a phylogenomic analysis of a plant syngameon
No full textInternational audienceA syngameon is a multispecies interbreeding network —that is, a group of otherwise distinct species linked by limited gene exchange. Although the term was coined a century ago, the value of this framework in understanding the diversity of organisms, such as oaks, pines, and eucalyptus, has only recently been recognized.Armeria (Plumbaginaceae) is a diploid plant genus of mostly Mediterranean perennial herbs, and is a syngameon based on abundant independent evidence. It ranks third among genera with the most endemic species in the Iberian Peninsula.To build an evolutionary framework for Armeria, which remained elusive using Sanger sequencing technology-based analyses, we have initiated a project in which we will use a targeted high-throughput sequencing approach with a custom-designed bait kit, combined with genome skimming (HybSeq). Due to the interbreeding nature of this network, a relevant question is which signals —taxonomic, geographic, or mixed— we will be able to recover, and in which regions and lineages. We hypothesize that a geographic signal will be strong in highly diverse regions, such as the Iberian Peninsula. We anticipate a contrasting scenario for the distinct A. maritima group, which spans the largest range across several continents but co-occurs with few or no other congeners. Phylogenomic analysis of the entire genus will be complemented by phylogeographic approaches for two groups: the A. maritima group and the A. villosa group. The latter consists of a species that underwent adaptive introgression from several congeners in different parts of its range, resembling the relative old compilospecies concept
Sex-specific aggressive and emotional behavior in myostatin-deficient mice: Ratio of acylated versus unacylated ghrelin is reduced, but not correlated with butyrylcholinesterase activity level, however parvalbumin expression is lost in the habenular complex
No full textMyostatin plays crucial roles in negative regulation of muscle growth. Inactivation of the myostatin gene results in gross muscle hypertrophy. We observed that myostatin knock-out (myostatin-KO) mice are more aggressive than wild-type (WT) mice. Ghrelin is a hormone produced by cells of the gastrointestinal tract that activates cells in the brain and increases the drive to eat. The level of circulating ghrelin affects anxiety, stress, and aggression. Ghrelin controls expression of myostatin in disease-associated cachexia. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is responsible for the deacylation of ghrelin. BChE knock-out mice show higher level of acylated ghrelin and are more aggressive than WT mice. De-acylation of ghrelin by BChE reduces aggression in mice. We hypothesizedthat the levels of expression of BChE, ghrelin and myostatin could explain the aggressive behavior of myostatin-myostatin-KO mice. Resident/intruder tests shows that male myostatin-KO mice are more aggressive than WT littermates. Female myostatin-KO mice show much higher spontaneous exercise than female WT and males of both genotypes. Behavioral tests (elevated plus maze and light/dark box) show that myostatin-KO mice present anxious behavior without any change in circulating corticosterone. Myostatin-KO mice have a lower acylated/unacylated ghrelin ratio. Female myostatin-KO mice show lower level of BChE activity compared with WT lit-termates. Comparison of staining for various neurotransmitter systems involved in behavior showed that the onlyregion where there was a difference between WT and myostatin-KO mice was in the habenular complex which involved in regulation of behavior. Reduced ghrelin levels and loss of parvalbumin neurons of the habenular complex could partly explain the behavior of our model
Tiques et santé. Biologie, maladies, maîtrise du risque
No full textInternational audienceFace aux déséquilibres écologiques et au risque croissant d’épidémies liés au changement global, il est légitime de s’interroger sur le rôle des tiques, connues pour transmettre de nombreux agents pathogènes à l’homme et l’animal. Elles peuvent être à l’origine d’un certain nombre de maladies, comme la maladie de Lyme.Cet ouvrage présente en premier lieu des éléments de base sur la biologie et l’écologie de ces parasites : quels sont leurs habitats, leurs hôtes préférés ? Comment localisent-ils ces hôtes et comment se reproduisent-ils ? Quels agents pathogènes transmettent-ils ? Sommes-nous égaux face au risque de piqûre ? Quelles sont les zones les plus infestées ? Les composantes du risque lié aux tiques et les moyens de connaître et suivre ce risque sont ensuite détaillés. Des stratégies sont proposées, qu’il s’agisse d’actions individuelles (adaptation des comportements, recours éventuel à la vaccination) ou collectives (meilleure gestion des zones de contact entre espaces naturels et zones habitées).Ce livre s’adresse à toute personne pratiquant des activités de plein air, ainsi qu’aux étudiants et enseignants. Il invite, sans alarmisme, à une approche basée sur la vigilance
Is compulsory inter-municipal cooperation an efficiency booster?
