Portail HAL du CIHEAM Montpellier
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A farm-level ecological-economic approach of the inclusion of pollination services in arable crop farms
No full textInternational audienceModern agricultural systems use both managed and wild bees in order to secure the provision of pollination services. However, the decline of both bee species due to the increased use of pesticides raises concerns for the supply of pollination services in agriculture. Because European policies seem ineffective in safeguarding bees as they fail to address farmers’ socio-economic issues, farmers’ adoption rate of friendlier practices by pollinators remains limited. This study uses a farm-level ecological-economic model to explore the potential impacts of changing policy intervention on the provision of pollination services and on farmers’ incomes in two characteristic farms in Southwestern France. Moreover, it integrates the economic importance of behavioral interactions between managed and wild bees on crop production. The model assesses farmers’ adoption decisions about alternative practices under risk aversion through an optimization choice among several crops, practices (novel/conventional), variable inputs, and pollination activity. The results show that a knowledge of bees’ complementarity may facilitate farmers’ adoption decisions. Furthermore, they highlight that different levels of Agri-Environmental Schemes and penalties can be efficiently targeted to encourage the implementation of new farming practices in order to preserve pollination services and maintain economically viable farms
Understanding the current status, emerging challenges, global uncertainties and coping mechanisms of agriculture and food systems around the Mediterranean: proceedings
No full textProceedings of the Mediterranean Forum for PhD Students and Young Researchers, 2021/07/06-07, Online.International audienceThe Mediterranean Forum - MEDFORUM - is a bi-annual meeting point launched by CIHEAM in 2016 for PhD students and young researchers from the Mediterranean area. MEDFORUM aims to foster communication, dialogue and co-publications between various institutions conducting scientific research in the field of agri-food production and rural development in Mediterranean countries with focus on dry and arid regions. After its previous versions in 2016 in Montpellier, France and 2018 in Bari, Italy, CIHEAM Montpellier organized a virtual MEDFORUM on 6 and 7 July 2021 due to the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic
Stakeholder expectations of future policy implementation compared to formal policy trajectories: scenarios for agricultural food systems in the Mekong Delta
No full textInternational audienceThe development of a coherent and coordinated policy for the management of large socio-agricultural systems, such as the Mekong delta in southern Vietnam, is reliant on aligning the development, delivery, and implementation of policy on national to local scales. Effective decision making is linked to a coherent, broadly-shared vision of the strategic management of socio-agricultural systems. However, when policies are ambiguous, and at worst contradictory, long-term management and planning can consequently suffer. These potential adverse impacts may be compounded if stakeholders have divergent visions of the current and future states of socio-agricultural systems. Herein we used a transferable, scenario-based methodology which uses a standard quadrant matrix in order to explore both anticipated and idealized future states. Our case study was the Mekong delta. The scenario matrix was based upon two key strategic choices (axis) for the delta, derived from analysis of policy documents, literature, stakeholder engagement, and land use models. These are: (i) who will run agriculture in the future, agri-business or the established commune system; and (ii) to what degree sustainability will be incorporated into production. During a workshop meeting, stakeholders identified that agri-business will dominate future agricultural production in the delta but showed a clear concern that sustainability might consequently be undermined despite policy claims of the contrary. As such, our study highlights an important gap between national expectations and regional perspectives. Our results suggest that the new development plans for the Mekong delta (which comprise a new Master Plan and a new 5-year socio-economic development plan), which emphasize agro-business development, should adopt approaches that address concerns of sustainability as well as a more streamlined policy formulation and implementation that accounts for stakeholder concerns at both provincial and national levels
Spatial characterization of surface water vulnerability to diffuse pollution related to pesticide contamination: case of the Gimone watershed in France
No full textInternational audienceThe preservation of natural resources via the management of diffuse pollution is currently considered to be a significant challenge in France. Pollution reduction policies are notably based on the identification of vulnerable areas. In this context, our work aims to develop a method for characterizing the surface water vulnerability to phytosanitary pollution by implementing an interdisciplinary methodology combining geomatics, environmental science and agronomy. Such work consists in offering local stakeholders a decision support tool towards the participatory management of the diffuse pollution issue. This study is based on the geographic contribution of spatial analysis to the large-scale and high-definition identification of physical elements of the environment. It is also based on the study of agro-environmental indicators for the analysis of phytosanitary pressure on watercourses. The combination of these different data sources will make it possible to assess the vulnerability of diffuse pollution at a territorial level, by taking into account factors of agricultural pressure at plot level (crop types and phytosanitary practices), as well as factors of environmental sensitivity at watershed level (pedology, rainfall, topography, etc.). The results obtained will be mapped at plot level, then at the level of the Gimone watershed located in the southwest of France
Integration in export marketing channels and farms' labor force composition: female agricultural workers in the Moroccan vegetable sector
No full textInternational audienceThe Moroccan agricultural sector employs around 40% of the country's total working population. Since the early 1990s, there has been a striking increase in the proportion of female wage laborers. This article investigates the effect of the gendered composition of the agricultural wage labor force on horticultural farms. We draw on an original data set collected in 2010, comprising 240 agricultural holdings located in the region of Souss Massa. The results suggest that local labor shortages do not play a major role in explaining the ratio of female hired wage laborers. Instead, it seems that quality requirements are encouraging farm holdings to hire a female labor force
Food system integration of olive-oil-producing small farms in Southern Europe
