Portail des publications scientifiques de VetAgro Sup
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Wildlife ecological risk assessment in the 21st century: Promising technologies to assess toxicological effects
No full text2/3/1International audienceDespite advances in toxicity testing and the development of new approach methodologies (NAMs) for hazard assessment, the ecological risk assessment (ERA) framework for terrestrial wildlife (i.e., air‐breathing amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) has remained unchanged for decades. While survival, growth, and reproductive endpoints derived from whole‐animal toxicity tests are central to hazard assessment, nonstandard measures of biological effects at multiple levels of biological organization (e.g., molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organism, population, community, ecosystem) have the potential to enhance the relevance of prospective and retrospective wildlife ERAs. Other factors (e.g., indirect effects of contaminants on food supplies and infectious disease processes) are influenced by toxicants at individual, population, and community levels, and need to be factored into chemically based risk assessments to enhance the “eco” component of ERAs. Regulatory and logistical challenges often relegate such nonstandard endpoints and indirect effects to postregistration evaluations of pesticides and industrial chemicals and contaminated site evaluations. While NAMs are being developed, to date, their applications in ERAs focused on wildlife have been limited. No single magic tool or model will address all uncertainties in hazard assessment. Modernizing wildlife ERAs will likely entail combinations of laboratory‐ and field‐derived data at multiple levels of biological organization, knowledge collection solutions (e.g., systematic review, adverse outcome pathway frameworks), and inferential methods that facilitate integrations and risk estimations focused on species, populations, interspecific extrapolations, and ecosystem services modeling, with less dependence on whole‐animal data and simple hazard ratios. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;00:1–24. © 2023 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada and The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA
Seasonality of host-seeking Ixodes ricinus nymph abundance in relation to climate
No full text2/1/3International audienceThere is growing concern about climate change and its impact on human health. Specifically, global warming could increase the probability of emerging infectious diseases, notably because of changes in the geographical and seasonal distributions of disease vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. For example, the range of Ixodes ricinus, the most common and widespread tick species in Europe, is currently expanding northward and at higher altitudes. However, little is known about the seasonal variation in tick abundance in different climates. Seasonality of I. ricinus is often based on expert opinions while field surveys are usually limited in time. Our objective was to describe seasonal variations in I. ricinus abundance under different climates. To this end, a seven-year longitudinal study, with monthly collections of I. ricinus host-seeking nymphs, was carried out in France, in six locations corresponding to different climates. Tick data were log-transformed and grouped between years so as to obtain seasonal variations for a typical year. Daily average temperature was measured during the study period. Seasonal patterns of nymph abundance were established for the six different locations using linear harmonic regression. Model parameters were estimated separately for each location. Seasonal patterns appeared different depending on the climate considered. Western temperate sites showed an early spring peak, a summer minimum and a moderate autumn and winter abundance. More continental sites showed a later peak in spring, and a minimum in winter. The peak occurred in summer for the mountainous site, with an absence of ticks in winter. In all cases except the mountainous site, the timing of the spring peak could be related to the sum of degree days since the beginning of the year. Winter abundance was positively correlated to the corresponding temperature. Our results highlight clear patterns in the different sites corresponding to different climates, which allow further forecast of tick seasonality under changing climate conditions
Further consideration of working conditions is needed in farm resilience assessment
