Portail HAL du CIHEAM Montpellier
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1216 research outputs found
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Le logiciel EtoPhy sur la plateforme web "DEPHYTO" pour évaluer la toxicité des produits phytosanitaires sur la santé et l'environnement
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Assessment of farm vulnerability to climate change in Southern France
No full textInternational audienceClimate change (CC) is a major threat to agriculture, the sector that supports the territorial economy in the Pays Haut Languedoc et Vignoble (PHLV) region (south France). In this region, farms have been facing the negative effects of CC for several decades. The implementation of agriculture adaptation policies requires a coherent and integrated tool that mobilizes approaches for territorial development, vulnerability assessments, and feasibility. The purpose of this research is to provide a multi-criteria assessment of farm vulnerability to CC in the PHLV region. An index of farm vulnerability was developed based on the classic model of vulnerability, which is the product of exposure and sensitivity divided by adaptive capacity. This assessment was conducted at the farm level, by combining biophysical variables (such as soil type and irrigation) and socioeconomic variables (such as agricultural experience and crop insurance), selected based on a literature review and interviews with local stakeholders and local experts. To solve the weighting problem, we differentiated between a "calculated vulnerability", without any specific weighting of the vulnerability variables, and a "declared vulnerability" that integrates the scores assigned to the importance of each variable for each farmer surveyed, based on their awareness. Afterward, a discriminant analysis was used to identify the factors that determine the vulnerability classes. Our results show that (i) the majority of the surveyed farms have a relatively high vulnerability index, but wine farms and cereal farms are the most vulnerable; (ii) for all farms the "declared vulnerability" is lower than the "calculated vulnerability", showing that farmers underestimate their vulnerability; (iii) there is an interesting link between the low level of vulnerability and the adaptation efforts already made over the past ten years by certain farms that have changed or introduced crops and improved their agricultural practices
L’organisation alternative à l’épreuve de l’inclusion : le cas de la création d’une Société Coopérative d’Intérêt Collectif (SCIC) d’accompagnement de porteurs de projets à impact sociétal
No full textInternational audienceThis paper studies the issues of inclusion and exclusion of diverse stakeholders within an alternative organization—multi-stakeholder social cooperative. Our results demonstrate renewed inclusion practices within CICs in support of their mission. However, they emphasize that adopting a governance model based on multi-membership does not guarantee the inclusion of all stakeholders within an alternative organization and that specific governance and management mechanisms still need to be invented for this purpose. Finally, they demonstrate the importance of finding a balance between inclusion and exclusion within alternative organizations to define the boundaries of their alterity.Ce papier étudie les enjeux d’inclusion/exclusion de parties prenantes diverses au sein d’une organisation alternative – une Société Coopérative d’Intérêt Collectif (SCIC). Nos résultats témoignent de pratiques renouvelées d’inclusion en contexte de SCIC au service de leur mission. Ils soulignent toutefois le fait que l’adoption d’une forme de gouvernance basée sur le multi-sociétariat ne garantit pas automatiquement le processus d’inclusion de l’ensemble des parties prenantes au sein d’une organisation alternative et que des mécanismes spécifiques de gouvernance et de management sont encore à inventer dans cet objectif. Enfin, ils témoignent de l’intérêt de trouver un équilibre au sein des organisations alternatives entre inclusion et exclusion pour construire les frontières de leur altérité
Assessing agroecology terms for North African countries: a literature review
No full textInternational audienceConventional agricultural techniques cannot fulfill the requirements of a sustainable food value chain. Agroecology can be a great alternative practice for transforming the current agricultural systems. This approach combines ecology and agriculture, considering different stakeholders' opinions. An assessment of the current literature about "agroecology practices" using the Web of Science database was made, and 1235 results were collected and unified into a bibtex file using R studio. The final results were extracted through the bibliometix library. The acquired results show that annual scientific production on the aforementioned term was limited between the 1990s and 2010s and has recently increased due to increased interest in the topic. Additionally, the terms "agriculture", "management biodiversity", and "conservation" are frequently correlated with agroecology, covering all three dimensions of sustainability. Agroecology as a trending topic has great potential to serve North African countries, increasing food security levels while assuring sustainability standards
Quelles sont les conséquences économiques de la désertification ?
