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Extracting Affective Meaning from Text Data Using Sentiment Analysis: Applications in Sensory and Consumer Science
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Oceanographic and hydroclimatic data explain depressed water level in the coastal karst hosting the decorated Paleolithic Cosquer cave (France)
No full textInternational audiencePaleolithic decorated caves are home to a priceless heritage, but their preservation depends on hydroclimatic conditions within the cave. In coastal areas, changing sea levels pose a further threat to caves, as the sea floods the karst and obliterates Paleolithic artefacts. In this paper, we study the case of the Cosquer Cave, a half-submerged coastal cave located in southeastern France, home to Upper Paleolithic archeological remains. This is a very special case, where the sea represents both an opportunity and a threat for the preservation of an archeological site. The cave is confined, submerged in its lower part, and embedded in a limestone massif with low permeability in the unsaturated zone. Several times a year, mainly in autumn, winter, and spring, air flows through the karstic massif, most likely below sea level, raising the cave's air pressure above atmospheric pressure. The resulting overpressure lowers the cave water level for weeks, keeping it below sea level and temporarily keeping the lowest wall paintings and engravings emerged. However, the oceanographic conditions that cause a pressurization event have not yet been described, although it is a key understanding to help preserve the natural heritage housed in the Cosquer Cave. Based on nine years of in situ continuous monitoring, we use descriptive statistics to decipher the oceanographic conditions controlling air inflow, air outflow, and absence of air flow through the submerged karst. We show that waves are the engine for the pressurization of the cave. The three main factors controlling air entrance are wave height, wave direction and seawater level. 90 % of air inflows coincide with significant wave heights exceeding 0.8 m. Additionally, air inflows are more efficiently caused by SSW and SW waves, propagating in a direction orthogonal to the cliff than by waves from the SE-SSE direction, propagating along the cliff. The minimum wave height required for air inflow to occur increases with sea-level rise, likely because submerged conduits become less accessible for air input. This study establishes a conceptual model of functioning for the natural hydrosystem of the Cosquer Cave, and provides the basis for further modeling and predictions according to scenarios of climate change and sea-level rise
Climate change and resilience in the agricultural sector: The case of the impact of COVID-19 in the French wine industry
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter examines the impact of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic on the French wine industry, focusing on governance and resilience across various actors in the wine value chain. Using a mixed-methods approach, it explores how institutional frameworks and organizational structures influence firms’ capacity to adapt to external shocks. The study highlights differences in resilience among cooperatives, independent winegrowers, and other industry players, emphasizing the importance of collaborative governance and strategic adaptation for sustaining the sector amid ongoing global challenges
1941-2023 overall annual intensity indicator data for grapevine pests and diseases over three French vineyard regions
No full textInternational audienceSince the beginning of the 20th century, the official French agricultural warning service (Ministry of Agriculture) has published weekly reports and annual summaries of key pest and disease pressures. The summaries were based on a large number of plots, including untreated ones, located in many different regions, with different local editions in every region. They constitute a highly valuable body of literature on pest and disease presence and overall damage, notably in vineyards. We used this literature to develop a textual analysis and build an integrative grading system for assessing a posteriori annual pest occurrence and damage intensity over an extended period (1941 to 2023) in the Bordeaux, Champagne and Vaucluse wine-growing regions. To reconstruct the pest and disease occurrence and intensity over time in the three regions, we established a long-term database of annual grades. The various grapevine diseases include notably downy and powdery mildews, black rot, rotbrenner and gray mold and, for the phytophagous insects, European vine moth (Lobesia botrana) and vine moth (Eupoecilia ambiguella). This tool can be very useful for characterizing the epidemiological status of various years or vintages, and analyzing long-term trends versus more isolated events. This will allow us to better describe and understand historical pest and pathogen temporal dynamics and link them to biotic and/or abiotic contexts. This will be helpful for anticipating needed advances in grapevine protection against quantitative and/or qualitative loss and for adapting viticulture to global changes including climatic, regulatory and marketing dynamics
Impact of ph1 and ph2 mutation on homoeologous recombination in wheat
