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Recourir à la justice pénale pour se sauver du régulateur ? Un dilemme pour les avocats d’affaires
No full textInternational audienceThis paper highlights the fundamental role of business lawyers in the redefinition process of the traditional divide between administrative authorities and the criminal justice system. In contrast to the usual interpretation of Foucault’s thesis of differentiated management of illegalisms, this study reveals that the justice administered by regulatory agencies is not invariably favorable to defendants in cases of stock market violations. For their lawyers, turning to criminal justice can serve as a strategy to resist the dominance of the French stock market regulator in its authority to qualify such violations legally. This paper is based on the analysis of twenty-one semi-directive sociological interviews.Cette recherche met en évidence le rôle central des avocats d’affaires dans le processus de redéfinition de l’opposition traditionnelle entre les autorités administratives et la justice pénale. En décalage avec la lecture suggérée par la gestion différentielle des illégalismes, cette étude dévoile que la justice rendue par les autorités administratives n’est pas invariablement avantageuse pour les mis en cause du milieu financier. En effet, pour leurs avocats d’affaires, la justice pénale peut devenir un moyen d’échapper à la domination de l’Autorité des marchés financiers sur les opérations de qualification des illégalismes boursiers. Ce travail de recherche se fonde sur l’analyse de vingt-et-un entretiens semi-directifs
Groundwater controls on legacy antibiotics and pesticides in an intensive agricultural headwater catchment
No full textInternational audiencePesticides and veterinary antibiotics, widely used in agricultural systems for crop production and livestock farming, have significant impacts on groundwater quality and ecosystem health. This study investigates their occurrence and long-term persistence in a small temperate agricultural watershed (Kervidy-Naizin, Brittany, France). Field measurements revealed that antibiotics appeared sporadically in surface water only, in contrast to pesticides (including atrazine and metolachlor), which were detected broadly in both surface water and groundwater. Additionally, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were employed as age tracers to constrain a 3D physically-based hydrogeological model of the crystalline bedrock aquifer, with particle tracking used to simulate groundwater transit time distributions (TTDs). In steady state, the groundwater flow model accurately represents both the local water table observed in piezometers and the spatial extent of the average hydrographic network. The TTDs were directly linked to the pesticide measurements, providing a consistent explanation for the long-term persistence of these contaminants. The results confirmed that atrazine and its metabolites were detected in groundwater with a mean age of 10 years, decades after its ban, while metolachlor residues were found in even older groundwater (>35 years), as inferred from CFC-constrained TTDs. This demonstrates the critical role of groundwater, governed by aquifer hydraulic properties, in storing and releasing legacy pollutants long after their application ceases. Our findings demonstrate the value of integrated field-modeling approaches for elucidating legacy pollutant pathways. They emphasize the need for expanded groundwater monitoring programs that account for hydrological time lags to effectively assess long-term pollution risks and inform mitigation strategies in agro-intensive regions
Snow drought alters soil microbial communities and greenhouse gas fluxes in a subalpine grassland
No full textInternational audienceSnow acts as an insulating layer on soils, preserving microbial function and promoting soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization over winter. Climate change is expected to increase the frequency of winter drought in temperate mountain ecosystems leading to snow-free winter, exposing soils to freezing and drying conditions that can disrupt microbial activity and key biogeochemical processes. However, the consequences of extreme snow drought event on microbial communities and associated C and N dynamics remain poorly understood, particularly from a functional and compositional perspective. This study aimed to investigate the ecological consequences of an extreme snow drought in subalpine grasslands by experimentally excluding all winter snowfall. By isolating the effects of a snow-free winter, without the confounding influences of warming or vegetation change, we were able to trace its impacts on ecosystem functioning from winter through the subsequent spring and summer. We observed a sharp spike in N2O emissions (+700 %) and a significant drop in CO2 fluxes (−70 %) during the snow-free winter, measured through discrete greenhouse gas flux sampling throughout the year, including winter. These changes coincided with immediate soil freezing and were linked to shifts in microbial community composition and function, assessed at three key periods—winter, spring, and peak