No full textInternational audienceL’évaluation des coûts de la désertification soulève de multiples difficultés, notamment liées à la définition de la situation à laquelle on compare l’état actuel. On doit, d’une part, s’accorder sur une liste d’impacts liés à la désertification. Cette liste varie avec les territoires considérés et la façon dont ils sont exploités par les sociétés humaines. Il faut, d’autre part, définir ce que sont les coûts économiques qui peuvent concerner les activités productives, résidentielles, voire récréatives, privées ou publiques, repérables en termes monétaires ou pas
La neutralité en matière de dégradation des terres au Sahel au prisme de la question foncière. Regards critiques sur quelques approches et instruments
No full textLa neutralité des terres, bien qu’étant un objectif de développement durable, reste largement méconnue en dehors des cercles de négociations internationales sur l’environnement et des milieux académiques dédiés. Depuis 10 ans, la Convention des Nations unies sur la lutte contre la désertification s’est portée volontaire pour une mise en œuvre de cet objectif dans les régions de son mandat, les zones arides, semi-arides et sub-humides sèches. Une appropriation relative de la notion de neutralité est constatée dans les pays, principalement au niveau national avec des évaluations de la neutralité à cette échelle qui sont largement basées sur l’imagerie satellitaire et l’expertise. Si la question du rôle de la gouvernance foncière dans l’atteinte de la neutralité en matière de dégradation des terres a été introduite au sein de la convention dès 2019, des analyses fines et ancrées des liens entre neutralité et foncier demeurent rares, voire absentes du monde académique. Cette note de synthèse qui vise à mieux documenter les relations entre foncier et neutralité dans l’espace sahélien est basée sur un atelier mobilisant de nombreux spécialistes de ces domaines. Elle permet d’explorer ces notions et de les mettre en relation aux différentes échelles d’analyse, du global jusqu’au local
Characterizing agroecology in North Africa, a review of 88 sustainable agriculture projects
No full textInternational audienceAgroecology refers to the greening of agrosystems with the mobilization of ecosystem services in order to limit exogenous inputs, enhance biodiversity and moderate the exploitation of natural resources (Tibi A. and Therond O., 2017). Agroecological practices offer pathways for transformation and transition not only of agricultural systems but of entire food systems. Through its objectives, agroecology aims at both sustainable land management and the strengthening of the livelihoods of producers and rural people, and thus contributes to the fight against desertification. To date, there is little scientific literature on the characteristics of agroecology in the Maghreb region. However, we can cite the work of Lattre-Gasquet M. de et al. (2017), Ameur et al. (2020), Akakpo et al. (2021). These studies, although they provide important information on the problem of agroecology in the region, on its different forms and perspectives, do not allow us to draw up a global panorama. The proposed article highlights general characteristics of agroecology in North Africa from a review of 88 sustainable agriculture projects, which it analyzes, through an inventory of agroecological practices supported by these projects, from the frameworks of the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition, (HLPE, 2019), on the principles of agroecology and the transition levels approach developed by Gliessman and colleagues (Gliessman, 2007; Gliessman and Rosemeyer, 2010; FAO, 2015; Gliessman, 2016). The results show significant differences and evolution in the practices observed at the plot and on the farm, depending on the agrosystems considered. The majority of the agroecological innovations identified are at the plot and farm scales, with the exception of those found in oasis and mountain agrosystems, where practices integrate the scales of the territory and value chains in a more complete way
Covid-19 crisis: what lessons on the role of the informal economy in the Tunisian date value chain?
No full textInternational audienceThe objective of the paper is to analyze the stakes associated with the informality in the Tunisian Dates supply chain. We focus on the interdependencies between the formal and informal sectors, interdependencies which have been particularly revealed during the Covid-19 crisis. This crisis has highlighted the fundamental role of the informal sector in structuring the supply chain, mainly in the marketing intermediation links. Based on its impacts on the Tunisian date sector, we revisit the debates on the informal sector and offer a critical analysis of the strategies generally proposed to fight against this phenomenon. Radical strategies to eliminate the informality would have the effect of paralyzing a certain number of transactions in the supply chain inducing vulnerabilities of formal stakeholders. Conversely, a tolerant policy towards the informal economy could in the long term compromise the sustainability of the supply chain. The lessons learned from the Covid-19 crisis suggest, firstly, the implementation of policies aimed to reduce the dependence of formal actors on the informal sector. Such a policy is likely to facilitate, in a second phase, the success of progressive integration strategies of the informal economy into the formal system
Is blockchain a panacea for guarding PDO supply chains? Exploring vulnerabilities, critical control points, and blockchain feasibility in Greece
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Within food Supply Chains (SCs), food products labeled through Geographical Indications (GIs) hold paramount importance as distinctive and culturally significant entities, ensuring the integrity and distinctiveness of regional specialties. By strictly regulating the geographic origin and production methods, the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) not only guarantees the preservation of traditional practices but also safeguards the cultural legacy and identity of the regions where genuine PDO products are produced. However, the very mechanisms safeguarding PDO authenticity can be exploited within globalized food systems, creating opportunities for fraudulent activities and intentional or unintentional adulteration. This study specifically delves into the overarching realm of PDO SCs, using PDO Feta cheese as a prominent case study. Through an assessment of Feta cheese SC in Greece, encompassing the Delphi Technique with the amalgamation of the design stages of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), Vulnerabilities Assessment and Critical Control Point (VACCP), and Threat Assessment and Critical Control Point (TACCP) methodologies, the operations, vulnerabilities, and critical control points are scrutinized. The results indicate multifaceted vulnerabilities and Critical Control Points (CCPs) in the Feta cheese SC that need to be addressed and constitute a precursor for augmenting PDO SCs. Moreover, the utilization of Blockchain Technology (BT) exhibits intrinsic potential for enhancing the administration of supply chains with the potential to fundamentally transform data management practices and foster increased levels of trust among stakeholders