Publications scientifiques de l'EnvA
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Pratiques de biosécurité, freins et leviers en élevages porcins
No full textInternational audienceBiosecurity is a central issue in pig farming, both for disease prevention and for the economic sustainability of farms. This presentation provides an overview of external biosecurity practices in France, drawing on various sources: the pig health visit program (2020–2022), the PIG Connect audit tool, and a survey conducted in 112 alternative farms (PIGAL program led by Anses). The results highlight progress achieved in conventional farms, but also persistentshortcomings, particularly pronounced in alternative and free-range systems. The main barriers identified include the cost of investments, technical and topographical constraints, as well as the social acceptability of measures. Leverage points do exist, notably through regulatory adaptations and financial support. Training and guidance also play a key role, including for veterinarians, whose involvement still needs to be further optimized.La biosécurité constitue un enjeu central dans les élevages porcins, tant pour la prévention des maladies que pour la durabilité économique des exploitations. Cette présentation propose un état des lieux des pratiques de biosécurité externe en France, en s'appuyant sur différentes sources : la visite sanitaire porcine (2020-2022), l'outil d'audit PIG Connect et une enquête réalisée dans 112 élevages alternatifs (programme PIGAL piloté par l'Anses). Les résultats mettent en évidence des progrès réalisés dans les élevages conventionnels, mais aussi des carences persistantes, particulièrement marquées dans les élevages alternatifs et plein air. Les principaux freins identifiés relèvent du coût des investissements, des contraintes techniques et topographiques, ainsi que de l'acceptabilité sociale des mesures. Des leviers d'amélioration existent, notamment via des adaptations réglementaires et un accompagnement économique. Le rôle de la formation et de l'accompagnement est également déterminant, y compris pour les vétérinaires dont l'implication reste encore à optimiser
Charting the equine miRNA landscape: An integrated pipeline and browser for annotating, quantifying, and visualizing expression
No full textInternational audienceMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators of gene expression, yet few comprehensive databases exist for miRNA expression in non-model species, limiting our ability to characterize their roles in gene regulation, development, and disease. Similarly, isomiRs - length and sequence isoforms of canonical miRNAs with potentially altered regulatory targets and functions - have received even less attention in non-model species, including the horse, leaving a critical gap in our understanding of their biological significance. To address these challenges, we developed an open-source, containerized pipeline for identifying and quantifying miRNAs and isomiRs (FARmiR: Framework for Analysis and Refinement of miRNAs), and an associated interactive browser (AIMEE: Animal IsomiR and MiRNA Expression Explorer). AIMEE was developed to make miRNA expression data more accessible and user-friendly, a feature often lacking from other expression atlases. These tools were developed using equine data but can be readily extended to other species. Using these tools, we aggregated 461 small RNA-seq datasets, spanning 61 distinct tissues, integrating data from public repositories, an American Quarter Horse cohort, and the Functional Annotation of ANimal Genome (FAANG) consortium Thoroughbred samples, predicting 5,781 miRNAs and isomiRs. This work represents the largest systematically curated atlas of equine miRNA expression to date, providing a valuable resource that will enhance our understanding of miRNA and isomiR functions in tissue-specific regulation and ultimately improve biomarker discovery, functional genomics, and precision veterinary medicine
Oropouche virus infects human neural progenitor cells and alters the growth of brain organoids
No full textInternational audienceSummary Oropouche virus (OROV), is the etiologic agent of Oropouche fever (OROF), an emerging zoonotic disease that has been prevalent in South and Central America since the 1960s. Starting late 2023, the current outbreak has raised concern about vertical transmission and potential adverse pregnancy outcomes. While serological evidences and recent studies support the vertical transmission of OROV, how infection affects the fetal brain remains unclear. Here we show that a strain of OROV, FG_2020, phylogenetically-related to the epidemic strain, efficiently and productively infects human neural progenitor cells and iPSC-derived brain organoids. The main phenotypic effect is proliferation arrest associated with apoptosis leading to the loss of neural rosette organization, a key signature of developing brain architecture. These data indicates that fetal brain is susceptible to OROV infection and that vertical transmission during the first months of pregnancy could lead to pathological effects on brain development
Exploration du rôle possible de Stomoxys calcitrans dans la transmission d’Anaplasma phagocytophilum
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High sperm DNA fragmentation u2013 finding a needle in the haystack: tips on selecting the best sperm for ICSI and ART
No full textInternational audienceHigh levels of sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) are associated with reduced assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes. Currently, SDF is not included in routine clinical assessment of male partners of infertile couples, but the 6th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) manual for semen analysis included the SDF assessment in the chapter on extended semen examinations. SDF evaluation may be indicated in several clinical conditions that have been shown to affect and increase DNA fragmentation. In cases with high SDF levels, the clinician will attempt to correct any reversible factors and may treat the patients empirically with antioxidants. If high levels of SDF persist despite empirical treatment, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) may be indicated. During ICSI, embryologists can employ advanced selection procedures, to reduce the proportion of spermatozoa with DNA fragmentation, although no procedure can ensure that only non-DNA-fragmented will be spermatozoa selected
