Portail des publications scientifiques de VetAgro Sup
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Infectious potential and circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in wild rats
No full textSince the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, a wide range of animal species (pets, mink…) have been naturally infected with this betacoronavirus. The emergence of new variants has increased the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect species that were not susceptible to the “original” SARS-CoV-2, such as mice and rats. This work attempted to evaluate the role of urban rats in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission by combining surveillance studies of rat populations in urban environments, in vivo experimental inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 and comparative viral-receptor interaction in silico analyses. We studied the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in wild Rattus norvegicus (n=401) captured in urban areas and sewage systems of several French cities. Except for 3 inconclusive samples (2/75 from Bordeaux and 1/261 from Lyon) none of the 353 sera tested showed anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by microsphere immunoassay. However, the 3 inconclusive sera samples were negative by virus neutralisation assay. No SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was detected in all lungs collected from the 401 captured urban brown rats. In complement, four rat groups (two wild-type colonies, Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus , and two laboratory strains, Sprague-Dawley and Wistar) were inoculated with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5. At 4 days post-inoculation, no infectious viral particles were detected in the lungs and upper respiratory tract (URT) while viral RNA was detected at a low level only in the URT of all groups. In addition, seroconversion was observed 14 days after inoculation in the four groups. By molecular modelling, the Omicron BA.5 receptor binding domain (RBD) had lower affinities for Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus ACE2 than Homo sapiens ACE2. Based on these results the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 was unable to infect laboratory and wild type rats. In addition, Rattus norvegicus collected for this study in different areas of France were not infected with SARS-CoV-2
La lutte contre la tuberculose bovine en Corse : coévolution entre les dynamiques de la maladie et les configurations des rôles entre les acteurs impliqués
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A 2-year exploratory study to elaborate a methodological protocol for evaluating volcanic terroir influence in Gamay wines in the French PDO Côtes d′Auvergne
No full textThe objective of our study is to report a methodology used to determine chemical and sensory attributes of wines that were elaborated from vineyards growing on volcanic-derived soils in the French PDO Côtes d’Auvergne. For that purpose, vineyard soils were sampled in eight different geographical locations and analyzed by their granulometry, hydric stress and multi-elemental composition. Red wines were elaborated during vintages 2020 and 2021 and chemically characterized by classical oenological parameters, anthocyanins and multi-elemental analysis by ICP-MS, and sensorially described by a panel of nineteen experienced tasters. The results show that vineyards could be differentiated into two typologies of soils: four clay-limestone soils (A) and four basaltic soils (B). B soils presented a more heterogeneous granulometry, a higher water retention and a more concentrated mineral content compared to A soils. Volcanic Gamay wines, originating from these B soils, differed by their red yellowish color, lower total acidity, lower anthocyanin contents, higher contents of sodium, lithium and strontium and stronger peppery/smoky flavors compared to non-volcanic wines originating from A soils. The sensory descriptors were discussed as a function of the chemical composition of wines and could reveal the importance of volcanic terroirs in the sensory and chemical composition of wines
Quand les citoyens se glissent dans la peau d'une vache laitière : résultats d'un dispositif participatif
No full textInternational audienceL’ élevage français est régulièrement interpellé par la société et l’instauration d’un dialogue avec les citoyens s’avère nécessaire pour développer une vision partagée de ses modes de production. L’objectif de cette étude est de recueillir la perception de l’élevage laitier de montagne par les citoyens à l’aide d’un dispositif participatif, sous forme de quizz photo. Cent soixante groupes de répondants ont ainsi sélectionné leurs pratiques d’élevage préférées, neutres ou inacceptables parmi 36 options proposées. Quatre pratiques ont été plébiscitées : le pâturage arboré, la relation positive éleveur-animal, la stabulation sur aire paillée et l’élevage des veaux par leur mère. Certains choix peuvent s’expliquer par le degré de proximité des répondants avec le monde de l’élevage et par leur âge. Les choix portant sur le mode d’élevage des veaux (par leur mère) et sur le mode de reproduction (en monte naturelle) apparaissent comme différents des pratiques communément adoptées par les éleveurs, ce qui conforte la nécessité d’une co-conception des systèmes d’élevage du futur avec les citoyens
La génomique dévoile la transmission d'un pays à l'autre entre hôpitaux vétérinaires d'un clone d'Acinetobacter baumannii multirésistant et de séquence de type 2
No full text2/3/1International audienceAcinetobacter baumannii is a globally distributed opportunistic pathogen in human health settings, including in intensive care units (ICUs). We investigated the contamination of a French small animal ICU with A. baumannii . We discovered repeated animal contamination by A. baumannii , and phylogenetic analysis traced contamination back to a potential foreign animal origin. Genomic analysis combined with antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed heteroresistance to penicillin and aminoglycoside mediated by insertion sequence dynamics and also suggest a potential cross-resistance to human-restricted piperacillin–tazobactam combination. The A. baumannii isolates of the animal ICU belong to the International Clone 2 commonly found in human health settings. Our results suggest a high adaptation of this lineage to healthcare settings and provide questions on the requirements for genetic determinants enabling adaptation to host and abiotic conditions
Fiche élevage - Tout savoir sur l'élevage de poules pondeuses !
