Archive Ouverte d'INRAE
Not a member yet
513551 research outputs found
Sort by
A Localised and Sustainable Mussel‐Shell Strategy to Control a Scarab Pest in Vineyards
No full textInternational audienceIn New Zealand, vines can suffer from severe damage produced by adults of the endemic scarab Costelytra giveni (Coleoptera: Melolonthinae). Information about the distribution of these insects within the crop can provide valuable insights for adapted sustainable pest control strategies. Here, adult distribution of this pest has been assessed by counting adults that landed on vine plants in two vineyards in New Zealand. Distribution patterns within vineyard blocks were evaluated over three consecutive years using generalised linear mixed-effects models. Our results suggest that adult beetles were concentrated at the edge of the vineyard, with a density that decreases towards the centre. In addition, the application of crushed mussel shells as mulching under the vines at different distances from the edge reduced adult numbers at the local scale, that is, with no effect on the next non-treated bay. Our results suggest that treating at least the first 15 m from the edge towards the centre of the vineyard leads to a significant reduction in adult numbers, which can be enough to maintain low levels of infestation and alleviate the main damages caused by adult C. giveni. Based on these results, protocols can be developed for non-pesticidal or restricted pesticide management of this pest, as well as for other species displaying similar crop colonisation patterns or behaviours in different agroecosystems worldwide
Mapping the Grandes Gabelles in Early Modern France
No full textThe gabelle salt tax system was a cornerstone of the fiscal apparatus of the early modern French state. This article introduces a novel historical geographic information system (GIS) of this institution's spatial organization as of the seventeenth century, drawing on an original 1665 manuscript map collection: Sanson's Atlas des gabelles. Beyond presenting the dataset and documenting its construction methodology, we provide a detailed account of the functioning of the gabelle, situate the French case in comparative perspective, and illustrate how the availability of this fine-grained dataset expands the possibilities of empirical research in economic history, historical demography, and historical political economy of early modern France
Switching cell wall-bound polysaccharides to secreted polysaccharides in lactobacilli
No full textInternational audienceBacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are carbohydrate polymers secreted into the environment. EPS produced by lactic acid bacteria have many valuable properties in the food and health sectors. In this study, we isolated spontaneous mutants of lactobacilli that overproduce EPS, using a selection method based on their slow sedimentation rate in a semi-liquid medium. In the mutants selected from several strains, we detected a missense mutation in epsD, which encodes a tyrosine kinase, or an insertion in epsC, which encodes its transmembrane modulator. Both genes were located within a gene cluster involved in Wzy-dependent polysaccharide biosynthesis. We then characterized selected Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus mutants in detail to gain insights into the mechanisms involved in EPS overproduction. We demonstrated that the single mutation D94L in the EpsD catalytic site prevents EpsD autophosphorylation. The chemical structure of the overproduced EPS was established, and consists of heptasaccharide repeating units with pyruvate substituents. In the wild-type parental strain, a polysaccharide with an identical structure was found covalently bound to the cell wall (CW) and covering the bacterial surface. In conclusion, our results indicate that the switch from CW-bound polysaccharides to EPS released into the environment is associated with a defect in autophosphorylation of the EpsD tyrosine kinase
Duty of caredes entreprises: vers undevoir général de vigilance
No full textInternational audienceCare: a new standard for assessing corporate social responsibility. Against a backdrop of ecological imbalance caused by human activity, the triple ecological crisis – climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution – imposes a duty on everyone to protect the environment. Several international agreements and national laws recognise environmental principles and rights such as the right to a healthy environment and the principle of environmental responsibility, which consists of protecting the environment and not harming it. Regardless of the intention to roll back certain legislation (Omnibus legislation), there is a general movement among states to place the duty to protect the environment at the highest level of their hierarchy of norms. Despite the considerable increase in the number of texts contributing to an ‘environmental rule of law’, their effectiveness is being challenged by actors in the field. The concept of care, which originates in common law, provides part of the answer to the challenges of environmental standard effectiveness and corporate accountability. New legislation targeting businesses and case law suggest a trend towards the formation of a global standard of care, i.e. a general standard of enhanced vigilance.Le care un nouveau standard d’appréciation de la responsabilité des entreprises. Dans un contexte de bouleversement des équilibres écologiques causé par les activités humaines, la triple crise écologique - dérèglement climatique, perte de biodiversité et pollution - impose à toute personne un devoir de protection de l’environnement. Plusieurs accords internationaux et législations nationales reconnaissent des principes et droits environne- mentaux tels que le droit à un environnement sain ou le principe d’une responsabilité environnementale consistant à protéger l’environnement ou à ne pas y porter atteinte. Malgré les intentions de revenir en arrière sur certaines législations (législation Omnibus), il existe un mouvement général des États à placer le devoir de protection de l’environnement au plus haut niveau de leur hiérarchie des normes. En dépit de l’accroissement considérable de textes participant d’un « état de droit environnemental », leur effectivité résiste à l’épreuve des acteurs du terrain. La notion de care issue de la common law constitue un élément de réponse aux enjeux d’effectivité des normes environnementales et de responsabilisation des entreprises. Les nouveaux textes à destination des entreprises et la jurisprudence laissent entrevoir une dynamique de formation d’un standard du care global, c’est-à-dire d’une norme générale de vigilance renforcée