No full text1International audienceCONTEXT: Farm general resilience, i.e. capacity to deal with the unknown, uncertainty and surprise, is increasingly considered a must in today’s uncertain and changing context. To measure this resilience, assessments against predefined resilience properties (e.g. diversity, connectivity) are gaining currency. We posit that these assessments neglect a key dimension of farming activity: working conditions of farmers and other farm workers.OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to verify whether farm general resilience always matches good working conditions. METHODS: We adopted a mixed approach combining structured and semi-structured interviews with participant observation on four contrasting organic dairy family farms located in Aveyron, France. We applied a resilience assessment based on predefined properties and an assessment of working conditions (e.g. availability of suitable infrastructures and equipment, workforce, work organization) and compared their outcomes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Farm D and B had the highest mean resilience scores (2.4 and 2.1 respectively, on a 1-3 scale). They outperformed other farms on several properties, especially diversity and connectivity, which was maximized by interactions between productions to recycle nutrients. Farm A had the least resilient profile (1.4) with, among other things, limited autonomy. Farm C shared some of these weaknesses, but it outperformed other farms regarding profitability (3.0). Assessment of working conditions provided very different patterns. Farm C had the best working conditions (2.7) and a well-balanced profile across those conditions. Farm A displayed overall good working conditions (2.4). Farm D (2.1) was impaired by highly centralized decision-making processes and limited free time. Farm B had the worst working conditions (1.5) due to a lack of planning and an excessive workload that wore out workers and degraded their relations. There was no clear relation between farm general resilience and working conditions. Still, the cases of farms B and D illustrate the criticality of working conditions on farm general resilience. Poor working conditions may lead farmers to cessation or burn out and affect these farms’ ability to remain over the long term. SIGNIFICANCE: This work raises the issue of working conditions in farm general resilience assessments. It clearly shows the need to improve assessment frameworks used by agricultural scientists to further take into account working conditions of farmers and other farm workers as a cornerstone of farm general resilience. Another challenge lies in the identification of farm configurations enabling the joint achievement of both good working conditions and farm general resilience
Sexual discrimination and attraction through scents in the water vole, Arvicola terrestris
No full text1International audienceIn mammals, especially rodents, social behaviours, such as parenting, territoriality or mate attraction, are largely based on olfactory communication through chemosignals. These behaviours are mediated by species-specific chemosignals, including small organic molecules and proteins that are secreted in the urine or in various fluids from exocrine glands. Chemosignal detection is mainly ensured by olfactory neurons in two specific sensory organs, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the main olfactory epithelium (MOE). This study aimed to characterise the olfactory communication in the fossorial ecotype of the water voles, Arvicola terrestris. We first measured the olfactory investigation of urine and lateral scent gland secretions from conspecifics. Our results showed that water voles can discriminate the sex of conspecifics based on the smell of urine, and that urinary male odour is attractive for female voles. Then, we demonstrated the ability of the VNO and MOE to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in water vole secretions using live-cell calcium imaging in dissociated cells. Finally, we evaluated the attractiveness of two mixtures of VOCs from urine or lateral scent glands in the field during a cyclical outbreak of vole populations
Food traceability 4.0 as part of the fourth industrial revolution: key enabling technologies
No full text1International audienceFood Traceability 4.0 (FT 4.0) is about tracing foods in the era of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) with techniques and technologies reflecting this new revolution. Interest in food traceability has gained momentum in response to, among others events, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, reinforcing the need for digital food traceability that prevents food fraud and provides reliable information about food. This review will briefly summarize the most common conventional methods available to determine food authenticity before highlighting examples of emerging techniques that can be used to combat food fraud and improve food traceability. A particular focus will be on the concept of FT 4.0 and the significant role of digital solutions and other relevant Industry 4.0 innovations in enhancing food traceability. Based on this review, a possible new research topic, namely FT 4.0, is encouraged to take advantage of the rapid digitalization and technological advances occurring in the era of Industry 4.0. The main FT 4.0 enablers are blockchain, the Internet of things, artificial intelligence, and big data. Digital technologies in the age of Industry 4.0 have significant potential to improve the way food is traced, decrease food waste and reduce vulnerability to fraud opening new opportunities to achieve smarter food traceability. Although most of these emerging technologies are still under development, it is anticipated that future research will overcome current limitations making large-scale applications possible