No full texthttps://chaire-bea.vetagro-sup.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Fiche-elevage-poule.pd
Manipulation of natural transformation by AbaR-type islands promotes fixation of antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii
No full text2/3International audienceThe opportunistic pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii, carries variants of A. baumannii resistance islands (AbaR)-type genomic islands conferring multidrug resistance. Their pervasiveness in the species has remained enigmatic. The dissemination of AbaRs is intricately linked to their horizontal transfer via natural transformation, a process through which bacteria can import and recombine exogenous DNA, effecting allelic recombination, genetic acquisition, and deletion. In experimental populations of the closely related pathogenic Acinetobacter nosocomialis, we quantified the rates at which these natural transformation events occur between individuals. When integrated into a model of population dynamics, they lead to the swift removal of AbaRs from the population, contrasting with the high prevalence of AbaRs in genomes. Yet, genomic analyses show that nearly all AbaRs specifically disrupt comM, a gene encoding a helicase critical for natural transformation. We found that such disruption impedes gene acquisition, and deletion, while moderately impacting acquisition of single nucleotide polymorphism. A mathematical evolutionary model demonstrates that AbaRs inserted into comM gain a selective advantage over AbaRs inserted in sites that do not inhibit or completely inhibit transformation, in line with the genomic observations. The persistence of AbaRs can be ascribed to their integration into a specific gene, diminishing the likelihood of their removal from the bacterial genome. This integration preserves the acquisition and elimination of alleles, enabling the host bacterium—and thus its AbaR—to adapt to unpredictable environments and persist over the long term. This work underscores how manipulation of natural transformation by mobile genetic elements can drive the prevalence of multidrug resistance
Is Citizen Science an Effective Tool for Lyme Borreliosis Surveillance ?
No full textInternational audienceVector-borne diseases pose a growing global health threat, exacerbated by factors such as habitat modification and climate change. Lyme borreliosis, the most common arthropod-borne disease in Europe, is primarily transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus. With rising human exposure and no available vaccine, understanding the ecology and epidemiology of the Borrelia burgdorferi species complex is urgently needed for effective control and prevention. However, traditional monitoring approaches face challenges in acquiring large-scale data. Here, we utilize a citizen science initiative, the French CiTIQUE program, to gather georeferenced ticks and Borrelia samples on a broad scale. We investigate the relationship between Borrelia distribution and various factors including vector suitability, climate, ecology, and human activity. Our analysis identifies vector suitability as the primary determinant of Borrelia prevalence. Moreover, we reveal significant spatial heterogeneity in species distribution within the Borrelia burgdorferi complex. We discuss these findings within the context of the current understanding of tick ecology and pathogen dynamics and highlight implications and future challenges for Lyme disease surveillance and prevention
Evolution de la réglementation européenne relative au bien-être animal. Etat des lieux et perspectives
No full textNational audienceLes attentes de la société en faveur d’une amélioration du bien-être des animaux d’élevage sont grandissantes. Des évolutions réglementaires sont attendues mais finalement repoussées. Sur quelles bases se construisent ces évolutions et quel est le processus législatif pour leur adoption. L’objectif de cette conférence est de faire le point sur les différentes étapes préalable à la révision de la réglementation européenne
: Résumé d'une présentation réalisée par Luc Mounier dans le cadre des journées nationales des groupements techniques vétérinaires sur l'évolution de la réglementation sur le bien-être animal
No full textRésumé d'une présentation réalisée par Luc Mounier dans le cadre des journées nationales des groupements techniques vétérinaires sur l'évolution de la réglementation sur le bien-être animalLa révision de cette réglementation européenne aurait due être bouclée pour 2024. En cause, la longueur de certaines procédures et une actualité mouvementée peu propice aux discussions