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Fertilizing potential of nitrogen in human excreta across diverse countries and food systems
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Human excreta represent a significant but underutilized source of nitrogen (N) for agriculture. Few studies have quantified the full fertilizing potential of human excreta across national contexts, or under a range of diverse food systems. This study provides the first systematic assessment of the potential contribution of N in human excreta to current cropland fertilization in a wide range of countries, covering 80% of the global population. Using food supply and demographic data, we estimate N in human excreta for each country and compare it to current cropland total N inputs, including synthetic fertilizers, manure, biological fixation, and atmospheric deposition. Assuming a 100% recovery rate of human excreta to estimate an upper-bound potential, under the current situation, we find that human excreta (37 MtN at the global scale) could provide 15–30% of current cropland N inputs in most countries, 30–50% in sub-Saharan Africa, and over 50% in major agricultural importers (e.g. Japan, Korea, Algeria). In contrast, large agricultural exporters with high external inputs, such as Argentina or the United States, show lower potential (5–10%). For the whole world, the rate is 20%. For most countries, N excreted by humans is also of the same order of magnitude as (and often superior to) livestock manure currently applied to croplands. In addition to an analysis of the current situation, we assess how improved food system efficiency—via more vegetarian diets, reduced losses and increased manure recycling thanks to better coupling of husbandry and crop cultivation—could affect the potential contribution. Under deeply transformative agro-ecological scenarios, theglobal contribution of human excreta to N fertilization could exceed 30%.This work focuses on maximum potentials; future research should focus on realisticrecovery rates (<100%) and adjust our results accordingl
Workers’ Responses to CSR Decoupling in Garment Supply Chains: A Hirschmanian Perspective
No full textInternational audienceThis study examines the paradoxical portrayal of supply chain workers in the literature as passive and obedient while complicit or rebellious in the face of substandard working conditions in supplier facilities. Specifically, it examines how workers respond to poor labor conditions caused by corporate social responsibility (CSR) decoupling, or the discrepancy between suppliers' formal policies and actual factory‐floor practices. Drawing from 40 interviews in Vietnam's garment industry and building on Hirschman's exit, voice, and loyalty framework and its extensions, the authors develop a dynamic framework of when and how workers respond to decoupled practices. This article contributes to three key areas of research. First, it elucidates workers' role in both accepting and resisting CSR decoupling, advancing the literature on CSR decoupling in global supply chains, which has traditionally focused on buyers or suppliers. Second, it responds to calls for humanizing the sustainable supply chain management literature by emphasizing factory‐level workers and the value of studying less powerful actors. Third, it adapts Hirschman's model to supply chain contexts and their unique dynamics. The findings also provide relevant guidance for policymakers and practitioners, demonstrating the need to strengthen worker voice through a multipronged approach
Communication vocale mère-jeune : impact des phénomènes non linéaires dans les pleurs des chiots sur les soins maternels
No full textIn mammals, vocalizations are typically characterized by irregular sounds known as nonlinear phenomena (NLP), which are considered indicators of increased need, particularly in juveniles. Puppy whines contain various types of NLP, including subharmonics, sidebands and chaos. In this study, we experimentally tested whether mothers perceive a higher level of need for maternal care in whines affected by NLP. Using innovative parametric sound synthesis, we exposed 17 bitches, over two consecutive days, to five types of synthesized cries (with or without NLP) derived from their own puppies. Each stimulus was played for one minute, and maternal behavioral responses were recorded for three minutes (170 recordings analyzed). Our results show that mothers increased attention to the sound source, provided more maternal care, and frequently carried the loudspeaker into the nest. These findings support the idea that puppy whines signal an elevated need for maternal care. Multiparous bitches showed faster and more responses to puppy whines, particularly retrieving the loudspeaker into the nest, showing more signs of stress, and paying greater attention to the playback, suggesting sensitivity linked to maternal experience, an effect also well-documented in other mammals. Puppy whines play an important role in maternal care in dogs. They also suggest that other acoustic or other parameters may play a role, opening the way for future research into the acoustic mechanisms of