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VORTEX LINES INTERACTION IN THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETIC GINZBURG-LANDAU MODEL
No full textInternational audienceWe complete our study of the three dimensional Ginzburg-Landau functional with magnetic field, in the asymptotic regime of a small inverse Ginzburg-Landau parameter ε, and near the first critical field H c1 for which the first vortex filaments appear in energy minimizers. Under a nondegeneracy condition, we show a next order asymptotic expansion of H c1 as ε → 0, and exhibit a sequence of transitions, with vortex lines appearing one by one as the intensity of the applied magnetic field is increased: passing H c1 there is one vortex, then increasing H c1 by an increment of order log | log ε| a second vortex line appears, etc. These vortex lines accumulate near a special curve Γ 0 , solution to an isoflux problem. We derive a next order energy that the vortex lines must minimize in the asymptotic limit, after a suitable horizontal blow-up around Γ 0 . This energy is the sum of terms where penalizations of the length of the lines, logarithmic repulsion between the lines and magnetic confinement near Γ 0 compete. This elucidates the shape of vortex lines in superconductors
Chapitre 7 – Le marché du don et le panorama des outils de collecte
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Revue bibliographique des effets pharmacologiques des molécules utilisées par voie systémique en anesthésie vétérinaire sur la physiologie oculaire chez le chien et le chat
No full textVeterinary anesthesia has become fundamental to the medical, diagnostical and therapeutical management of animals. Knowledge of the pharmacological effects of drugs has allowed a better control of anesthesia and a limitation of its risks. Knowledge of the effects of anesthetic drugs on the ocular physiology is important for ophthalmic surgical procedures, ophthalmic examinations and post-anesthetic ocular health. The aim of this thesis was to summarize the results of studies that have determined the effects of systemic drugs on the ocular physiology of cats and dogs. After a presentation of drugs used in veterinary anesthesia in France, thorough research of the literature was undertaken to analyze studies that had determined the effects of sedatives, analgesics, muscle relaxants, anesthetics and emergency drugs. This research revealed that four ocular parameters are influenced by anesthesia: tear production, intraocular pressure, pupil size and globe position. Most anesthetic drugs reduce tear production in cats and dogs, decrease pupil size in dogs (except for dissociative anesthetics and anticholinergics), increase pupil size in cats, and have no significant effect on the intraocular pressure of cats. In dogs, the effects on intraocular pressure are highly variable depending on the combination of drugs used. The position of the globe varies during anesthesia in cats and dogs and remains central only with the use of neuromuscular blocking agents. The samples studied, the methods of data acquisition and the experimental conditions differed between studies and may have influenced the results exposed in this thesis. A lot of data lack in the veterinary literature concerning the effects of certain anesthetic drug combinations. This thesis summarized the effects of systematic drugs on the ocular physiology of healthy cats and dogs. Further studies on the effects of anesthetic drugs on animals with ocular pathologies and on the effects of local anesthetic drugs are necessary to complete the work carried out in this thesis.L'anesthésie vétérinaire est devenue fondamentale pour la prise en charge médicale, chirurgicale, diagnostique et thérapeutique des animaux. La connaissance des effets pharmacologiques des molécules permet de mieux maîtriser l'anesthésie des animaux et limiter les risques. La connaissance des effets des molécules anesthésiques sur la physiologie oculaire est importante pour le bon déroulement de chirurgies oculaires, d'examens ophtalmologiques et la santé oculaire post-anesthésie. L'objectif de cette thèse était de résumer les résultats d'études ayant déterminé les effets des molécules anesthésiques administrées par voie systémique sur la physiologie oculaire du chien et du chat. Après une présentation des molécules utilisées en anesthésie vétérinaire en France, une recherche exhaustive dans la littérature a été entreprise afin d'analyser les études traitant des effets des sédatifs, des analgésiques, des myorelaxants, des anesthésiques et des molécules d'urgence. Cette recherche a permis de mettre en évidence que quatre paramètres oculaires sont influencés par l'anesthésie : la production lacrymale, la pression intraoculaire, la taille des pupilles et la position du globe oculaire. La majorité des molécules anesthésiques provoque la diminution de la production lacrymale du chien et du chat, la diminution de la taille des pupilles du chien à l'exception des anesthésiques dissociatifs et des anticholinergiques, l'augmentation de la taille des pupilles du chat et n'ont pas d'effet significatif sur la pression intraoculaire du chat. Chez le chien, selon les associations de molécules, les effets sur la pression intraoculaire sont très variables. La position du globe oculaire varie au cours d'une anesthésie chez le chat et le chien, et seule l'utilisation d'agents bloquants neuromusculaires permet d'obtenir une position centrale et fixe du globe oculaire. Les échantillons étudiés, les méthodes d'acquisition des données et les conditions expérimentales étaient différents entre les études et ont pu influencer les résultats trouvés. De nombreuses données manquaient dans la littérature vétérinaire concernant les effets de certaines associations de molécules anesthésiques. Cette thèse a permis de résumer les effets des molécules anesthésiques administrées par voie systémique sur la physiologie oculaire du chien et du chat sains. Des études supplémentaires sur les effets des molécules anesthésiques sur des animaux atteints de maladie oculaire et sur les effets des molécules anesthésiques administrée par voie locale permettraient de complémenter le travail réalisé dans cette thèse