Proposition d’un guide réflexif pour la construction de démarche d’innovation collective dans les filières agroalimentaires: Document de travail
No full textLes sciences économiques et de gestion s’accordent à définir tout système d’innovation comme un réseau d’acteurs qui interagissent pour le développement d’une innovation grâce à la mobilisation de ressources (financières, humaines et matérielles) et au sein de règles d’action partagées. Quatre dimension clés structurent la performance de tout système d’innovation : la pertinence et cohérence des acteurs en présence ; l’intensité des interactions les liant ; les règles d’action collective (ie. régles du jeu) qui déterminent leur capacité à agir (on distingue souvent les institutions formelles et plus informelles liées aux routines et croyances) ; les ressources leur permettant d’agir (dénommés aussi infrastructures matérielles et non-matérielles). Analyser chacune de ces dimensions est reconnu comme trop complexe. C’est pourquoi il est plus simple de partir d’une catégorisation d’actions concrètement réalisées par les acteurs afin d’évaluer leur capacité d’innovation. Ce guide propose une catégorisation en 8 fonctions-clés pour évaluer et accompagner la performance des filières agroalimentaires à innover : entrepreneuriat, construction de marchés, mobilisation de ressources, extension du réseau, gouvernance et coordination, accroissement de la notoriété, développement et diffusion des connaissances, direction du changement. Le guide permet d’aborder chacune de ces fonctions au travers d’un ensemble de questions pour guider la réflexion d’une stratégie d’innovation pour tout opérateur des filières
Effect of carbon nanotube type on the thermoelectric performance of poly(lactic acid)/carbon nanotube composite thin films
No full textInternational audienc
Le renouveau minier en Europe Occidentale
No full textInternational audiencePour ce numéro thématique de la revue Entreprises et Histoire sur Entreprises minières et transitions, nous souhaitons échanger sur le renouveau minier en Europe occidentale à l’heure de la transition et des problèmes de souveraineté. En effet, il est question aujourd’hui de relancer l’activité minière en raison de problématiques énergétiques fortes, et plusieurs projets d’extraction ont été annoncés, que ce soit en Suède ou en France. À partir de ces différents projets, il s’agit de comprendre les politiques, les stratégies et les discours autour d’une relance de l’activité minière qui soulève de multiples questions, de type économique, environnemental et social
Soil properties influence the prevalence of soilborne pathogens in Robusta coffee and black pepper systems in Vietnam's Central Highlands
No full textInternational audienceMonoculture and intensive fertiliser use in the cultivation of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora var. Robusta) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) have led to soil degradation and increased disease pressure in Vietnam's Central Highlands. To identify key factors driving soilborne diseases and threatening sustainable production, a soil and root survey was conducted across three provinces: Gia Lai, Dak Lak, and Dak Nong. Soils were characterised by high clay content (51.2–62.0 %), moderate silt (35.5–46.0 %), and low sand (2.5–2.8 %), with a notably low cation exchange capacity (7.72–8.04 cmolc kg−1). The soils were strongly acidic, with average pH values of 4.51 in coffee farms and 5.45 in pepper farms. Despite sufficient levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), soilborne pathogens were widespread. Fusarium spp. were detected in all samples, Phytophthora spp. in 64–76 % of black pepper farms, and plant-parasitic nematodes in 67–84 % of farms, with Meloidogyne spp. predominant. Fusarium density increased with soil acidity in coffee plantations. In coffee, nematode density was positively correlated with N input, while in black pepper, N was negatively correlated with Phytophthora. Organic matter and available K were negatively associated with Fusarium in coffee but positively with Phytophthora in black pepper. These findings underscore the need for integrated management of nutrients and pathogens to sustain perennial crop production in the region
A study of the integration by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) of a trackable DNA cassette with randomly-generated borders into Yarrowia lipolytica genome sheds light on exogenous DNA extremities degradation and confirms the potential of NHEJ-mediated integration for the design of genome-scale insertional mutant libraries in non-conventional yeasts
No full textIn order to analyse the fate of an exogenous DNA introduced into Yarrowia lipolytica cells, the authors designed a series of trackable DNA cassettes with randomly-generated borders able to integrate by NHEJ into the yeast genome. NGS sequencing of large libraries of insertional mutants provided for the first time data on the extent of degradation suffered by an exogenous DNA in Y. lipolytica cells, depending on its size and type of extremities. For all types of fragments, degradation prior to integration very rarely exceeded a dozen nucleotides. Significant differences were observed in the percentage of non-degraded fragments depending on the type of extremities: degradation was the lowest for blunt ends, it was slightly higher for 5' overhangs and markedly higher for 3' overhangs. This study also brought confirmation of the randomness and high coverage of NHEJ-mediated integration, providing a new tool for NHEJ-seq (Tn-seq-like) high-throughput analysis of gene fitness in Y. lipolytica.</div
The Design Multiverse: A Scientific Model for Design Evolution and Co-evolution
No full textInternational audienceModel-Based Systems Engineering lacks a formal model that treats design evolution, with its inherent branching, rework, and contextsensitivity, as a first-class citizen. Current approaches reduce rich design trajectories to repository artifacts, losing the semantics of design decisions. This paper calls for a scientific model for design evolution and introduces the Design Multiverse that frames design dynamics as a context-sensitive, nondeterministic transition system, while orthogonally separating observational link theories (e.g., conformance, refinement) for consistency reasoning. We demonstrate the model's explanatory power through co-evolution. Furthermore, we outline a research agenda grounded by Design Multiverse Experiments (DMX), which enable empirical validation and pave the way for scalable, history-aware modeling environments.</div