No full textInternational audienceThis paper evaluates the impact of inter-municipal cooperation on municipal efficiency in France. We exploit the “Réforme des Collectivités Territoriales” (RCT) law, approved in 2010, which forced municipalities to join an inter-municipal group (EIMC) by 2014. Focusing on Île-de-France from 2002 to 2019, we first compute municipal efficiency scores, accounting for intra- and inter-EIMC spillover effects. We then causally assess the impact of EIMC integration on municipal efficiency. We find that the RCT law increased municipal efficiency by 1.1% to 1.9%, with a stronger effect for early adopters and with increasing length of exposure
The Global Spectra-Trait Initiative: A database of paired leaf spectroscopy and functional traits associated with leaf photosynthetic capacity
No full textInternational audienceAccurate assessment of leaf functional traits is crucial for a diverse range of applications from crop phenotyping to parameterizing global climate models. Leaf reflectance spectroscopy offers a promising avenue to advance ecological and agricultural research by complementing traditional, time-consuming gas exchange measurements. However, the development of robust hyperspectral models for predicting leaf photosynthetic capacity and associated traits from reflectance data has been hindered by limited data availability across species and environments. Here we introduce the Global Spectra-Trait Initiative (GSTI), a collaborative repository of paired leaf hyperspectral and gas exchange measurements from diverse ecosystems. The GSTI repository currently encompasses over 7500 observations from 397 species and 41 sites gathered from 36 published and unpublished studies, thereby offering a key resource for developing and validating hyperspectral models of leaf photosynthetic capacity. The GSTI database is developed on GitHub (https://github.com/plantphys/gsti, last access: 4 January 2026) and published to ESS-DIVE https://doi.org/10.15485/2530733, Lamour et al., 2025). It includes gas exchange data, derived photosynthetic parameters, and key leaf traits often associated with traditional gas exchange measurements such as leaf mass per area and leaf elemental composition. By providing a standardized repository for data sharing and analysis, we present a critical step towards creating hyperspectral models for predicting photosynthetic traits and associated leaf traits for terrestrial plants
Social gaps, perceived inequality and protests
No full textInternational audienceLatent feelings of economic vulnerability and social stagnation may have catalyzed the unprecedented uprisings that shook Latin America and other parts of the world in 2018–2019. We document this process in the context of Chile, leveraging survey data on protest participation and its potential determinants. Specifically, we construct a “social gap” index, measuring the disconnect between objective and perceived social status. Our findings suggest that this status misperception predicts protest involvement beyond factors such as perceived living costs, the subjective value of public services, peer influence, redistributive views and political demands. Notably, the social gap operates independently of broader feelings of unfairness and anger toward inequalities in explaining protests
Gene silencing targeting uk1_LRR or clathrin in the experimental vector Euscelidius variegatus modifies insect colonization by "flavescence dorée" phytoplasma
No full textInternational audienceThe “flavescence dorée” (FD) phytoplasma is transmitted from grapevine to grapevine by the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus. In experimental conditions, this phytoplasma is also transmitted by the leafhopper Euscelidius variegatus to broad bean in which it multiplies and induces symptoms. To be transmitted to plants, phytoplasmas must invade different cell types of their insect vectors. The process of cellular endocytosis involves both bacterial and eucaryotic factors such as adhesins and receptors. In the present study, it is shown that entry of fluorescent beads coated with the adhesin VmpA of the FD phytoplasma into cultured E. variegatus cells depends on the putative receptor Uk1_LRR and clathrin of the insect. In vivo experiments have shown that silencing of uk1_LRR gene increased the colonization of E. variegatus by the FD phytoplasmas without effect on the plant transmission. On the contrary, silencing of clathrin gene significantly reduced the colonization of E. variegatus and the transmission to broad bean
MetaNetMap : cartographie automatique des données métabolomiques sur les réseaux métaboliques