No full textInternational audienceDiversification of the hexaploid (bread) wheat genetic pool using wild genetic Q11 resources relies on effective meiotic recombination (crossover) between wheatchromosomes and their counterparts from related species (homoeologues).However, crossover between homoeologues is normally suppressed by two major genes, ZIP4-5B (Ph1) and MSH7-3D (Ph2). We investigated the effect of introducing zip4-5B and/or msh7-3D mutations into interspecific hybrids derived from crosses between wheat and Aegilops variabilis. Single and double mutants were exploited in Chinese Spring (CS) and Cadenza (Cad) genetic backgrounds, as well as in a CS/Cad recombinant background. Meiotic cells at metaphase I were scored for univalents, bivalents, and multivalents, from which chiasma numbers were deduced. We demonstrated a non-cumulative effect ofsimultaneous zip4-5B and msh7-3D mutations on homoeologous recombination, as homoeologous crossovers reached a maximum when ZIP4-5B alone was mutated. We also showed that hybrids carrying both the zip4-5B and msh7-3D mutations in the same genetic background exhibited a higher recombination rate compared to a double mutant in the CS/Cad recombinant background. The progression of meiosis was also monitored in the various interspecific hybrids mutants, revealing clear disruptions. Thus, our studyprovides key insights for optimizing the introgression of beneficial alleles from wild relatives into elite wheat germplasm; first by demonstrating the efficiency of ZIP4-5B and MSH7-3D mutations independently and in combination and second by elucidating the influence of the genetic background in which these mutations are present in an interspecific hybrid context
Leaf nitrogen and wood density, but not root traits, explain the growth and survival of temperate tree species
No full textInternational audienceThe interspecific trade‐off between tree growth potential in resource‐rich environments and survival in resource‐poor ones is a central element of species' distributions and forest diversity. Above‐ground traits are commonly used to understand demographic strategies of tree species, but research on root trait relationships with tree growth and especially survival is largely lacking. This study is among the first to investigate how leaf, wood and root traits influence growth in resource‐rich environments and survival in poor environments across temperate tree species. A dataset of over 735,000 observations of tree‐level growth and survival was compiled for more than 370,000 trees of 15 temperate species growing in the northeastern United States, and censused between 2000 and 2014. Species' data on leaf, stem and root traits commonly deemed important for tree demography (i.e. leaf nitrogen [N], specific leaf area [SLA], wood density [WD], specific root length [SRL] and root N) were retrieved from trait databases. These above‐ and below‐ground traits were used in a causal analytical framework combined with Bayesian multilevel models to understand their relationships with tree demography. We found that high leaf N and low WD resulted in faster growth under favourable conditions, and in lower survival in unfavourable environments. SLA and SRL had weaker and less clear negative effects on tree growth and positive effects on tree survival. There was no clear evidence of root N effects on growth or survival. Synthesis— Our work shows that the root traits included in this study had weak and no clear effect on tree species' demography. The relative importance of different root traits for tree growth and survival may be contingent on the soil environment, so that species' demographic strategies cannot be confidently inferred from below‐ground traits without biotic or abiotic environmental context
Severity of complications is associated with impaired health‐related quality of life in people with type 1 diabetes
No full textInternational audienceAims Health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) assessment is increasingly integrated into type 1 diabetes (T1D) monitoring to promote a holistic approach. To investigate HRQoL in adults with T1D and to assess the impact of the severity of complications on HRQoL. Materials and Methods This is a cross‐sectional analysis of baseline characteristics of adults living with T1D included in Société Francophone du Diabète – Cohorte Diabète de Type 1 (SFDT1), a French longitudinal cohort study. HRQoL was assessed using generic (EuroQol 5‐Dimensions 5‐Level questionnaire [EQ‐5D‐5L]) and diabetes‐specific (Audit of Diabetes‐Dependent Quality of Life) instruments. The severity of diabetes complications was measured using an adapted Diabetes Complication Score Index (DCSI) ranging from 0 to 14. We used multiple imputations to deal with missing data. Results We included 1892 adults, 48% women, with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 38 (28; 51) years. The mean overall EQ‐5D‐5L HRQoL score was 71.1 ± 17.7 (maximum 100), with the following number of participants negatively impacted for each domain: 271 (14%) for mobility, 94 (5%) for self‐care, 378 (19%) for usual activities, 853 (45%) for pain/discomfort and 983 (52%) for anxiety/depression. The median (IQR) DCSI was 1 (0; 2). In multivariable models, a one‐step increase in DCSI was associated with a 1.5% decrease in overall EQ‐5D‐5L HRQoL. DCSI was also inversely associated with all domains of the generic scale except anxiety/depression and 17 domains of the diabetes‐specific scale. Conclusions We observed an inverse association between the severity of complications and overall HRQoL and most of its dimensions. Our results highlight the need to reinforce the prevention of complications to improve the overall well‐being of people with T1D
