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Power Consumption in HPC-AI Systems
No full textInternational audienceBeside the need for speed that has led to HPC, energy has become a crucial concern that is addressed in HPC hardware and software solutions. There are several aspects when it comes to energy in computing systems: cost, source, heat, carbon, lifetime, and more. From the standpoint of embedded systems, devices are battery-powered, thus the available amount of energy to proceed with is limited. In critical cases like these, it is vital to optimize all sources of substantial power consumption. Regarding more standard computing systems, including supercomputers, the question of energy saving mainly translates into electricity cost and carbon emission. Indeed, the overall energy required to run an HPC infrastructure including cooling systems represents an important part of the maintenance budget. In addition, considering heat dissipation, lifetime of the hardware is reduced as well as MTBF (mean time between failures). One the major topic from the application standpoint that HPC has to consider carefully is artificial intelligence (AI). Indeed, this processing paradigm has tremendously grew up with more and more ambitious perspectives. The pervasiveness of AI solutions and the noticeable computing time required for at least the training phases exacerbate the concern of power consumption in this context. The purpose of this chapter is to explore and illustrate the issue of power consumption in HPC-AI systems so as to make the issue more clear to the reader and highlight the main solutions and perspectives
Agricultural and food business dynamics in the Mediterranean region: identifying key indicators for sustainable supply chain systems originated by small-scale farming production
No full textInternational audienceFruit and vegetables play a crucial role in ensuring food and nutrition security, and developing more sustainable value chains in agriculture and the agri-food sector. To support a greater supply of fruit and vegetables, small farmers’ production is fundamental and needs to be integrated into stable value chains to maintain market, logistics and quality conditions. This article develops a theoretical framework based on the conditions, strategies and performances of supply chain systems, combined with the elicitation of expert opinion, to identify key variables for the specific analysis of fruit and vegetable supply chains. Empirical data was retrieved from eight supply chains in five Mediterranean countries to identify the most relevant issues related to their conditions, strategies and performances. Three different types of supply chains were included: 1) Short food supply chains, 2) Green public procurement, and 3) Exportoriented supply chains. This research made it possible to identify key indicators for the analysis of fruit and vegetable supply chain system dynamics. The variables identified in this study may contribute to prospective research for the assessment of fruit and vegetable supply chain sustainability and to the development of policies that encourage the adoption of environmentally-friendly and socially-responsible practices, thus contributing to the long-term sustainability of Mediterranean fruit and vegetables supply chains
Transforming weed management in sustainable agriculture with artificial intelligence: a systematic literature review towards weed identification and deep learning
No full textInternational audienceHighlights: • AI in weed management potentials for transforming agricultural ecosystems. • AI influence in economic, social, technological, and environmental dimensions. • AI's role in enhancing food safety by reducing pesticides residues. • Digital literacy as a crucial enabler empowering stakeholders to use AI effectively.Abstract: In the face of increasing agricultural demands and environmental concerns, the effective management of weeds presents a pressing challenge in modern agriculture. Weeds not only compete with crops for resources but also pose threats to food safety and agricultural sustainability through the indiscriminate use of herbicides, which can lead to environmental contamination and herbicide-resistant weed populations. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has ushered in a paradigm shift in agriculture, particularly in the domain of weed management. AI's utilization in this domain extends beyond mere innovation, offering precise and eco-friendly solutions for the identification and control of weeds, thereby addressing critical agricultural challenges. This article aims to examine the application of AI in weed management in the context of weed detection and the increasing impact of deep learning techniques in the agricultural sector. Through an assessment of research articles, this study identifies critical factors influencing the adoption and implementation of AI in weed management. These criteria encompass factors of AI adoption (food safety, increased effectiveness, and eco-friendliness through herbicides reduction), AI implementation factors (capture technology, training datasets, AI models, and outcomes and accuracy), ancillary technologies (IoT, UAV, field robots, and herbicides), and the related impact of AI methods adoption (economic, social, technological, and environmental). Of the 5821 documents found, 99 full-text articles were assessed, and 68 were included in this study. The review highlights AI's role in enhancing food safety by reducing herbicide