growing season—using a combination of DNA-based community profiling, biomass quantification, and enzymatic assays. Functional markers showed widespread declines in microbial activity, including respiration, decomposition, and ammonification, along with a compositional shift toward anaerobic taxa and increased denitrification. These functional disruptions were further reflected in SOM mineralization dynamics, characterized via infrared spectroscopy and labile carbon fractions, and in reduced nitrogen cycling, measured through NH4+, NO3− content, and resin bag analyses. Although an extended growing season and compensatory microbial responses partially offset winter impacts, full functional recovery was not achieved by the end of the growing season. These findings highlight how snow-free winters, though extreme, can profoundly disrupt soil functioning, leaving lasting carry-over effects that last into subsequent seasons
Abiotic and biotic controls of non-native perennial plant success in drylands
No full textInternational audienceDrivers of non-native plant success in drylands are poorly understood. Here we identify functional differences between dryland native and non-native perennial plants and assess how biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic factors shape the success of the latter. On the basis of plant community and functional trait data from 98 sites across 25 countries, we report a total of 41 non-native plant species at 31 sites. Non-natives tend towards faster growth strategies than natives. Non-native plant richness is higher at sites with greater grazing pressure and under environmental conditions associated with higher soil fertility, decomposition and fungal richness-conditions that tend to occur in less arid regions-and lower where native plant and herbivore richness are greater. Non-native plant cover correlates positively with grazing pressure and negatively with native plant richness. Taken together, our results suggest that non-native plant success in drylands is facilitated when high grazing pressure coincides with elevated resource availability. Such context-dependence of non-native plant success and linkages with native plant and herbivore diversity highlight the need for managing grazing and conserving biodiversity across the world's dryland
Plant-parasitic nematode microRNAs hijack plant AGO1 to induce host-cell reprogramming
No full textCross-kingdom RNA interference (ckRNAi) is emerging as a mode of inter-organismal gene regulation, yet mechanistic examples in plant-metazoan interactions remain limited. Here, we demonstrate miRNA-driven ckRNAi in the nematode-plant pathosystem. Root-knot nematodes are among the most destructive plant pathogens, reprogramming root tissues to develop into galls containing multinucleated, hypermetabolic giant feeding cells essential for parasitism. AGO1-associated small-RNA immunoprecipitation (AGO1-RIP) from tomato galls revealed the selective in planta loading of 10 M. incognita miRNAs into host AGO1.Integrating degradome profiling, target prediction, and dual-luciferase reporter assays, we validated miRNA-directed silencing of nine tomato transcripts by four secreted nematode miRNAs. These targets map to major pathway classes involved in immune signaling, metabolic regulation, and cellular reprogramming linked to feeding-site establishment.Functional analyses further show that the nematode-secreted miR-2b is enhances giant remix, or adapt.</p
How the Covid-19 pandemic has changed the behaviour of consumers of fisheries and aquaculture products (FAP) in France
No full textInternational audienceA year after the pandemic, we surveyed 1268 French FAP consumers in April 2021 to evaluate if the crisis had led to more sustainable consumption patterns by giving priority to fresh seafood from local circuits. We also match those results with a study prior to the Covid-19 to estimate the impact of the crisis on the perception of FAP. For more than 50% of consumers, the Covid-19 crisis did not lead to change in their FAP consumption and we found a very small proportion of consumers who increased their purchases of fresh FAP and favoured short channels during and after the Covid-19 crisis. We demonstrate that pre-Covid-19 characteristics and attitudes are important explanatory factors for behaviour during the crisis. Big consumers of fresh FAP and consumers with a positive image of the health benefits of seafood were more likely to have increased their consumption of fresh FAP. Similarly, people who were used to consuming FAP away from home instead consumed FAP at home during the crisis and after. The results also suggest that consumers tended to perceive FAP as more expensive after the Covid-19, a major obstacle to the emergence of more sustainable consumption behaviour in this sector
Intérêt épidémiologique des centres de soins de faune sauvage pour la surveillance de l'influenza aviaire