mother-offspring communication.Chez les mammifères, les vocalisations de danger sont généralement caractérisées par des composantes sonores correspondant à des irrégularités acoustiques, appelées NLP. Les NLP sont largement considérées comme des indicateurs d'un besoin accru, notamment chez les jeunes animaux. Les pleurs des chiots contiennent différents types de NLP, tels que les sauts de fréquence, les sous-harmoniques ou le chaos. Dans des expériences avec diffusion de pleurs de chiots via haut-parleur, nous avons testé expérimentalement si les mères perçoivent un niveau de besoin plus élevé dans les pleurs présentant des NLP dans son environnement habituel avec ses petits. Nous avons utilisé des méthodes innovantes de synthèse sonore paramétrique pour exposer, 2 jours de suite, 17 chiennes à 5 types de pleurs synthétisés (avec ou sans NLP) de leurs propres chiots durant 1 minute, et nous avons enregistré leurs réponses comportementales durant 3 minutes (170 enregistrements analysés). Nos résultats montrent que, lorsque les chiennes entendaient des pleurs avec ou sans NLP, elles manifestaient une attention accrue pour la source sonore, prodiguaient davantage de soins à leurs petits, et étaient susceptibles de transporter le haut-parleur jusqu'au nid avec le reste de la portée. Ces expériences soutiennent que les pleurs de chiots signalent un besoin accru d'attention. Les chiennes multipares présentaient des réponses plus rapides et ciblées aux pleurs des chiots, en particulier une plus grande tendance à déplacer le haut-parleur vers le nid et des signes accrus de stress ou d'attention à la source sonore, suggérant une sensibilité liée à leur expérience maternelle. Cette étude met en évidence l'importance des pleurs de chiots pour déclencher des soins maternels chez les chiennes, suggérant que d'autres paramètres acoustiques ou contextuels pourraient jouer un rôle plus déterminant en ouvrant ainsi la voie à de futures recherches sur les mécanismes sonores de la communication mère-jeune
Bactéries multirésistantes identifiées au Biopôle à partir de prélèvements du Chuv-Ac : état des lieux et gestion du risque
No full textMultidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are now recognized as a global health emergency in both human and veterinary medicine, presenting numerous therapeutic, epidemiological, and zoonotic risks. The first objective of this thesis was to assess the MDR bacteria identified in pets admitted to the EnvA's Chuv-Ac between May 2023 and April 2024. Our study revealed that 23.4% of the bacteria isolated during this period were MDR. Nearly three-quarters of the MDR bacteria were isolated from urinary or renal pathologies, or from skin, subcutaneous tissues, or mucosal pathologies. The most frequently observed resistances involved tetracyclines, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides. More than a quarter of the MDR bacteria were resistant to six or more classes of antibiotics, indicating a particularly high level of resistance. Additionally, some resistance phenotypes, such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria, showed particularly concerning profiles. The bacterial species with the highest clinical risk were S. pseudintermedius, Enterobacteriaceae (particularly P. mirabilis and E. coli), and P. aeruginosa. The second objective of this thesis was to examine the management of the risk represented by these MDR bacteria. Our results highlighted the limitations of the current alert system, which is based on specific resistance phenotypes such as ESBL or MRSP, and is therefore unable to warn of all bacteria with profiles of concern. To address this issue, we recommend maintaining existing alerts based on a particular phenotype, while extending the alerts to all MDR bacteria as well as any identified P. aeruginosa isolate showing at least one resistance to a tested antibiotic. An alert criteria document has been drawn up to help laboratory staff identify these bacteria more effectively. Furthermore, we emphasize the need to raise awareness among clinicians and pet owners about the issues posed by multidrug resistance. Recommendations have been made to reduce the risk of MDR bacteria transmission to other individuals, as well as the risk of MDR bacteria dissemination in the environment. A brochure has been created to provide information for owners of pets carrying MDR bacteria.Les bactéries multirésistantes (BMR) sont aujourd'hui reconnues comme une urgence sanitaire mondiale, tant en médecine humaine que vétérinaire, et posent de nombreux risques thérapeutiques, épidémiologiques et zoonotiques. Cette thèse avait pour premier objectif de réaliser un état des lieux des BMR identifiées chez les animaux de compagnie reçus au Chuv-Ac de l'EnvA entre mai 2023 et avril 2024. Notre étude a révélé que 23,4 % des bactéries isolées sur cette période étaient des BMR. Près de trois quarts des BMR ont été isolées dans le cadre d'infections urinaires ou rénales ou dans des infections de la peau, des tissus sous-cutanés ou des muqueuses. Les résistances les plus fréquemment observées concernaient les tétracyclines, les bêta-lactamines et les aminosides. Plus d'un quart des BMR étaient résistantes à six familles d'antibiotiques ou plus, traduisant un niveau de résistance particulièrement étendu. De plus, certains phénotypes de résistance, notamment les Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Résistants à la Méticilline (SPRM) et les bactéries productrices de Bêta-Lactamases à Spectre Étendu (BLSE), présentaient des profils particulièrement préoccupants. Les espèces bactériennes présentant le risque clinique le plus élevé étaient S. pseudintermedius, les entérobactéries et plus particulièrement P. mirabilis et E. coli, ainsi que P. aeruginosa. Le second objectif de cette thèse était d'examiner la gestion du risque représenté par ces BMR. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence les limites du système d'alerte actuel, basé sur des phénotypes de résistance particuliers tels que les BLSE ou les SPRM, qui ne permet donc pas d'alerter sur toutes les bactéries aux profils préoccupants. Afin d'y remédier, nous proposons de maintenir les alertes existantes sur base d'un phénotype particulier, tout en élargissant l'envoi des alertes aux BMR ainsi qu'à tout isolat de P. aeruginosa présentant au moins une résistance à un antibiotique testé. Une fiche de critères d'alerte a été développée pour aider le personnel du laboratoire à identifier ces bactéries de manière plus efficace. De plus, nous soulignons la nécessité d'une sensibilisation des cliniciens et des propriétaires d'animaux aux problématiques posées par la multirésistance. Des recommandations ont donc été faites, visant à réduire les risques de transmission de BMR à d'autres individus, ainsi que les risques de dissémination de BMR dans l'environnement. Une brochure a été réalisée comme support d'information à destination des propriétaires d'animaux porteurs de BMR
Déterminisme génétique de la couleur de la robe chez le furet domestique et maladies associées à certaines couleurs de pelage
No full textThere is a significant variability in coat color in the domestic ferret, whether by the base color, the pattern or the white markings. This variability is allowed by a combination of many genes that offer a diversity of different coats. Indeed, the mutation of the TYR gene is responsible for the albino coat. A mutation of the extension locus E, responsible for the production of MC1R receptors, creates, in the homozygous state, cinnamon ferrets. The locus B or brown locus involves the TRP1 protein. The different mutations of this gene are responsible for black, chocolate, champagne and sable-black ferrets. The locus A coding for the ASIP protein allows a differential of patterns in the ferret. Thus it is responsible for the standard, solid and self patterns. The determinism of the colorpoint pattern is still, to this day, debated. The two loci considered are the C locus and the I locus. The mutation of the MLPH protein is responsible for the roan pattern (sometimes called “silver”). The progressive graying has a mechanism that is still unknown in ferrets. The genetic and molecular mechanisms of white marking in ferrets have not yet been discovered to date in ferrets. It is possible that the MITF, Ednrb, KITL and KIT genes are however involved in the same way as they are in other mammalian species. However, certain coats are associated with diseases and congenital anomalies. The albino ferret is more likely to have a reduced visual field, abnormal perception of movements, as well as an absence of optokinetic reflex. The DEW coat and the white markings predispose to partial or bilateral deafness, especially when the white markings are on the ears. They also predispose to infertility and congenital anomalies. This review on current knowledge of the determinism of ferrets' coat color and the diseases they can cause could help ferret breeders in the selection of their breeding pairs.Il existe une importante variabilité de couleur de pelage chez le furet domestique, que ce soit par la couleur de base, le patron ou la panachure. Cette variabilité est permise par une combinaison de nombreux gènes qui offrent une diversité de pelage différents. En effet, la mutation du gène TYR, est responsable de la robe albinos. Une mutation perte de fonction du locus extension E, responsable de la production des récepteurs MC1R crée, à l'état homozygote des furets cannelles. Le locus B ou locus brown met en jeu la protéine TRP1. Les différentes mutations de ce gène sont responsables des furets noir, chocolat, champagne et zibeline-noir. Le locus A codant pour la protéine ASIP, permet un différentiel de patrons chez le furet. Ainsi il est responsable des patrons standard, solide et self. Le déterminisme du patron colorpoint est encore, à ce jour, discuté. Les deux locus envisagés sont le locus C et le locus I. La mutation de la protéine MLPH, est, elle, responsable du patron roan (parfois appelé “silver”). Le grisonnement progressif possède un mécanisme encore inconnu chez le furet. Les mécanismes génétiques et moléculaires du marquage blanc chez le furet ne sont pas encore découverts à ce jour chez le furet. Il est possible que les gènes MITF, Ednrb, KITL et KIT soient cependant impliqués de la même manière qu'ils le sont dans d'autres espèces de mammifères. Cependant, certaines robes sont associées à des maladies et anomalies congénitales. Le furet albinos est plus prompt à posséder une réduction de son champ visuel, une perception des mouvements anormale, ainsi qu'une absence de réflexe optocinétique. Les panachures et la robe DEW prédisposent à la surdité partielle ou bilatérale notamment lorsque les marques blanches se trouvent sur les oreilles. Ils prédisposent également à l'infertilité et aux anomalies congénitales. Cette thèse d'exercice vétérinaire sur les connaissances actuelles du déterminisme de la couleur de la robe des furets des maladies qu'elles peuvent engendrer pourra aider les éleveurs de furets pour la sélection de leurs couples reproducteurs