residues, increasing effectiveness in weed control strategies, and promoting eco-friendliness through judicious herbicide use. It underscores the importance of capture technology, training datasets, AI models, and accuracy metrics in AI implementation, emphasizing their synergy in revolutionizing weed management practices. Ancillary technologies, such as IoT, UAVs, field robots, and AI-enhanced herbicides, complement AI's capabilities, offering holistic and data-driven approaches to weed control. Additionally, the adoption of AI methods influences economic, social, technological, and environmental dimensions of agriculture. Last but not least, digital literacy emerges as a crucial enabler, empowering stakeholders to navigate AI technologies effectively and contribute to the sustainable transformation of weed management practices in agriculture
A modeling framework of a territorial socio-ecosystem to study the trajectories of change in agricultural phytosanitary practices
No full textInternational audienceDespite the growing societal demands to reduce pesticide use, public policies struggle to reverse the current upward trend. Agroecology emerges as a promising solution, as it promotes ecological regulation and sustainable practices. The systemic nature of the agro-ecological transition requires the development of an interdisciplinary approach. In this respect, models integrating ecological, economic, and social aspects are valuable for understanding the dynamics of agroecosystems. The objective of this article is to investigate the trajectories of change in the pesticide practices of agricultural territories taking into account ecological and economic dynamics. We built a socio-ecological modeling framework of a socio-ecosystem at the territorial scale. This generic agent-based model is developed to simulate both farmers’ decision-making (based on its own profit and that of others, and its willingness to change) and disease dynamics (based on the inoculum, the probability of infection, the probability of disease escape, and the previous disease). We first used the model to simulate the impact of different economic or ecological territorial characteristics on the trajectories of agricultural practices in the territory. Second, we aimed to analyze the final states of the territories (at equilibrium) based on scenarios of variations in the economic (the cost of pesticides), ecological (the dispersal capacity of the disease), and agronomic (the ability to escape the disease of no-input farming) parameters. The final states of the territories were analyzed using four categories of indicators (farming practices, the profits, the number of infected fields and the use of fungicides). The study revealed strong threshold effects, non-linear effects and linear effects, on the number of farmers performing the different practices in the territory. These effects are highlighted respectively for the scenarios of increased cost of pesticides, increased disease escape of no-input farming and increased the disease dispersal. Our results highlighted the need to take into account combinations of levers and to study trajectories of change in order to promote sustainable agriculture. Finally, we discussed the possibility of using such models to guide public policies in favor of agroecology
WEFE (Su-Enerji-Gıda-Ekosistem) Bağlantısında Uyarlama ve Azaltım Stratejileri: Akdeniz Havzasında İklim Değişikliği ile Su-Enerji-Gıda-Ekosistemler (WEFE) Nexusunun Bağlantısına Dair Özel Rapor. Bölüm 3 – WEFE nexus uyum ve azaltım stratejileri
No full textInternational audienceIn addressing adaptation and/or mitigation strategies in the Mediterranean region, a focus on achieving multiple goals across the water, energy, ecosystems and food sectors is imperative. Identifying synergies between these aspects is crucial to avoid negative outcomes and trade-offs. An integrated approach to the Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem (WEFE) nexus is necessary, one which takes into account its interconnected nature and the potential for rebound effects from addressing individual aspects separately. Because of the region's temporal and spatial variabilities, dealing with the WEFE nexus requires transdisciplinary approaches that incorporate social, political, and governance aspects. In cases of high expected impacts from climate change, transformative adaptation involving significant changes in human inputs and system reorganisation becomes necessary, as incremental adaptations may reach their limits in effectiveness. Watershed management serves as an effective unit for managing the nexus, especially given the Mediterranean region's vulnerability to water stress. The complexity of the region's socio-economic and political diversity necessitates transboundary strategies in adaptation and mitigation efforts, alongside global agreements as a complement to the Paris Agreement. Evaluating adaptation and mitigation strategies in a context-specific manner is essential to ensure effectiveness. While digital and technological solutions, early warning tools, and climate services are valuable, they must be integrated with nature-based solutions, and broad societal understanding and engagement are vital. Despite being solutions, improvements in irrigation techniques can lead to unintended consequences on the WEFE nexus, such as increased water use through the expansion of irrigated surface area and intensity. Embracing behavioural changes, such as reducing meat consumption and food waste, and encouraging restrained consumption and sufficiency, holds high potential for both adaptation and mitigation in the face of environmental challenges