Too hot or too disturbed? Temperatures more than hikers affect circadian activity of females in northern chamois
No full textInternational audienceRecreational activities often result in a spatial and/or temporal activity shift in wildlife. With the concurrent development of outdoor activities and increase in temperatures due to climate change, mountain species face increasing pressures in terms of managing their activity pattern to limit both risk exposure and thermal discomfort. Using more than 15 years of long-term GPS and activity sensor data, we investigated how female northern chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra, adjust their summer circadian activity to spatiotemporal variation in both temperatures and hikers’ presence. Chamois' behaviour was more affected by high temperatures than by hikers’ presence. During the hottest days, they shifted their activity peak earlier in the morning, were more active at night and during activity peaks, less active during daytime and had longer morning and evening peaks compared to the coldest days. Yet, total daily activity was only slightly different during the hottest days compared to the coldest days. Conversely, hikers' disturbance had weak effects on activity levels and on the timing of activity peaks. This is especially true for temporal disturbance (weekdays versus weekends and public holidays), possibly because most weekdays in summer fell during school holidays. Only during the hottest conditions, the morning activity peak was shorter and the evening peak longer in females living in the most exposed areas compared to females living in the least exposed areas. One possible explanation for the overall low effect of hikers' disturbance may be that behavioural changes buffering animals from high temperatures and hikers' presence (e.g. moving away from trails) allow them to just marginally modify their activity pattern. In the context of ongoing socioenvironmental changes, it is critical to conserve habitats providing thermal refuges against summer heat and protection from disturbance to mitigate potential detrimental consequences
Anaesthetic management of a dog undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy for phaeochromocytoma excision using a partial intravenous anaesthetic protocol
No full text3International audienceBackground: The anaesthetic management of adrenalectomies for phaeochromocytoma excision, a catecholamine secreting tumour, is challenging due to the potential for fatal complications following severe haemodynamic variations, including hypertensive crisis following tumour manipulation or sympathetic stimulation, but also severe hypotension and volume depletion post resection. Case Description: An 11kg, 15-year-old male neutered Jack Russel Terrier, with mitral valve disease (MVD) stage B2, was referred for adrenalectomy for phaeochromocytoma resection. The patient was administered per os prazosin 0.11mg/kg twice a day and amlodipine 0.125mg/kg once a day for preoperative stabilisation. On the day of surgery, the dog received maropitant 1mg/kg intravenously (IV) and was premedicated with 0.2mg/kg methadone IV. Anaesthesia was induced with alfaxalone 1mg/kg IV and midazolam 0.2mg/kg IV and maintained with a partial intravenous anaesthesia using sevoflurane in 70% oxygen and constant rate infusions of dexmedetomidine 0.5μg/kg/h and maropitant 100μg/kg/h. After induction of anaesthesia, the dog was mechanically ventilated, and a transversus abdominal plane block was performed with ropivacaine 0.2%. The dog remained remarkably stable with a single, self-limiting, hypertension episode recorded intraoperatively. Postoperative rescue analgesia consisted in methadone and ketamine. The dog was discharged 48h after surgery, but persistent hypertension was reported at suture removal. Conclusion: The use of a low dose dexmedetomidine CRI, a maropitant CRI and a TAP block provided stable perioperative haemodynamic conditions for phaeochromocytoma excision in a dog
Occurrence of cardiovascular events in 168 cats with acute urinary tract obstruction
No full text3International audienceBackground: Cardiovascular dysfunction associated with acute kidney injury has been recently described in veterinary medicine, but limited information is available for cats with urinary tract obstruction (UTO).Objective: This retrospective study aimed to describe the type, frequency, timeline, and risk factors for cardiovascular events (CVEs) in cats treated for acute UTO.Animals and procedures: Medical records of cats admitted to the intensive care unit for either upper (ureteral: UUTO) or lower (urethral: LUTO) UTO from 2016 to 2021 were reviewed. Cardiovascular events were defined as development of arrhythmia, heart murmur or gallop sound, clinical signs consistent with fluid overload (CRFO), or decreased tissue perfusion (DTP).Results: One hundred and sixty-eight cats with UTO were