Exposition géographique de la population équine française à la tique Ixodes ricinus
No full textIxodes ricinus ticks represent a major health risk in France. Equidae are susceptible to numerous pathogens carried by these ticks, such as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, responsible for Lyme disease, which can lead to severe clinical signs and significant consequences in the equine sports industry. Against this backdrop, the aim of this study was to assess and map the probability of exposure of Equidae in mainland France to infestation by I. ricinus ticks. We have chosen to quantify this exposition using a score calculated based on the multicriteria analysis method associated with geographic information systems (MCDA-GIS). This method relied on the selection of variables from four categories of tick-related presence and activity factors (meteorological, altitude, vegetation and hosts), determined from a literature review. We then assembled the variables associated with each category of presence and activity factors together. By associating this variable with a variable representing the presence of equidae in environments favourable to ticks, we obtained exposure score maps of equine exposure to tick infestation for metropolitan France during the period of maximum tick activity, spring 2022, on a communal scale. The results show a relatively low exposure score across the whole of France (with an estimated maximum of 5.4%), and a heterogeneous distribution of values, with areas having a higher score in north-western and central France. It seems that the spatial distribution of the score is very similar to that of the distribution of the equine presence score, and more particularly to the distribution of saddle horse numbers. One step in the MCDA-GIS method that could have been carried out in addition was a sensitivity analysis. In particular, this would have enabled us to assess the impact of the number of saddle horses on the results. Another step that could have been carried out was the validationLes tiques Ixodes ricinus représentent un enjeu majeur en matière de risque sanitaire en France. Les équidés sont sensibles à de nombreux agents pathogènes véhiculés par ces tiques comme Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, responsable de la maladie de Lyme pouvant engendrer des signes cliniques sévères et des conséquences importantes dans les filières équines sportives. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer et de cartographier l'exposition des équidés en France métropolitaine à l'infestation par les tiques I. ricinus. Pour représenter l'exposition, nous avons choisi de la quantifier grâce à un score calculé à partir de la méthode d'analyse multicritères associée à des systèmes d'information géographique (MCDA-SIG). Cette méthode est fondée sur la sélection de variables appartenant à quatre catégories de facteurs de présence et d'activité associés aux tiques (météorologique, altitude, végétation et hôtes), déterminées d'après une revue bibliographique. Nous avons ensuite assemblé les variables associées à chaque catégorie de facteur de présence et d'activité entre elles. En associant cette variable ainsi construite une variable représentant la présence d'équidés sur les milieux favorables aux tiques, des cartes de score d'exposition des équidés à l'infestation par les tiques en France métropolitaine durant la période d'activité maximale de la tique, soit le printemps 2022, à l'échelle communale ont été obtenues. Les résultats montrent un score d'exposition relativement faible sur l'ensemble du territoire français (avec un maximum estimé à 5,4 %), et une répartition hétérogène des valeurs, avec des zones ayant un score plus élevé au niveau du nord-ouest et du centre de la France. Il semble que la distribution spatiale du score soit très similaire à celle de la répartition du score de présence des équidés et plus particulièrement à la répartition des effectifs des chevaux de selle. Une étape de la méthode MCDA-SIG qui aurait pu être réalisée en complément était une analyse de sensibilité. Cette étape aurait notamment pu permettre d'apprécier l'impact des effectifs d'équidés de selle sur les résultats. Une autre étape que nous aurions pu réaliser était la validation des résultats obtenus à partir d'observations de terrain composées de mesures de charges en tiques prélevées sur des équidés
Eastern Africa Origin of SAT2 Topotype XIV Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Outbreaks, Western Asia, 2023
No full textInternational audienceWe describe detection of SAT2 topotype XIV foot-and-mouth disease viruses in western Asia during 2022–2023. Sequences show the viruses originated in eastern Africa and were introduced into western Asia on >1 occasion. The rapid spread in naive animals highlights risks for onward transmission and potential endemicity in Asia.Cases of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) were reported in buffalo in Baghdad, Iraq, during December 2022 (https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4856External Link). Genotyping of FMD virus (FMDV) variable protein (VP) 1 coding sequences generated by the SAP Institute in Turkey identified the causative FMDV as the SAT2/XIV topotype that is present in eastern Africa but is exotic to western Asia (1). Increased surveillance monitored the further spread of this topotype among naive livestock that had not been vaccinated or previously infected with this serotype. By January 2023, fresh outbreaks caused by SAT2/XIV were detected in Bahrain, Jordan, and Oman. In March 2023, outbreaks caused by this topotype were also reported in eastern Anatolia in Turkey and later in central Anatolia and the Adana Provinces. We used whole-genome sequences to investigate the likely timing and route of SAT2/XIV incursion and spread in western Asia
