Portail des publications scientifiques de VetAgro Sup
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Comment les Sciences régionales abordent-elles les enjeux environnementaux ? Une analyse bibliométrique de deux décennies de publications
No full text1International audienceUsing bibliometric methods, this paper is aimed at providing an overview of Regional Science publications that address environmental issues. The analysis covers a corpus of 1,145 articles that refer to the environment in their title, abstract or keywords and published in 18 journals between 1999 and 2020. Although these publications account for only 6% of the articles published in these journals over that period, their number gradually increased. To gain a clearer picture of the environmental issues addressed, we characterise them according to whether an integrative or topical approach is adopted and by their spatial dimensions. This analytical framework is first applied by searching for specific terms in their title, keywords and abstract. The results show that both approaches are equally effective; further, these articles address intraregional or interregional environmental issues more than global environmental issues. Second, we conduct a keyword co-occurrence analysis revealing four coherent thematic article groups treating environmental issues from the perspectives of amenities and migration, governance and policy, innovation and clusters, and land use and urban sprawl. More detailed analyses of each group allowed us to refine our understanding of how environmental issues were addressed. Finally, a cross-cutting view of the four thematic groups suggests that Regional Science approaches environmental issues through spatial disparities and inequalities, spatial interactions and interdependencies, and the spatial dimension of public action. The research perspectives in each of these areas are highlighted.A partir de méthodes bibliométriques, cet article vise à fournir une vue d'ensemble des publications en Sciences régionales qui traitent des enjeux environnementaux. L'analyse porte sur un corpus de 1 145 articles faisant référence à l'environnement dans leur titre, leur résumé ou leurs mots-clés et publiés dans 18 revues entre 1999 et 2020. Bien que ces publications ne représentent que 6 % des articles publiés dans ces revues au cours de cette période, leur nombre a progressivement augmenté. Afin de mieux appréhender les enjeux environnementaux abordés, nous les distinguons en fonction du type d'approche adoptée (intégrative versus thématique) et en fonction de leurs dimensions spatiales. L’application de ce cadre analytique s’appuie d'abord sur la recherche de termes spécifiques dans les titres, mots-clés et résumés des articles du corpus. Les résultats montrent que les deux approches sont aussi présentes l'une que l'autre ; en outre, ces articles traitent davantage des enjeux environnementaux intrarégionaux ou interrégionaux que des enjeux environnementaux globaux. Dans un deuxième temps, nous effectuons une analyse de cooccurrence des mots-clés. Celle-ci révèle quatre groupes thématiques cohérents d'articles, traitant des enjeux environnementaux sous l'angle des aménités et des migrations, de la gouvernance et des politiques publiques, de l'innovation et des clusters, et de l’occupation des sols et de l'étalement urbain. Des analyses plus détaillées nous permettent d'affiner notre compréhension de la manière dont les enjeux environnementaux sont abordés au sein de chaque groupe. Enfin, une approche transversale aux quatre groupes thématiques suggère que les Sciences régionales abordent de manière spécifique les enjeux environnementaux sous l’angle des disparités et inégalités spatiales, des interactions et interdépendances spatiales et de la dimension spatiale des politiques publiques
Chitosan-Coated Superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetic Hyperthermia, and Drug Delivery
No full text3International audienc
Haemolysis overestimates plasma oxidative stress biomarkers in free-ranging roe deer
No full text3/1International audienceQuantifying oxidative stress has garnered extensive interest in evolutionary ecology and physiology since proposed as a mediator of life histories. However, while the theoretical framework of oxidative stress ecology is wellsupported by laboratory-based studies, results obtained in wild populations on oxidative damage and antioxidant biomarkers have shown inconsistent trends. We propose that red blood cell lysis could be a source of bias affecting measurements of oxidative stress biomarkers, distorting the conclusions drawn from them. Using an experimental approach consisting of enriching plasma from roe deer with lysed red blood cells, we show that the values of commonly used oxidative stress biomarkers linearly increase with the degree of haemolysisassayed by haemoglobin concentration. This result concerns oxidized proteins (carbonyls) and lipids (TBARS), as well as enzymatic (superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic (trolox assay, OXY assay) antioxidant markers. Based on 707 roe deer blood samples collected in the field, we next show that the occurrence