Chapter 5. Governance, policies and research options for the WEFE nexus
No full textInternational audienceThere is an urgent need for coordinated WEFE policies in the Mediterranean to address water scarcity, food and energy insecurity, ecosystem health, and potential conflicts exacerbated by climate change. However, countries in the MENA region currently lack an integrated policy framework that connects water resources management, energy, food, and ecosystems. Given the profound impact of climate change on food and water security, implementing integrated, transformative, inclusive and WEFE-based policies in the MENA region is imperative in order to effectively manage water, energy, and food resources. Coordinated WEFE policies should take into account the intricate interconnections between biophysical and socio-economic systems. Transboundary considerations are also crucial, as policies in one country can affect WEFE security regionally and locally due to the inherent production and consumption linkages in global markets and trade. When designing WEFE nexus policies within the Mediterranean region, it is essenti
Analysis of agroecological perspectives in North African intersectoral public policies. A review of trends, strengths and weaknesses
No full textThis deliverable was built collectively by all the Algerian, Egyptian, Moroccan, Mauritanian and Tunisian partners under the responsibility of the project coordination team, and three experts, one Egyptian, and two international experts: it is composed of five national reports and a transversal synthesis. The national reports were structured around the following three points: a description of the agricultural and rural context with a focus on recent constraints and developments, an inventory and analysis of agricultural and environmental strategies; and finally, a set of surveys conducted among different stakeholders on the place of agroecology in public policies and in the agricultural world. The synthesis presents the results obtained on the three components in a cross-cutting manner and contextualizes them in relation to the international context and other public policy sectors such as health
Management of sanitary and environmental impact of agricultural phytosanitary practices: case of farms in the southwest of France
No full textInternational audienceThe extensive use of pesticides currently constitutes a major environmentaland public health issue (Inserm, 2013; Berardi Tadié and Bonvarlet, 2019).several indicators have been used to evaluate pesticide pressure: TFI,NODU and QSA. Other generic, simple and flexible indicators are used inthis context: IRSA and IRTE (Mghirbi et al., 2015) to assess the potential riskof phytosanitary products and their impacts on human health and non-target organisms. The objective of this study is to analyse plant protectionpractices according to cropping and production systems(conventional/integrated and organic) to assess and manage the riskassociated to diffuse phytosanitary pollution at field level located in thesouthwest of France
Looking at land degradation neutrality in the Sahel in terms of land issues. A critical review of several LDN approaches and instruments
No full textAlthough land neutrality is a sustainable development objective, it remains largely unknown outside international environmental negotiation circles and dedicated academic circles. For the past 10 years, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification has volunteered to implement this objective in the regions covered by its mandate: arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid zones. A relative appropriation of the notion of neutrality is observed in countries, mainly at national level, with assessments of neutrality at this scale largely based on satellite imagery and expertise. While the question of the role of land governance in achieving neutrality in terms of land degradation has been introduced within the convention as of 2019, detailed and grounded analyses of the links between neutrality and land tenure remain rare, if not absent from the academic world. This briefing note, which aims to better document the relationships between land tenure and neutrality in the Sahelian space, is based on a workshop mobilizing numerous specialists in these fields. It allows us to explore these notions and relate them to different scales of analysis, from global to local
The economy of edible weeds: evidence and conceptual framework
No full textInternational audienceEcological and environmental economics provide a set of methodologies to measure the economic value of edible weeds, based on the assessment of the different trade-offs generated by their ecosystem services. These approaches may provide information on the economic importance of context-specific situations related to the use and consumption of edible weeds and wild edible plants. However, scattered sets of evidence do not provide a pluralistic and articulated view of the interconnected dynamics that regulate the economic importance of the ecosystem services provided within governed social-ecological systems. This chapter develops a new conceptual assessment framework and an optional set of indicators for evaluating the economic importance of edible weeds that integrates the socioeconomic, ecological, and institutional dynamics into the valuation process