Comparative features and outcomes of cardiogenic shock in patients with and without prior resuscitated shockable cardiac arrest: Insight from the FRENSHOCK multicenter prospective registry
No full textInternational audienceAim: Differences between cardiogenic shock (CS) with and without prior resuscitated cardiac arrest (CA) remain largely unexplored. We hypothesized that patients who experience shockable CA followed by CS are likely to have worse outcomes compared to CS without prior CA.Methods: FRENSHOCK is a prospective multicenter observational registry conducted in French critical care units in 2016, which included CS from various etiologies. Patients admitted after resuscitation of a CA were included if they fulfilled previously defined CS criteria. Non-shockable rhythms at the time of medical intervention were considered exclusion criteria and were not recorded in the registry.Results: Among the 771 enrolled patients (mean age 65.7 ± 14.9 years; 71.5 % male), 79 (10.2 %) had a resuscitated shockable cardiac arrest just before inclusion. Shockable CA patients had more respiratory support (78.5 % vs. 33.2 %, p < 0.001), more mechanical circulatory support (35.4 % vs. 16.5 %, p < 0.001), more coronary angiography performed (76 % vs. 48.8 %, p < 0.001), finding more mono-troncular lesions (39 % vs. 16.9 %, p < 0.001). Thirty-day and one-year survival were similar between groups. Among 30-day survivors, CS with an initial shockable CA exhibited significantly improved long-term survival compared to CS without prior resuscitated CA.Conclusion: In a cohort of patients with cardiogenic shock from various etiologies, approximately 10% had experienced prior resuscitation following a cardiac arrest with shockable rhythms. Our findings suggest that selected cardiac arrest with a shockable rhythm leading to cardiogenic shock does not inherently confer a worse prognosis compared to other causes of cardiogenic shock
Comprehensive annotation of olfactory and gustatory receptor genes and transposable elements revealed their evolutionary dynamics in aphids
No full textInternational audienceGene duplication and transposable elements (TEs) are major drivers of genomic innovation that can fuel adaptation. While the roles of duplication and TE-driven diversification are documented in plant pathogens, they remain insufficiently explored in insect pests such as aphids, where olfactory (OR) and gustatory receptor (GR) genes are key to host recognition. We analyzed 521 OR and 399 GR genes, alongside TEs, across 12 aphid genomes with varying host ranges. Aphid lineages with broader host ranges exhibited higher evolutionary rates, driven by gene family expansions linked to host interaction, including lipid metabolism, immune function, and transposase activity. OR and GR genes evolved through proximal and tandem duplications and were shaped by diversifying selection, with bursts of positive selection followed by prolonged purifying selection, consistent with adaptation to novel hosts. Younger TEs were significantly enriched near OR genes compared to GRs and other genomic regions, suggesting a catalytic role of TEs in their diversification. However, OR proteins encoded by TE-associated ORs exhibited reduced functional potential. In contrast, GR proteins encoded by TE-associated GRs retained signatures of adaptation, as inferred from deep learning models predicting functionally important protein regions. These findings suggest that TE activity may facilitate functional innovation in GRs while alleviating constraints or pseudogenization in ORs. This study reveals how duplication, selection, and TE dynamics shape gene evolution in insect pests. It also provides the first chromosome-scale genome assembly of Dysaphis plantaginea, with comprehensive annotations and functional predictions of OR/GR genes, bridging adaptive evolution with mechanistic insights
Improving angiogenesis ameliorates the efficacy of ASO-based exon-skipping for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