recruited (56 with UUTO and 112 with LUTO). Cardiovascular events were reported in 61.9% of cases, including arrhythmia (33.6%), gallop rhythm (28.1%), heart murmur (15.3%), CRFO (14.4%), and DTP (8.6%). Potassium concentration, preexisting chronic kidney disease, and renal pelvic dilation at abdominal ultrasonography were associated with CVE occurrence in multivariate analysis.Conclusions: This study highlighted frequent CVEs in cats treated for UTO, with a potential strong impact on outcome. Therefore, cardiovascular parameters of cats with preexisting chronic kidney disease or those admitted with hyperkalemia or renal pelvic dilation should be closely monitored.Contexte: Si des anomalies cardiovasculaires secondaires à une insuffisance rénale aigue ont été décrites récemment en médecine vétérinaire, ces données restent limitées concernant les obstructions du tractus urinaire (OTU) chez le chat.Objectif: Décrire le type, la fréquence, le délai d’apparition et les facteurs de risques d’anomalies cardio-vasculaires (ACV) chez des chats hospitalisés pour OTU aigue.Animaux et protocoles: Les dossiers médicaux des chats admis en unité de soins intensifs pour obstruction du tractus urinaire haut ( urétérales-OTUH) et bas (urétrales-OTUB) entre 2016 et 2021 ont été consultés. Les ACV retenus étaient des arythmies cardiaques, le développement de souffles cardiaques et de bruits de galop, les signes relatifs à une surcharge en fluide (SRSF) et de diminution de la perfusion tissulaire (SDPT).Résultats: Cent soixante-huit chats avec des OTU ont été recrutés (56 OTUH, 112 OTUB). Des ACV ont été observés dans 61,9 % des cas, incluant des arythmies (33,6 %), l’apparition de bruits de galop (28,1 %) et de souffles cardiaques (15,3 %), des SRSF (14,4 %) et des SDPT (8,6 %). La concentration plasmatique en potassium, la présence d’une MRC sous-jacente et d’une dilatation pyélique à l’échographie abdominale ont été associées à la présence d’ACV par l’analyse multivariée.Conclusions: Cette étude montre que les ACV surviennent fréquemment chez les chats présentés pour OTU, et suggère un impact sur la survie de ces animaux. Les animaux avec un historique de MRC, ceux présentés avec une hyperkaliémie et/ou avec une dilatation pyélique à l’échographie abdominale devraient être surveillés avec plus de précautions que les autres.(Traduit par les auteurs)
Accuracy of volume measurements by a clinical spirometer in multiple veterinary hospitals
No full text3International audienceIntroduction Spirometry devices, which are components of many anaesthesia machines, are commonly used to assess lung mechanics during anaesthesia. Spirometry calibration usually adheres to manufacturer recommendations without established guidelines. Although more accurate and less variable than inbuilt spirometry in certain General Electric anaesthesia ventilators, near-patient spirometry lacks adequate evaluation. Methods We assessed near-patient spirometers’ performance using Pedi-lite and D-lite flow sensors. Certified 1 L calibration syringes were used on 67 monitors located in 14 veterinary hospitals. Three consecutive inspired and expired volume values displayed by the monitors for each volume of the calibration syringe were recorded. Volumes studied were 50, 100, 150, 250, 300 mL for Pedi-lite and 150, 300, 450, 500, 750 mL for D-lite. Measured and targeted volumes were averaged, agreement error calculated. Accuracy was assessed plotting agreement errors against calibration volumes. A linear mixed-effects model was used to obtain linear regression between the error and the calibration volume. Mean, differential and proportional bias, limits of agreement, claimed accuracy and 10% clinical tolerance were calculated and displayed. Differences among monitors were evaluated using the Friedman rank sum test, differences between inspired and expired volumes using the Wilcoxon signed-rank. Results Inter-monitor variability for inspired and expired volume readings using both sensors was high; intra-monitor variability was low. The error magnitude was independent of volumes evaluated. Using Pedi-lite, only a minority of measurements met manufacturer’s specification or a 10% clinical tolerance; both inspired and expired volumes were significantly underestimated. Using D-lite, superior performance was demonstrated for volumes between 300 and 750 mL (mean biases close to zero and the majority of measurements meeting manufacturer’s specifications and clinical tolerance). The difference between measured inspired and expired volumes with both sensors was significant. Discussion These results support caution when interpreting clinical measurements of lung volumes and mechanics in anaesthetised patients when using these sensors. This is particularly important in smaller patients where lung volumes are below 300 mL. Trends should be reliable
Microbiowaste - Etude de l'innocuité microbiologique de déchets de cuisine et de table produits à l'échelle d'un territoire