No full textInternational audienceMetabolic networks represent genome-derived information about the biochemical reactions that cells are capable of performing. Mapping omic data onto these networks is important to refine model simulations. However, metabolomic data mapping remains very challenging due to difficulties in identifier reconciliation between annotation profiles and metabolic networks. MetaNetMap is a Python package designed to automatise the process of mapping metabolomic data onto metabolic networks. It includes several layers of identifier matching, the use of customisable databases, and molecular ontology integration to suggest the most matches between experimentally-identified metabolites and molecules defined in the network.Les réseaux métaboliques représentent les informations issues du génome concernant les réactions biochimiques que les cellules sont capables d'effectuer. La cartographie des données omiques sur ces réseaux est importante pour affiner les simulations de modèles. Cependant, la cartographie des données métabolomiques reste très difficile en raison des difficultés de rapprochement des identifiants entre les profils d'annotation et les réseaux métaboliques. MetaNetMap est un package Python conçu pour automatiser le processus de cartographie des données métabolomiques sur les réseaux métaboliques. Il comprend plusieurs niveaux de correspondance des identifiants, l'utilisation de bases de données personnalisables et l'intégration de l'ontologie moléculaire afin de suggérer les correspondances les plus pertinentes entre les métabolites identifiés expérimentalement et les molécules définies dans le réseau
Prevalence and factors associated with the adoption of heat-adaptive behaviors among residents of a French southern region
No full textInternational audienceHeatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense, making it essential to examine individual protective strategies against their negative health effects. We conducted a survey (N = 1,515) in summer 2022 to investigate the prevalence of eight heat-adaptive behaviors (HABs) and the factors associated with their adoption. The population implemented the eight HABs heterogeneously, with closing shutters, blinds, or curtains and going to a cooler or air-conditioned place being the most and least adopted HABs, respectively. Using the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM), we found that greater perceived efficacy and descriptive norms were associated with higher adoption of HABs, as measured by an adaptation index, while greater perceived barriers led to lower adaptation. Conversely, demographic characteristics and self-reported health did not seem to be important predictors of adaptation. Our disaggregated analysis indicated that sociodemographic variables, such as gender or income, and threat perception variables exerted a heterogeneous impact on the eight HABs. Our study identified key drivers of HAB adoption that could help health authorities shape their communication campaigns to improve the population's adaptation to heatwaves
Balancing positive and negative environmental impacts of urban greening considering future climate: A case study in the Paris region, France
No full textInternational audienceUrban greening enhances summer thermal comfort in cities; however, vegetation requires watering and reduces solar gains on buildings, potentially increasing energy consumption for heating. A methodology was developed to investigate whether the positive effects of urban trees on human health offset the increased water and energy consumption impacts. This method involves four steps: 1. Modelling the urban microclimate based on regional climatic data, accounting for vegetation effects; 2. Evaluating indoor temperatures and possible overheating using building thermal simulation; 3. Deriving the damage of overheating on human health, and 4. Performing a life cycle assessment.This process was applied to a case study on an urban greening project, including renovating an existing social housing building. According to the results, urban greening thanks to trees allows a decrease in outdoor air temperature around 1.7 • C (median value, 1.3 • C and 2.0 • C for 10th and 90th percentile, resp.) and a decrease in indoor temperature around 0.4 • C (median value; 0.25 • C and 0.55 for 10th and 90th percentile, resp.) during the five weeks heat wave period. Some life-cycle environmental impacts were reduced, particularly those related to damage to human health (-12.5 %), with limited impact transfer. The impact reduction due to energy savings from building renovation is higher.While many cities invest in urban greening projects, the importance of energy renovation is often overlooked. This prioritisation may be questioned, and the analysis presented in this article could serve as a valuable tool in guiding decision-making. By using the same indicator (Disability-Adjusted Life Years, DALY) to express life cycle and overheating-related impacts, this approach enables the integration of mitigation and adaptation in decisionmaking processes