Biliary diffusion and antifungal activity of caspofungin and fluconazole in liver transplant recipients: A pilot study
No full textInternational audienceInvasive candidiasis, including intra-abdominal candidiasis (IAC), is a common complication after liver transplantation. Antifungal drugs such as echinocandins and fluconazole (FCZ) are frequently used to prevent or treat such fungal infections. The diffusion of these antifungals within abdominal body sites has been rarely reported, in particular, in liver transplant recipients. This study aimed to evaluate the biliary diffusion of caspofungin (CAS) and FCZ. CAS and FCZ concentrations were determined in plasma and bile using a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Biliary concentrations of CAS (n = 5) and FCZ (n = 12) ranged from 1.6 to 4.4 and 6.4 to 33.4 mg/L, respectively, with respective medians of 1.9 and 17.7 mg/L. These values are higher than the MICs for yeast species frequently involved in IAC, suggesting that such antifungal exposure is sufficient to prevent/cure these infections. However, yeast was found in bile collected during CAS treatment from 3/5 patients, raising questions about the effective antifungal activity of this echinocandin at this anatomical site. Our pilot study shows that CAS and FCZ diffuse to the bile of liver transplant recipients. However, whether the observed antifungal concentrations are sufficiently high to prevent/cure IAC remains an unanswered questio
When the Research Object is Enlightened by the Material Collection Device.Two Examples of Group Interviews.
No full textInternational audienceThrough our two research experiences, we report on how we built these investigations, both in terms of our theoretical approach and our relationship to the field. From literature for Elisa and from the social sciences for Sandrine, what was the path taken to enter into research in the psychoanalytically-oriented clinical approach – the approach of the French CLIOPSY current – and to build legitimacy for our work in the field of education and training sciences ?This proposal stems from systematic requests for clarification of the clinical approach when sharing results in articles or communications outside the field of Education and Psychoanalysis. We always have to justify the methodology we use and argue to uphold our clinical position : subjectivity and affects may not be part of researh for a lot of colleagues.We envisage three focal points : the relationship to the research object in the intricacy of the internal object/research object, the relationship to the field – the place of the researchers and the choice of their devices – and the relationship to the materials collected – their analysis from an assumed subjectivity–.We focus on the development of data collection devices and methodology – always singular yet rigorous – and on the analysis of collected data and the experience of collecting them.The realities encountered in the field could affect the 'devices' or 'apparatus' we use to “ ear ” something from the subjects we meet for the research. What devices do we propose ? And with whom ? Flexibility in the implementation of these devices, induced by the researchers' clinical position, impact the aparatus itself and the way of experiencing it. Focusing on grupal dispositives in both testimonies, Sandrine looks back at an improvised groupal interview, based on a mediating object : by shifting the discourse on the object and opening up the imaginary, this device enabled analysis of the particular places occupied by each member of a teaching team. For her part, Elisa shares the experience of a clinical research. The group she's referring to consists of six nursery school teachers from three different schools, and this analysis is based on the first year. The teachers enrolled in a training course and are required to produce something. The institutional mandate places all the participants in a trainee/trainer relationship. Trapped in this demand and in a professional resonance, how can we free ourselves from what may be an underlying injunction, both for the researcher and for the group?Analysis of the resistances, defensive movements and sensitive experience of these group interviews reveals the extent to which every researcher “must submit to his own research apparatus, while remaining master of his research” (Barus-Michel, 1986, p. 804). This mastery