No full textInternational audienceThis study aims to identify the various forms of integration of olive-oil-producing small farms (OSFs) into food systems in four Southern European regions, as well as to identify the most beneficial strategies of integration. Drawing on data from the SALSA Project, the study has found that besides self-provision, OSFs are engaged in multiple types of integration, including reciprocity relations as well as relations with informal and formal markets. Multiple strategies with synergistic effects co-exist at the farm/farm household level. However, specific territorial resources are partially mobilized by actors’ strategies; consequently, olive oil identities are valorized on the market to some extent, but less so through positive externalities. Therefore, the unrealized potential of localization of food systems in which OSFs operate is identified
Collective influence of household and community capitals on agricultural employment as a measure of rural poverty in the Mahanadi Delta, India
No full textInternational audienceThe main determinants of agricultural employment are related to households’ access to private assets and the influence of inherited social–economic stratification and power relationships. However, despite the recommendations of rural studies which have shown the importance of multilevel approaches to rural poverty, very few studies have explored quantitatively the effects of common-pool resources and household livelihood capitals on agricultural employment. Understanding the influence of access to both common-pool resources and private assets on rural livelihoods can enrich our understanding of the drivers of rural poverty in agrarian societies, which is central to achieving sustainable development pathways. Based on a participatory assessment conducted in rural communities in India, this paper differentiates two levels of livelihood capitals (household capitals and community capitals) and quantifies them using national census data and remotely sensed satellite sensor data. We characterise the effects of these two levels of livelihood capitals on precarious agricultural employment by using multilevel logistic regression. Our study brings a new perspective on livelihood studies and rural economics by demonstrating that common-pool resources and private assets do not have the same effect on agricultural livelihoods. It identifies that a lack of access to human, financial and social capitals at the household level increases the levels of precarious agricultural employment, such as daily-wage agricultural labour. Households located in communities with greater access to collective natural capital are less likely to be agricultural labourers. The statistical models also show that proximity to rural centres and access to financial infrastructures increase the likelihood of being a landless agricultural labourer. These findings suggest that investment in rural infrastructure might increase livelihood vulnerability, if not accompanied by an improvement in the provisioning of complementary rural services, such as access to rural finance, and by the implementation of agricultural tenancy laws to protect smallholders’ productive assets
Irrigation mapping using Sentinel-1 time series
No full textInternational audienceThe objective of this paper is to present an approach for mapping irrigated areas at plot scale using the Sentinel-1 radar time series. Over a study site located in Catalonia region of north Spain, a dense temporal series of Si backscattering coefficients were first obtained at plot scale and grid scale (10km x 10km). The S1 time series at plot and grid scales were conjointly used to remove the ambiguity between rainfall events and irrigation events. The principal component analysis (PCA) and the wavelet transformation were applied to the SAR temporal series. Then, to classify irrigated/non-irrigated plots the random forest (RF) classifier was employed using the obtained principal components (PC) and the wavelet coefficients (WT). A convolutional neural network was also tested using the prepared Si temporal series. The result of the classification reaches 90.7% and 89.1% using the PC and the WT in a random forest classifier respectively. The accuracy of the classification reaches 94.1% using the CNN
Conséquences de la pandémie COVID-19 sur les marchés agricoles et le secteur des céréales en Méditerranée
No full textInternational audienceL’émergence et la propagation rapide du virus COVID-19 sur tous les continents ont envoyé des signaux forts sur les marchés internationaux et les économies des pays. La Méditerranée (en particulier ses rives Sud et Est) n’est pas épargnée, étant l’une des régions les plus sensibles à la volatilité des prix mondiaux en raison de sa dépendance vis-à-vis du commerce international. Les objectifs de ce rapport sont d’informer le grand public avec des faits et des données liés aux menaces du COVID-19 sur le secteur agroalimentaire des pays membres du CIHEAM et de documenter les réponses politiques à ces menaces, en mettant l’accent sur les mesures novatrices prises par les gouvernements. Le contenu du rapport est basé sur les informations recueillies à partir des points focaux du réseau MED-Amin. Il se concentre sur le secteur des grains, en particulier sur celui des céréales. Il illustre l’importance de l’action multilatérale et du dialogue international sur la sécurité alimentaire dans la région
Légitimer une politique de diversité dans un environnement difficile : l’étude de cas d’une Grande Ecole de Management française
No full textInternational audienceThis paper explores how a diversity policy is legitimized along moral, pragmatic and cognitive dimensions in a challenging environment (conflicting demands with regard to diversity). In this case study-based paper, we use evidence gathered from 92 interviews with members of key stakeholder groups, observation, and secondary data sources in a French business school. We find that perceptions about the legitimacy of a diversity policy may be ambivalent when legitimacy is evaluated along several dimensions. We conclude that legitimizing a diversity policy requires step-by-step management, with the organization selecting and combining various legitimization strategies over time.Este artículo explora cómo se legitima una política de diversidad en términos morales, pragmáticos y cognitivos en un entorno desafiante. Un estudio de caso de una Escuela de Negocios francesa se hizo a través de la recolección de datos primarios – 92 entrevistas y observación – y datos secundarios. Encontramos que las percepciones de la legitimidad de una política de diversidad pueden ser ambivalentes cuando se evalúa la legitimidad en varias dimensiones. Así, la legitimación de una política de diversidad requeriría una gestión gradual, durante la cual se seleccionarían y combinarían varias estrategias de legitimación a lo largo del tiempo.Cet article explore comment une politique de diversité est légitimée en termes moral, pragmatique et cognitif dans un environnement difficile (exigences contradictoires en matière de diversité). Une étude de cas d’une Ecole de Management française est conduite par le recueil de données primaires – 92 entretiens avec des parties prenantes et observation – et de données secondaires. Nous constatons que les perceptions de la légitimité d’une politique de diversité sont ambivalentes lorsque la légitimité est évaluée sur plusieurs dimensions. La légitimation d'une politique de diversité nécessiterait un management pas-a-pas, sélectionnant et combinant diverses stratégies de légitimation au cours du temps