No full textLa valorisation des déchets, au cœur de l’économie circulaire, suscite des questions sur les risques sanitaires liés à la gestion des déchets de cuisine et de table (DCT) produits par les ménages et les gros producteurs (restaurants, cantines…). En l’absence de données de la littérature scientifique, il ressort deux points critiques : le stockage des DCT avant collecte/traitement et la gestion du compostage de proximité. Dans ce contexte, le projet Microbiowaste a pour objectifs de dénombrer E. coli et d’évaluer la prévalence de 7 bactéries pathogènes (Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli productrices de shigatoxines (STEC), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii et Pseudomonas aeruginosa) dans des DCT de 28 sites de Rennes Métropole (pieds d’immeubles, cantines, restaurants, commerces alimentaires) et dans les composts produits par 4 de ces sites (1 cantine et 3 pieds d'immeubles). Dans un 2ème temps, les souches isolées des DCT et des composts ont été caractérisées et l’impact des conditions de stockage des DCT sur le devenir des bactéries pathogènes ciblées dans le projet a été étudié. La présence de E. coli a été mise en évidence dans 91,5% des échantillons à des concentrations dont les valeurs les plus basses ont été observées en hiver. Malgré l’effet saison, la température de stockage en extérieur a peu d’impact sur les teneurs en E. coli. Salmonella, Campylobacter et les STEC n’ont jamais été retrouvées contrairement à L. monocytogenes et à K. pneumoniae Kp1 dont la prévalence a atteint 53,1% dans les DCT de pieds d'immeubles et 40,3% dans les DCT de cantines, respectivement. La prévalence de A. baumannii et de P. aeruginosa n’a pas dépassé, pour un type de producteur donné, 17% et 10%, respectivement. Le compostage des DCT conduit à une diminution marquée de la teneur en E. coli, n’affecte pas significativement la prévalence de L. monocytogenes, de K. pneumoniae Kp1 et de A. baumannii mais favorise le développement de P. aeruginosa. Une seule souche de K. pneumoniae Kp1, isolée de DCT d’une cantine est résistance au cefpodoxime, céphalosporine de 3ème génération. De même, très peu de souches de A. baumannii et de P. aeruginosa isolées des DCT et/ou des composts de DCT sont résistantes aux antibiotiques et lorsqu’elles le sont, les résistances observées ne sont pas à risque en milieu clinique. Néanmoins quatre souches de A. baumannii isolées de DCT de pieds d’immeubles sont multi-résistantes aux antibiotiques, suggérant une dissémination possible, via l’utilisation du compost, de ces bactéries multi-résistantes si le compostage n’est pas réalisé efficacement.L’étude du génome de 43 souches de L. monocytogenes et de 48 souches de K. pneumoniae Kp1 suggère une forte hétérogénéité génomique des deux espèces dans les DCT et les composts analysés. La majorité des complexes clonaux (CC) de L. monocytogenes, et des types capsulaires (K) ou des Sequences Types (ST) de K. pneumoniae, identifiés dans les DCT et les composts sont associés dans la littérature scientifique à des souches isolées d’aliments ou de l’environnement. Afin d’estimer la capacité des bactéries pathogènes à se développer dans les DCT lors de leur stockage avant collecte ou transfert dans un bac de compostage, des souches de Campylobacter coli, A. baumannii, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella et K. pneumoniae Kp1ont été ensemencées à faible concentration dans des microcosmes contenant des DCT reconstitués (fruits et légumes d’hiver ou d’été, découpés puis broyés ou non) incubés à 13 ou à 25°C pendant 13 jours. Trois facteurs, l’un biotique (caractéristiques intrinsèques des bactéries), les deux autres abiotiques (température de stockage et broyage ou non des DCT), impactent le devenir des bactéries. Ainsi aucun développement de C. coli n’a été observé quelles que soient les conditions testées, Salmonella et K. pneumoniae se sont plus développées à 25°C qu’à 13°C, ce qui n’était pas le cas de A. baumannii et de L. monocytogenes dont la croissance n’était pas liée à la température. Le broyage des DCT a conduit systématiquement à une inhibition ou à une absence de croissance des souches, indépendamment de l’espèce bactérienne considérée. L’évolution du pH (acidification jusqu’à T6 puis stabilité jusqu’à T13) indépendante de la nature des DCT, de leur broyage ou non, et de la température de stockage n’explique pas l’absence de croissance des bactéries dans les DCT broyés. La proportion de matière organique dégradée qui varie selon les conditions, n’est pas reliée non plus au comportement des bactéries. La composition des communautés bactériennes qui évolue au cours du stockage quelles que soient les conditions diffère selon le traitement des DCT (broyage ou non), notamment avec une plus forte proportion d’Acetobacterales et de Lactobacillales dans les DCT broyés que dans les DCT non broyés. L’abondance élevée des Lactobacillales, bactéries lactiques connues pour leur effet antagoniste sur les bactéries pathogènes, peut donc être à l’origine de l’inhibition des souches inoculées dans les DCT broyés. Les DCT produits par les ménages et les gros producteurs peuvent contenir des bactéries pathogènes qui sont capables de se multiplier notamment lorsqu’ils ne sont pas maintenus à basse température