is quite relative at the time of the experiment, and can only be approached during the analytical work in the “après-coup” : it takes shape – perhaps illusorily – at the moment of unfolding what may have played out during the encounter in particular.During observation, we build our clinical posture by taking into account our own transferential movements as a source of knowledge that is being elaborated, by working on our involvement : “involvement as a way of accessing meaning can consist either in neutralizing the impact of personal involvement on the situation observed [...], or in considering involvement itself and its effects as a mode of knowledge production” (Ciccone, 1998, p. 39). We are therefore attempting to introduce a fertile distance for thinking about the discourses exchanged, through clinical listening that involves “defamiliarization” (Kohn and Nègre, 1991) and “floating attention” (Freud, 1912).The psychoanalytically-oriented clinical approach is based on our psychic elaborations : the work of research is listening to the other, it is also partly an echo of the self. The desired distancing is contained in the device itself, since it designates the places of each and allows the other's expression : “it is the device that [the researcher] installs that will guarantee the admission of the other by assigning him to a place that, in a way, removes his narcissistic control of the research. This device is to be understood as something by which the researcher obliges himself. The device maintains the separation between the researcher and his object, the researcher and himself” (Barus-Michel, 1986, p. 803).In a two-part presentation, we will use concrete examples from our doctoral research – verbatim extracts from interviews conducted in group situations, elements of lexical analysis and image analysis – to show how the device and its experience shed light on the research object.In both cases, the process is built on encounters with the field and its subjects. This echoes the question posed by Cifali : “in such an approach [psychoanalytically-oriented clinical research], what can the method be?”; in both cases, “the method is not primary here, it is constructed with the object” (Cifali, 2001, p. 296). The a posteriori elaboration of the device, partly constructed on the site of the encounter offers hypotheses for interpretation, besides the analysis of discourses and transferential movements.It is also in the surprise of the encounter that a device can be constructed, and that resonances and resistances can be heard. The unknow can be recognized only in the “après-coup” : the knowledge is not an hypothesis we verify, it's an analysis we built by experiencing.In Education and Psychoanalysis, methodology and scientificity, as in any research field, depend on reference texts to legitimize the approach. In France, for example, the note de synthèse of 2005 allows us to subscribe to a current, but proves insufficient to validate an article and convince experts involved in other theoretical approaches. Researchers need to detail their choices and their approach to legitimize their results. It's normal to specify the method and the theory – as with any scientific discourse – but it seems to us that it's the approach itself that needs to be made explicit. In the constrained space of a scientific communication, justifying this approach doesn't permit to really develop the analysis and the results ; this undermines the very heuristic scope of this approach. It seems to us that this brings us back to the question of the place of psychoanalysis in the educational sciences. More broadly, it raises questions about the place given to the researcher's subjectivity and to a way of thinking that takes account of experience
Introduction – La FESPI peut-elle fêter ses vingt ans en 2025 ? Éclairages sur une genèse en trois actes
No full textInternational audienc
Shaping Expressiveness in Robotics: The Role of Design Tools in Crafting Embodied Robot Movements
No full textInternational audienceAs robots increasingly become part of shared human spaces, their movements must transcend basic functionality by incorporating expressive qualities to enhance engagement and communication. This paper introduces a movementcentered design pedagogy designed to support engineers in creating expressive robotic arm movements. Through a handson interactive workshop informed by interdisciplinary methodologies, participants explored various creative possibilities, generating valuable insights into expressive motion design. The iterative approach proposed integrates analytical frameworks from dance, enabling designers to examine motion through dynamic and embodied dimensions. A custom manual remote controller facilitates interactive, real-time manipulation of the robotic arm, while dedicated animation software supports visualization, detailed motion sequencing, and precise parameter control. Qualitative analysis of this interactive design process reveals that the proposed "toolbox" effectively bridges the gap between human intent and robotic expressiveness resulting in more intuitive and engaging expressive robotic arm movements.</div