No full textInternational audienceDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked disease caused by mutations in the DMD gene, resulting in the absence of functional dystrophin. Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-based therapies aim to restore the open reading frame and produce a truncated but functional dystrophin protein. Although several ASOs are FDA-approved, dystrophin restoration in patient biopsies remains low, underlining the need to improve ASO efficacy. One major limitation is poor ASO biodistribution to skeletal muscle, influenced by both ASO chemistry and pathological features of dystrophic tissue. In DMD patients and mdx mice, microvascular abnormalities and impaired angiogenesis likely restrict ASO delivery. Here, we hypothesized that enhancing muscle vascularization could improve ASO biodistribution and therapeutic outcomes. Mdx mice were treated with a pro-angiogenic treatment prior to ASO administration targeting exon 23 of dystrophin pre-mRNA. Angiogenic stimulation increased capillary density and improved ASO delivery, exon skipping, and dystrophin expression compared to ASO alone. These molecular improvements were associated with increased myofiber size, larger mean cross-sectional area, and decreased serum myomesin levels, without signs of toxicity. This study provides proof-of-concept that promoting angiogenesis can enhance the efficacy of ASO-based treatments, offering a complementary strategy to improve therapeutic outcomes in DMD
Association between mycophenolic acid treatment and infection with specific strains of Pneumocystis jirovecii in solid organ transplant recipients in France and Switzerland: a multicentre, retrospective, cross-sectional study
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) case clusters involving solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients have been reported worldwide. Mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant used to prevent rejection in SOT recipients that targets the inosine 5 ′ -monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) protein, has been hypothesised to exert selective pressure on Pneumocystis jirovecii, with the missense mutation G1020A (Ala261Thr) in the impdh gene a possible marker of such selective pressure. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that SOT recipients harbour P jirovecii with mutations in the impdh gene and are infected with specific P jirovecii strains.Methods: In this retrospective, multicentre, cross-sectional study of nationally representative, individual-level data, we included SOT recipients, regardless of the organ transplanted, involved or not in a PCP case cluster, and non-SOT recipients (control group) without mycophenolic acid exposure, diagnosed with PCP from 26 French and one Swiss secondary health-care centres. We included patients aged 18 years or older for whom archival P jirovecii DNA extracts were available in sufficient quantity and quality. P jirovecii specimens were characterised using a multilocus sequence typing method including impdh gene analysis. The primary outcome of this study was the detection of the G1020A (Ala261Thr) mutation in the impdh gene. A multivariable logistic regression was done to assess the relation between this mutation and the following variables retrieved from medical records: age, mycophenolic acid exposure at the time of PCP diagnosis, involvement in a PCP case cluster, PCP prophylaxis, and clinical outcome.Findings: 58 SOT recipients (44 treated with mycophenolic acid) and 59 non-SOT recipients (control group; not treated with mycophenolic acid) diagnosed with PCP between Jan 1, 2001, and Dec 31, 2021, were enrolled. The G1020A (Ala261Thr) mutation was detected in P jirovecii specimens from 40 (68⋅9%) SOT recipients (37 treated with mycophenolic acid) and in none of the P jirovecii specimens from the patients in the control group. The multivariable analysis showed that the allele characterised by the G1020A mutation was associated with mycophenolic acid exposure at the time of PCP diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio 73⋅61 [95% CI 17⋅41-455⋅70]; p<0⋅0001) and involvement in a PCP case cluster (12⋅77 [1⋅58-171⋅90]; p=0⋅029), whereas it was not associated with age, PCP prophylaxis, and clinical deterioration. A second missense mutation, G1020T (Ala261Ser) was identified in P jirovecii specimens from three SOT recipients (two treated with mycophenolic acid). Two specific multilocus genotypes (MLG-31 and MLG-34) of P jirovecii associated with Ala261Thr and Ala261Ser substitutions in IMPDH, respectively, were detected only in SOT recipients (38 patients with MLG-31 and three patients with MLG-34).Interpretation SOT recipients in this study were primarily infected with specific P jirovecii strains with mutations in the impdh gene, which might confer a selective advantage as both the G1020A (Ala261Thr) and G1020T (Ala261Ser) are associated with mycophenolic acid resistance in other fungi. Mycophenolic acid selective pressure might explain the maintenance and circulation of these P jirovecii strains within this patient population, and consequently their potential involvement in PCP case clusters
Choix scolaires, appartenance ethnique et formation professionnelle au Mexique
No full textInternational audienceEste trabajo examina la forma en que la formación profesional en México cristaliza tanto los efectos de la escolarización masiva como el legado de las relaciones sociales y etnohistóricas de dominación. A partir de una encuesta realizada en San Cristóbal de las Casas (Chiapas), combinando entrevistas, cuestionarios y observación etnográfica en una preparatoria profesional técnica y una preparatoria general, el análisis pone de manifiesto la sobre-representación de jóvenes de origen indígena en la educación técnica, donde encuentran un espacio de acceso a la escolarización prolongada, pero al precio de un escaso reconocimiento social de los certificados obtenidos.El estudio muestra cómo el carácter jerárquico del sistema educativo, la desvalorización del trabajo manual y la racialización histórica de los oficios contribuyen a producir una "cualificación descalificadora". Si bien las preparatorias profesionales pueden ser un recurso para la emancipación individual, también son un lugar donde se reproducen las desigualdades.A partir de las aportaciones de la sociología de la educación (Bourdieu y Passeron, 1970) y de los trabajos latinoamericanos sobre el colonialismo interno (Stavenhagen, 1996; Bonfil Batalla, 1995), la conferencia aboga por una lectura decolonial de la formación profesional. Nos invita a pensar en términos de justicia epistémica (Santos, 2006) basada en el reconocimiento de los conocimientos indígenas y las formas comunitarias de aprendizaje, lo que constituye un requisito previo para un auténtico currículo intercultural y para la democratización de la educación.Cette communication interroge la manière dont la formation professionnelle au Mexique cristallise à la fois les effets de la massification scolaire et les héritages des rapports de domination sociale et ethno-historiques. À partir d’une enquête menée à San Cristóbal de las Casas (Chiapas), articulant entretiens, questionnaires et observation ethnographique dans un lycée professionnel et un lycée général, l’analyse met en évidence la surreprésentation des jeunes d’origine indienne dans l’enseignement professionnel, où ils trouvent un espace d’accès à la scolarisation prolongée, mais au prix d’une faible reconnaissance sociale des diplômes obtenus.L’étude montre comment les logiques de hiérarchisation du système éducatif, la dévalorisation du travail manuel et la racialisation historique des métiers contribuent à produire une « qualification disqualifiante ». Si le lycée professionnel peut constituer une ressource d’émancipation individuelle, il demeure aussi un lieu de reproduction des inégalités.En s’appuyant sur les apports de la sociologie de l’éducation (Bourdieu & Passeron, 1970) et des travaux latino-américains sur le colonialisme interne (Stavenhagen, 1996 ; Bonfil Batalla, 1995), la communication plaide pour une lecture décoloniale de la formation professionnelle. Elle invite à penser une justice épistémique (Santos, 2006) fondée sur la reconnaissance des savoirs autochtones et des formes d’apprentissage communautaires, condition d’un véritable curriculum interculturel et d’une démocratisation scolaire
Workers’ Responses to CSR Decoupling in Garment Supply Chains: A Hirschmanian Perspective
No full textInternational audienceThis study examines the paradoxical portrayal of supply chain workers in the literature as passive and obedient while complicit or rebellious in the face of substandard working conditions in supplier facilities. Specifically, it examines how workers respond to poor labor conditions caused by corporate social responsibility (CSR) decoupling, or the discrepancy between suppliers' formal policies and actual factory-floor practices. Drawing from 40 interviews in Vietnam's garment industry and building on Hirschman's exit, voice, and loyalty framework and its extensions, the authors develop a dynamic framework of when and how workers respond to decoupled practices. This article contributes to three key areas of research. First, it elucidates workers' role in both accepting and resisting CSR decoupling, advancing the literature on CSR decoupling in global supply chains, which has traditionally focused on buyers or suppliers. Second, it responds to calls for humanizing the sustainable supply chain management literature by emphasizing factory-level workers and the value of studying less powerful actors. Third, it adapts Hirschman's model to supply chain contexts and their unique dynamics. The findings also provide relevant guidance for policymakers and practitioners, demonstrating the need to strengthen worker voice through a multipronged approach
Muscle Spatial Transcriptomic Reveals Heterogeneous Profiles in Juvenile Dermatomyositis and Persistence of Abnormal Signature After Remission
No full textInternational audienceThis study aimed to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of molecular signature in the muscle of juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) patients before and after treatment. Unsupervised reference-free deconvolution of spatial transcriptomics and standardized morphometry were performed in two JDM muscle biopsies with different clinical severity at disease onset and compared to healthy muscle. Identified signatures were scored in two additional JDM muscle biopsies from the same patient before and after remission. Disappearance of the normal muscle signature mostly corresponding to mitochondrial biology was observed in JDM. Three pathological transcriptomic signatures were isolated, related to "myofibrillar stress", "muscle remodeling" and "interferon signaling" signatures. The "myofibrillar stress signature" was prominent in the most severe biopsy while the "muscle remodeling" signature was mostly present in the biopsy from the patient with good outcome. These signatures unveiled genes not previously associated with JDM including ANKRD1 and FSLT1 for "myofibrillar stress" and "muscle remodeling" signatures, respectively. Post-treatment analysis of muscle after two years remission showed a persistence of pathological signatures. This pilot study of JDM muscle identified spatially distributed pathological signatures that persist after remission. This work paves the way for a better understanding of the pathophysiology in affected muscle and the identification of biomarkers that predict relapse