of haemolysis in plasma samples is negatively related to age. Finally, we illustrate that considering the variance explained by age-related haemolysis improves explanatory models for inter-individual variability in plasma oxidative stress biomarkers, without substantially altering the estimates of the parameters studied here. Our results raise the question of the veracity of the conclusions if the degree of haemolysis in plasma is not considered in animal models such as roe deer, for which the occurrence and severity of haemolysis vary according to individual characteristics. We recommend measuring and controlling for the degree of haemolysis be considered in future studies that investigate the causes and consequences of oxidative stress in ecophysiological studies
Évaluation des risques liés aux helminthoses digestives chez le chien et le chat
No full textNational audienceNumerous nematodes and cestodes are digestive parasites of domestic carnivores, but the risks on infestation and their consequences for the health of animals and owners differ greatly between animals and parasites. Nematodes of the genus Towocara play a central role because of the pathogenic role for the animal, the zoonotic potential and the prevalence, particularly in young animals. Animals with extensive, unsupervised access to outdoors are often at greater risk of infestation compared to those whose movements and feeding are supervised. Finally, digestive parasites with limited geographical distribution and the risks associated with animal movements should also be considered.De nombreux nématodes et cestodes sont des parasites digestifs des carnivores domestiques, mais les risques d'infestation et leurs conséquences sur la santé des animaux et de leur entourage diffèrent fortement selon les animaux et dépendent du parasite en cause. Les nématodes du genre Toxocara jouent un rôle central en raison de leur pouvoir pathogène chez l'animal, de leur potentiel zoonotique et de leur forte prévalence, notamment chez les jeunes animaux. De façon générale, le risque parasitaire est supérieur chez les animaux ayant un accès important et sans surveillance à l'extérieur, par rapport à ceux dont les sorties et l'alimentation sont surveillées.En outre, il convient de ne pas négliger les parasitoses digestives limitées à certains régions et les risques associés aux déplacements des animaux
How can the NaCl content of ripened Fourme d'Ambert cheese be reduced using innovative dry surface salting processes?
No full text1/3International audienceThe impacts of salt reduction by NaCl sprinkling and NaCl substitution with 25% calcium lactate on the quality of blue cheese were evaluated. Sprinkling reduced sodium content by 35% and substitution reduced sodium content by 47%. The salt‐reduced cheeses had a higher calcium content, vitamin B2, B6, and B12 levels, and a higher rate of proteolysis. Sensory and texture profile analysis found that the salt‐reduced cheeses had a less salty taste and were less firm. These methods enabled significant salt reduction but had negative effects on the cheese properties, and so further work is needed to diminish these effects
Évaluation des expositions humaines aux polluants de l'environnement par l'alimentation
No full textThe main challenges linked to food include guaranteeing an optimal diet in terms of nutrition, health safety and environmental impact. Indeed, food, as a component of the exposome, is a major source of exposure to environmental pollutants for the general population. The aim of this thesis was to provide some answers to the above-mentioned challenges by: (1) developing a methodology to assess the impact of organic vs. conventional food consumption on consumer exposure to environmental pollutants in Europe, and (2) assessing the nutritional quality of students at the Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA) via a score based on the Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS), while studying the impact of food insecurity on adherence to these national dietary recommendations, as well as the levels of exposure of this population to certain environmental pollutants. To achieve these objectives, a database was first created to collect data from the literature on contamination levels of organically produced foods in Europe, as no comprehensive databases were available. Secondly, as the data in the database had a number of limitations that prevented the direct calculation of exposure levels from the available data, an Excess Ratio (ER) approach was developed to assess the impact of organic food consumption on the population's level of exposure to chemicals, compared to the consumption of conventionally farmed food. In addition, a population of UGA students was studied and their nutritional adequacy to the PNNS was assessed using a score we developed. The association between food insecurity and PNNS adherence was also examined. In addition, the dietary exposure profile of students was assessed using the French Total Diet Study (EAT2) contamination database for certain substances (data provided by ANSES), and the methodology developed to assess the impact of organic food