No full textInternational audienceFrench wildlife rescue centres (WRC) receive each year over 100.000 distressed wild animals, presenting unique sampling opportunities for the detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, particularly in species that are little or not at all represented in other surveillance networks, or in which infection can be sublethal. Five French WRC provided 3.446 swabs sampled from 1.761 birds. Sub-type H5 avian influenza virus were detected on 22 birds using RT-qPCR, mainly from the Laridae family. The comparison of data thus collected with SAGIR HPAI-targeted surveillance data puts light on the complementarities between the already existing surveillance scheme, and a new one, yet to be created, actively involving WRC.Les centres de soins de faune sauvage (CDS) français accueillent chaque année plus de 100 000 animaux sauvages en détresse, offrant des opportunités de prélèvement uniques pour la détection de virus influenza aviaire (VIA) notamment hautement pathogènes, en particulier chez des espèces peu ou pas représentées dans les dispositifs de surveillance actuels, ou chez lesquelles l'infection est sublétale. Cinq CDS français ont fourni 3 446 écouvillons issus de 1 761 oiseaux. Des VIA de sous-type H5 ont été détectés sur 22 oiseaux par RT-qPCR, principalement sur des laridés. La comparaison des données ainsi récoltées avec celles de la surveillance renforcée SAGIR permet de mettre en lumière les complémentarités entre un dispositif de surveillance encore à inventer impliquant activement les CDS, et la surveillance déjà existante
First-ever data on space use by breeding Whiskered Terns Chlidonias hybrida using bio-logging
No full textInternational audienceWetlands are critical ecosystems for many species of conservation concern, including migratory birds. These species face resource depletion and unpredictability in the context of global change and are expected to adjust their space use accordingly. Understanding how waterbirds use space and identifying their foraging needs are essential for guiding conservation efforts. Here, we present preliminary results on the fine-scale space use of a wetland flagship species, the Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida, in La Brenne, a historical French breeding stronghold. The species is listed as 'Vulnerable' in France and breeds in only a few large wetlands. For the first time, we equipped four adult terns with miniature GPS tracking devices, providing unique, high-resolution data on their daily movements throughout the breeding season (i.e. pre-incubation, incubation, rearing, and post-breeding). Our results showed that most daily foraging trips did not exceed 2-3 km, resulting in relatively small home ranges (ranging from 2.00 km2 to 14.95 km2). Values were higher during the post-breeding period (up to 8 km from the nest and home range size up to 74.45 km2). Furthermore, we found that Whiskered Terns remained faithful to their foraging areas throughout the season and preferentially foraged in ponds - especially those near their colony - compared with other potential foraging habitats. On average, 91% of foraging positions occurred in ponds and 9% in grasslands. We also provide practical details on bird capture and device attachment methods. Finally, this pioneering bio-logging study offers promising prospects for future research on the movement ecology of Whiskered Terns, which could be invaluable for their conservation
Public Persuasion with Endogenous Fact-Checking
No full textNational audienceWe study public persuasion when a sender communicates with a large audience that can fact-check at heterogeneous costs. The sender commits to a public information policy before the state is realized, but any verifiable claim she makes after observing the state must be truthful (an ex-post implementability constraint). Receivers observe the public message and then decide whether to verify; this selective verification feeds back into the sender’s objective and turns the design problem into a constrained version of Bayesian persuasion. Our main result is a reverse comparative static: when factchecking becomes cheaper in the population, the sender optimally supplies a strictly less informative public signal. Intuitively, cheaper verification makes bold claims invite scrutiny, so the sender coarsens information to dampen the incentive to verify. We also endogenize two ex-post instruments—continuous falsification and fixed-cost repression—and characterize threshold substitutions from persuasion to manipulation and, ultimately, to repression as monitoring improves. The framework provides testable predictions for how transparency, manipulation, and repression co-move with changes in verification technology
Qu’il est rude d’être rudologue : approches plurielles du déchets et de ses contours
No full textCompte-Rendu des doctoriales de rudologie tenues du 13 au 15 octobre 2025Qu'il est rude d'être rudologue : approches plurielles du déchets et de ses contours. Le « déchet » est-il un objet à étudier en tant que tel, ou un prétexte permettant de s'intéresser aux matières et à leur circulation ? Fin en soi ou moyen de questionnement de systèmes politiques, économiques et sociaux, le déchet interroge en tous les cas « l'inégalité de l'ordre matériel » : le politiser permet alors de déconstruire les récits dominants et de montrer ce qui est écrasant ou au contraire invisibilisé, comme le soulignait Pierre Desvaux dans sa communication introductive