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The Legal Embeddedness of Criminal Organizations : The Case of Barcelona's Narcopisos
No full textInternational audienceHow can criminal organizations grow and thrive in legal environments purposively designed to eradicate them? We explore this question ethnographically by drawing on three years of fieldwork documenting the narcopisos phenomenon in Barcelona, Spain. “Narcopiso” refers to the occupation of vacant apartments by members of criminal organizations to sell and facilitate the consumption of cocaine, crack cocaine, and heroin. We discovered that the development of the narcopisos and the criminal organizations behind them were closely tied to the instrumentalization of laws and policies in the areas of drugs, housing, and harm reduction. We introduced the concept of legal embeddedness as a novel analytical tool to analyze how organizational members identify the affordance of existing laws and policies, purposively building on them to adapt and further develop their criminal activities to achieve organizational goals.<br /
Breathe and let breathe: Breathing as a political model of organizing
No full textInternational audienceTake a deep breath. Although nothing is more natural or essential to human bodies than breathing, this simple yet vital act is the critical result of complex organizational, material, and political processes. We suggest that breathing can be thought of as a political model of organizing insofar as it shapes questions of life and death while rooting these ‘operationally’ in immediate, urgent, collective and more-than-human intra-action. Breathing is also a social act because the self is bound up with others in a fabric of relations upon which each person depends, and so breathing can serve as a trope for regenerating and rethinking social structures, institutions and organizing blueprints. We take the act of breathing – its literal and metaphorical (im)possibility and collective organization – as the focus of a reflection on relations among humans and between other living beings, humans, and their ecological surroundings. Re-thinking the question of whose breathing we care about and whose breathing counts, we offer a political model that embraces the mutuality principle for post-humanistic and post-anthropocentric organizing and community building. We thereby hope to ‘inspire’ and materialize new social and political realities for organizing our shared future, conceptualized as building a (scholarly) community of breathers who breathe and let breathe
Global Events Demand Global Data : COVID-19 Crisis Responses and the Future of Selling and Sales Management around the Globe
No full textInternational audienceIn the context of the global crisis presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, we investigate the perspectives of sales managers regarding their organizations’ responses to the crisis and future expectations in a post-COVID-19 world. While there has been much discussion about these topics in the sales literature, very little research has examined them globally by collecting data from many nations and across many continents. Yet, how can global events be understood without analyzing global data? In response, we conducted the first, to our knowledge, global data coalition by hosting video-recorded group interviews with 76 sales executives representing twenty-seven nations. Our inductive investigation, informed by institutional logics, reveals how organizations accepted new norms, retained old ones, or blended the old with the new in response to the crisis. Our results simultaneously validate certain emerging concepts on a global scale (e.g., Customer Success Management, bricolage, etc.) and give rise to several insights not currently detailed by extant scholarship (e.g., localization, cultural cringe, etc.). This work also catalyzes new, relevant avenues for international research and sheds light on issues facing sales practice globally.<br /
Profit testing of profit sharing life insurance policies when asset returns are variance gamma distributed
No full textInternational audienceThis paper examines the profit testing of life insurance companies that issue participating policies, type B and type A universal life policies, and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum maturity and death benefits, when investment returns are stochastic and modeled by normal or variance gamma distributions. We rely on the stochastic profit testing techniques introduced in Dickson et al. (Actuarial mathematics for life contingent risks, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013) to examine the influence of the models’ parameters and of the models themselves on the profit testing indicators. We show that the variance gamma model results in more conservative predictions than the normal model for most cases.<br /
Expectations Meet Reality : Leader Sensemaking and Enactment of Stakeholder Engagement in Multistakeholder Social Enterprises
No full textInternational audienceGiven the urgency of global crises, interest abounds in alternative organizational forms (e.g., multistakeholder social enterprises, MSEs), promising structural solutions to engage diverse stakeholders in the creation of joint social, economic, and democratic values. Yet, studies of the who, how, and why of stakeholder engagement are predominantly rooted in for-profit contexts, assuming objective boundaries between insider/outsider stakeholders and engagement as a means to an end. The context of MSEs challenges both of these assumptions. Based on interviews with leaders of 28 French MSEs, I show how the latter made sense of their expectations versus the reality of stakeholder engagement. Leader sensemaking strategies informed the enactment of (revised) stakeholder engagement strategies to maintain coherence, or address misalignment, between expectations and reality. The article contributes to the literature by challenging assumptions of stakeholder engagement in for-profit firms. It also cautions against an overreliance on designated organizational forms to enable substantive stakeholder engagement.<br /
Narratives as a Persuasion Tool in Performance Appraisals
No full textIn an online experiment, we study how workers use luck-based narratives to explain noisy performance signals and persuade other subjects in the role of managers of their higher performance in a tournament setting. Workers were rewarded either for accurately estimating their performance relative to a sample of past workers, for persuading a manager that they outperformed their rival, or for achieving either of these goals. Results show that workers were most likely to select self-serving narratives, attributing signals of lower performance to bad luck when these narratives aimed only at persuading managers. Introducing incentives for accuracy in addition to persuasion incentives considerably reduced this tendency. Narratives successfully influenced managers’ bonus allocation decisions, but did not change workers’ beliefs, suggesting that workers were not fooled by their own narratives when trying to persuademanagers.</div
Undiversity, inequity, and exclusion in supply chains : The unintended fallout of economic sanctions and consumer boycotts
No full textInternational audience"Economic sanctions and consumer boycotts are common tools to punish organizations for undesirable behavior and attempt to coerce them to change their actions. However, these tools occasionally spill over beyond the intended recipients and affect guiltless supply chain members, jeopardizing the principles of diversity, equity, and inclusion in supply chains. This study identifies four channels through which sanctions and boycotts propagate through supply chains. In particular, supply chain members can be affected by direct relationships with targeted organizations, disruptions in accessing foreign markets, inability to access technology, and logistics failures. Potential solutions include mapping supply chains, proactive cooperation, network analysis, and shortening supply chains. While the work provides a general framework for research and practitioners, it also identifies areas for further studies, such as the role of new technologies and the effect of sanctions and boycotts on supply chain sustainability."<br /
Trust as a social norm? A lab-in-the-field experiment with refugees in Switzerland
No full textTrust plays a crucial role in refugees' integration. This study examines how social information about trust levels among peers from home and host countries affects non-Western refugees' trust. Using a trust game, we measured experimentally trust levels among Swiss citizens, Turkish refugees, and Afghan refugees. We found that Turkish refugees exhibited higher trust levels than Afghan refugees, but no significant trust differences were found between Swiss participants and either refugee group. Turkish refugees adjusted their trust to match Swiss levels when receiving social information, but observation by compatriots reduced this effect. By contrast, Afghan refugees exhibited a more limited response to social information, except when told their behavior would be revealed, which led them to align more closely with Swiss trust levels. These findings highlight the complex impact of social information on refugee trust behavior and suggest that trust can be a social norm.</div