consumption was applied to this population. Particular emphasis was placed on dimethoate, cadmium, lead, inorganic arsenic and dioxins. In terms of diet quality, the overall compliance rate of students with PNNS guidelines was 62%, with food-insecure students showing lower compliance for fruit and vegetables (p = 0.004), alcohol (p = 0.005) and higher compliance for meat, poultry and eggs (p = 0.021) and wholegrain cereals (p = 0.01). This thesis led to the development of a method that overcame some of the limitations of currently available data, making it possible to assess the effect of organic food consumption. This thesis also serves as an illustrative example of multi-faceted research that addresses several challenges related to food practices and agricultural production.Les principaux défis liés à l’alimentation comprennent la garantie d'un régime alimentaire optimal sur le plan nutritionnel, en termes de sécurité sanitaire mais aussi en terme d’impact environnemental. En effet, l'alimentation, en tant que composante de l’exposome, est une source majeure d'exposition aux polluants environnementaux pour la population en général. Cette thèse a eu pour objectif d’apporter quelques éléments de réponse sur les défis pré-cités en : (1) développant une méthodologie permettant d’évaluer l'impact de la consommation d'aliments biologiques par rapport aux aliments conventionnels sur l'exposition des consommateurs aux polluants environnementaux en Europe, et (2) en évaluant la qualité nutritionnelle des étudiants de l'Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA) via un score basé sur le Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS) tout en étudiant l'impact de l'insécurité alimentaire sur l'adhésion à ces recommandations diététiques nationales ainsi que les niveaux d’expositions de cette population à certains polluants environnementaux. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, une base de données a d'abord été créée pour recueillir les données de la littérature sur les niveaux de contamination des aliments produits en agriculture biologique en Europe, car il n'existait pas de bases de données exhaustives disponibles. Ensuite, comme les données de la base présentaient un certain nombre de limites qui empêchaient le calcul direct des niveaux d'exposition à partir des données disponibles, une approche de type Excess Ratio (ER) a été développée afin d’évaluer l'impact de la consommation d'aliments biologiques sur le niveau d'exposition de la population aux produits chimiques par rapport à la consommation d’aliments issus de l’agriculture conventionnelle. De plus, une populatio n d'étudiants de l'UGA a été étudiée et leur adéquation nutritionnelle au PNNS a été évaluée à l'aide d'un score que nous avons élaboré. L'association entre l'insécurité alimentaire et l'adhésion au PNNS a également été examinée. D’autre part, le profil d'exposition alimentaire des étudiants a été évalué à l'aide de la base de données de contamination de l'Étude de l'alimentation totale française (EAT2) pour certaines substances (données fournies par l’ANSES), et la méthodologie développée pour évaluer l'impact de la consommation d'aliments biologiques a été appliquée à cette population. Un focus particulier a été fait sur le diméthoate, le cadmium, le plomb, l'arsenic inorganique et les dioxines. En termes de qualité de l'alimentation, le taux global de conformité des étudiants aux lignes directrices du PNNS était de 62%, avec des étudiants en situation d'insécurité alimentaire présentant un e conformité plus faible pour les fruits et légumes (p = 0,004), l'alcool (p = 0,005) et une conformité plus élevée pour la viande, la volaille et les œufs (p = 0,021) et les céréales complètes (p = 0,01). Cette thèse a permis le développement d’une méthode qui a permis de surmonter certaines limites des données actuellement disponibles, permettant d'évaluer l'effet de la consommation d'aliments biologiques. Cette thèse sert également d'exemple illustratif d'une recherche à multiples facettes qui aborde plusieurs défis liés aux pratiques alimentaires et à la production agricole
Brèches urétrale et vésicale chez un chat dans un contexte d'obstruction des voies urinaires basses
No full textNational audienceLes ruptures des voies urinaires engagent le pronostic vital de l'animal et nécessitent un diagnostic rapide et une prise en charge en urgence
Development and Validation of a multi-target TaqMan qPCR method for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato
No full text2/3International audienceAbstract Reliable detection of bacteria belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex in vertebrate reservoirs, tick vectors, and patients is key to answer questions regarding Lyme borreliosis epidemiology. Nevertheless, the description of characteristics of qPCRs for the detection of B. burgdorferi s. l. are often limited. This study covers the development and validation of two duplex taqman qPCR assays used to target four markers on the chromosome of genospecies of B. burgdorferi s. l.. Analytical specificity was determined with a panel of spirochete strains. qPCR characteristics were specified using water or tick DNA spiked with controlled quantities of the targeted DNA sequences of B. afzelii , B. burgdorferi sensu stricto or B. bavariensis . The effectiveness of detection results was finally evaluated using DNA extracted from ticks and biopsies from mammals whose infectious status had been determined by other detection assays. The developed qPCR assays allow exclusive detection of B. burgdorferi s. l. with the exception of the M16 marker which also detect relapsing fever Borrelia species. The limit of detection is between 10 and 40 copies per qPCR reaction depending on the sample type, the B. burgdorferi genospecies and the targeted marker. Detection tests performed on various kind of samples illustrated the accuracy and robustness of our qPCR assays. Within the defined limits, this multi-target qPCR method allows a versatile detection of B. burgdorferi s. l., regardless of the genospecies and the sample material analyzed, with a sensitivity that would be compatible with most applications and a reproducibility of 100% under measurement conditions and limits of detection, thereby limiting result ambiguities. Highlights Four qPCR assays used in duplex were developed to detect Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. The limits of detection and quantification were defined according to state of the art standards. The specifications allow to detect B. burgdorferi sensu lato from different sampling sources
Modeling HepaRG metabolome responses to pyrrolizidine alkaloid exposure for insight into points of departure and modes of action
No full text2/3International audienceThe new challenges in toxicology demand novel and innovative in vitro approaches for deriving points of departure (PODs) and determining the mode of action (MOA) of chemicals. Therefore, the aim of this original study was to couple in vitro studies with untargeted metabolomics to model the concentration-response of extra- and intracellular metabolome data on human HepaRG cells treated for 48 h with three pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs): heliotrine, retrorsine and lasiocarpine. Modeling revealed that the three PAs induced various monotonic and, importantly, biphasic curves of metabolite content. Based on unannotated metabolites, the endometabolome was more sensitive than the exometabolome in terms of metabolomic effects, and benchmark concentrations (BMCs) confirmed that lasiocarpine was the most hepatotoxic PA. Regarding its MOA, impairment of lipid metabolism was highlighted at a very low BMC (first quartile, 0.003 µM). Moreover, results confirmed that lasiocarpine targets bile acids, as well as amino acid and steroid metabolisms. Analysis of the endometabolome, based on coupling concentration-response and PODs, gave encouraging results for ranking toxins according to their hepatotoxic effects. Therefore, this novel approach is a promising tool for next-generation risk assessment, readily applicable to a broad range of compounds and toxic endpoints
Reinventing a training program to support the professional development of inspectors and school principals: Overcoming difficulties and creating new actions through activity analysis
No full textInternational audienceAbstract This article presents an empirical study on a new training program for the professional development of school inspectors and principals. The international literature reviews show that training based on the learning of managerial skills has limits. Another approach to training based on professional difficulties experienced and on authentic practice is necessary for school inspectors and principals. The study explores the effects of the training program “NeopassCadres” on the professional development of inspectors and school principals. A qualitative research design elaborated from a practice perspective and based on self‐confrontation interviews with inspectors and school principals who participated in the program “NeopassCadres”. The results show the impact of the activity analysis on the professional development of inspectors and principals. The activity analysis is an opportunity to describe professional actions and difficulties, share experiences between peers, engage in professional debates on generic problems, identify progress in the practice, and assess the effectiveness of new actions. The study focuses on a case study in France. The number of participants is low; the results must therefore be supplemented by new studies on the impact of activity analysis on the professional development of inspectors and principals. The study contributes to the evolution of training for novice inspectors and novice school principals. The main contribution concerns the understanding of the process of professional development, linking it with individual and collective activity analysis. The other contribution relates to the evolution of the trainers' posture during viewing and analysis of videos. The study provides knowledge about training based on analyzing the “non‐visible” dimensions of actors' activity at work. The activity analysis method helps inspectors and school principals evoke difficulties, motives, intentions, and emotions