Assessing the integrity of SARS-CoV-2 and F-specific RNA bacteriophage RNA in raw wastewater (ANRS0160)
No full textInternational audienceRNA integrity is an essential parameter for analyzing the nature of viral particles, especially in environmental samples where assessing virus infectivity is often difficult or impossible. It is also an important factor in the effectiveness of virus sequencing in environmental matrices containing mixed viral populations composed of variants that differ from one another by only a limited number of mutations, such as in the case of SARS-CoV-2. This study introduces a multiplex Reverse Transcription Digital PCR (RT-dPCR) method for evaluating the RNA integrity of SARS-CoV-2 and F-specific RNA phages belonging to subgroup I (FRNAPH-I) using synthetic RNA, viral stocks, and then raw wastewater (WW) in which SARS-CoV-2 and FRNAPH-I were naturally present. An initial approach using one-step multiplex digital Reverse Transcription PCR (dRT-PCR) demonstrated unequal detection across the genomic regions of both FRNAPH and SARS-CoV-2. To overcome this methodological bias, a two-step method called Long-Range Reverse Transcription digital PCR (LR-RT-dPCR) was developed. This approach involves performing long-range reverse transcription at the 3′ end using a single specific reverse primer to generate contiguous cDNA that spans multiple targets of interest. Following cDNA synthesis, the sample is partitioned, and a multiplex amplification is carried out on targets located at the 3′ end, middle, and 5′ end of the sequence. The LR-RT-dPCR method enabled uniform detection with enhanced sensitivity and was validated using capillary electrophoresis on synthetic RNA of MS2, a phage which belongs to the FRNAPH-I subgroup. LR-RT-dPCR was employed in both triplex and quintuplex formats to analyze the MS2 phage genome (3,569 nucleotides (nt)) and SARS-CoV-2 genome (∼30,000 nt), respectively. Using this approach, viral RNA integrity was evaluated through the detection frequencies of genome fragments of the whole genome. The viral stocks of MS2 phages replicated in a laboratory and stored in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) exhibited high RNA detection frequencies (> 50 %). In WW, RNA detection frequency was significantly lower, not exceeding 2 % even for the shortest fragment of the FRNAPH-I genome. On the other hand, SARS-CoV-2 RNA showed greater detection frequency than FRNAPH-I RNA in WW, with values exceeding 30 % for short fragments (<1,500 nt) and ranging from 0 % to 44 % for longer fragments (1,500 to 3,500 nt). The relationship between the detection frequency of a fragment and its length does not appear to be strictly linear, as factors other than length can influence genome integrity. These factors include the intrinsic properties of specific genomic regions. For example, the S3-ORF3a region of the SARS-CoV-2 genome appears particularly stable
Crystallization behavior of co-polyesters based on hydroxy fatty acids extracted from tomato peel agro-wastes
No full textInternational audienceThis work investigates the crystallization behavior of bio-based slightly crosslinked polyester networks synthesized from long-chain hydroxy fatty acids. The crystallization kinetics and the melting behavior were assessed using a combination of modulated-temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MT-DSC) and fast scanning calorimetry (FSC). The characterization of the crystalline phases was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarized-light optical (POM) microscopy. A methodology based on calorimetric investigations was used, allowing to estimate the theoretical value of the melting enthalpy of the initial cutin monomers as well as of the derived co-polyester networks. The results obtained by this method allowed to estimate the crystalline content . The combination of XRD and calorimetric analyses evidenced the existence of polymorphs with different stabilities over time at room temperature, characterized by a monotropic transition from the metastable crystal phase (α-phase) to more stable crystal phases (β'and β-phases) depending on the crystallization time accorded to the monomers and the crosslinked co-polyesters. This work delves deeper into the complex crystallization behavior of biobased polyesters, which could eventually allow a better control over the properties of these materials
Platform Liability and Innovation
No full textNational audienceWe study a platform’s incentives to remove IP-infringing products and the effects of holding the platform liable for such infringements on innovation and welfare. We first show that platform liability can lead to either higher or lower commission rates, depending on how screening affects transaction volume. We then show that liability may spur or hinder innovation, depending on the intensity of cross-group network externalities. A sufficient condition for platform liability to reduce total welfare is that it lowers innovation, in which case all market participants–the platform, innovators, imitators, and buyers—are worse off. We also provide a sufficient condition under which platform liability raises total welfare