Genetic and Immunological Insights into Tick-Bite Hypersensitivity and Alpha-Gal Syndrome: A Case Study Approach
No full textInternational audienceTick-bite hypersensitivity encompasses a range of clinical manifestations, from localized allergic reactions to systemic conditions like alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), an IgE-mediated allergy to galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal). This study investigated the clinical, molecular, immunological, and genetic features of two hypersensitivity cases. Two cases were analyzed: a 30-year-old woman with fixed drug reaction (FDR)-like hypersensitivity and a 10-year-old girl with AGS exhibiting borderline α-Gal-specific IgE. Diagnostic methods included allergen-specific IgE quantification, HLA genotyping, histopathological examination, and the molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens using microfluidic PCR. Case I demonstrated histopathological features of chronic lymphocytic inflammation and eosinophilic infiltrates, with HLA-B13 and DRB113 alleles indicating genetic susceptibility to hypersensitivity, while histological findings suggested a localized FDR-like reaction. Case II exhibited borderline α-Gal-specific IgE, resolving completely with a mammalian-free diet. The presence of HLA-DRB101 and DQB1*05 in the second patient indicated a genetic predisposition to AGS and other atopic conditions. No infectious etiology was identified in either case. These findings emphasize the heterogeneity of tick-related hypersensitivity and the importance of HLA genotypes in susceptibility. Comprehensive molecular, immunological, and genetic profiling offers valuable insights into the mechanisms of hypersensitivity, supporting personalized approaches for the diagnosis and management of tick-induced allergic conditions
Réflexion économique sur l'équilibre idéal de l'équipe vétérinaire française, comparaison aux modèles anglo-saxons
No full textVeterinary care facilities (practices, clinics, or referral hospitals) in France face certain limitations that hinder their innovation and adaptability to current economic challenges. Anglo-Saxon models offer inspiring solutions: a clear distribution of roles and an optimal support staff-to-veterinarian ratio (2 to 3 per practitioner) maximize productivity while maintaining high-quality care. The integration of digital technologies and the expansion of service offerings, particularly through preventive medicine and health subscription plans, enhance client retention and stabilize revenues for veterinary facilities. To address these challenges, it is essential to strengthen the skills and value of veterinary assistants (ASVs) by increasing their numbers to achieve a target ratio of 1.5 to 2 per veterinarian. This would allow for better delegation of administrative and technical tasks, thereby reducing the workload of veterinarians. Adjusting salaries and investing in continuous training for both veterinarians and ASVs would also help improve the profession's attractiveness. Client retention relies on transparent pricing, attentive service, and tailored offerings. Preventive care plans that bundle consultations, vaccinations, and routine treatments stabilize revenues and strengthen trust-based relationships. Pooling costly equipment through economic interest groups and outsourcing certain non-clinical functions are promising approaches to optimizing internal organization. Adopting innovative technologies and streamlining multi-room operations improve client flow, increase consultation volumes, and reduce waiting times. Addressing trends and key challenges within the profession is also crucial. These solutions, tailored to the French context, must account for cultural and economic disparities. By balancing profitability, innovation, and team well-being, they aim to transform veterinary facilities and sustain the profession in a constantly evolving sector.Les établissements de soins vétérinaires (cabinet, clinique ou CHV) en France sont confrontés à certaines limites qui freinent leur innovation et leur adaptabilité aux défis économiques actuels. Les modèles anglo-saxons offrent des solutions inspirantes : une répartition claire des rôles et un ratio personnel support/vétérinaire optimal (2 à 3 par praticien) maximisent la productivité et maintiennent une qualité élevée de soins. L'intégration des technologies numériques et l'élargissement de l'offre de services proposés, via notamment la médecine préventive et les abonnements santé, renforcent la fidélisation des clients et stabilisent les revenus des structures. Pour répondre à ces enjeux, il est essentiel de renforcer les compétences et la valorisation des ASV en augmentant leur nombre pour atteindre un ratio cible de 1,5 à 2 par vétérinaire. Cela permettrait une meilleure délégation des tâches administratives et techniques, allégeant ainsi la charge des praticiens. L'ajustement des rémunérations et l'investissement dans la formation continue des vétérinaires et des ASV contribueraient également à renforcer l'attractivité de la profession. La fidélisation des clients repose sur la transparence des coûts, un accueil soigné et des services adaptés. Les plans de prévention regroupant consultations, vaccinations et soins courants stabilisent les revenus et renforcent la relation de confiance. Mutualiser les équipements coûteux via des groupements d'intérêt économique et externaliser certaines fonctions non cliniques constituent des approches prometteuses pour optimiser l'organisation interne. L'adoption de technologies innovantes et la gestion multisalle fluidifient le parcours client, augmentent les consultations et réduisent les temps d'attente. Tenir compte des tendances et des enjeux majeurs de la profession, est également crucial. Ces solutions, adaptées aux spécificités françaises, doivent tenir compte des disparités culturelles et économiques. En conciliant rentabilité, innovation et bien-être des équipes, elles visent à transformer les structures vétérinaires et à pérenniser la profession dans un secteur en constante évolution