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Mener une enquête ethnographique à distance et en présentiel : construction d’une méthodologie
No full textInternational audienceThis article presents feedback from an ethnographic approach carried out on a digital social network as part of doctoral research on the digital sociability practices of adolescents. Drawing from classical ethnography principles, it outlines the construction of the research protocol: the researcher’s presence on sociability platforms is not self-evident and raises ethical questions that must be addressed before proceeding with the research. Rather than advocating for a new form of field research, this article serves as an experimental and practical report intended to guide young researchers considering this type of online ethnography. It demonstrates that the use of digital social networks, particularly for those working with youth, constitutes a relevant complement to traditional field methods.Cet article présente le retour d’expérience d’une démarche ethnographique réalisée sur un réseau social numérique dans le cadre d’une recherche doctorale sur les pratiques de sociabilité numérique des adolescents. En s’inspirant des principes de l’ethnographie classique, il expose la construction du protocole d’enquête : la présence du chercheur sur les plateformes de sociabilité ne va pas de soi, elle soulève des questions déontologiques auxquelles il convient de répondre avant de se lancer. Plutôt que de plaider pour une nouvelle forme d’enquête de terrain, cet article s’apparente à un rapport expérimental et pratique destiné à guider de jeunes chercheurs qui envisagent ce type d’ethnographie en ligne. Il montre que l’usage des réseaux sociaux numériques, notamment pour ceux qui travaillent auprès du public jeune, constitue un complément pertinent aux méthodes de terrain classiques
Architecture : l’école est-elle vraiment conçue pour ceux qui y travaillent ?
No full textLorsque les enseignants ont le sentiment de subir leur environnement sans pouvoir le contrôler, le risque d’épuisement augmente. Comment repenser les espaces scolaires en tenant compte de leur point de vue
I, as a Fault—Condemnation of Being and Power Dynamics in the Parent-Child Interaction
No full textThis article is a revised and expanded translation of Moreau Raguenes, Rose. L’être comme fautif. Actes de condamnation, altérité et rapport de places dans l’interaction parent-enfant. SHS Web of Conferences, 191, article 01009. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202419101009.International audienceThis article explores the power dynamics underlying verbal abuse within the parent-child interaction. Through a reception-based approach, it focuses on condemnation acts of being (e.g., you are a good for nothing) directed by abusive parents towards their children and reported by the latter in anonymous testimonies published on the Francophone Instagram account Parents toxiques; a sample of ten testimonies is examined. The analyses conducted show that (i) the ontological assertion of power over the other is constructed from the predicative level, with processes that concern their being in its entirety and present condemnation as an objective reality. (ii) The condemnation of being draws its pragmatic force from its legitimisation—by relying on norms presented as self-evident and universal and by highlighting the harm caused by the other. (iii) As a speaker, constructing the other’s being as at fault involves, to varying degrees, essentialising and downgrading them as well as conflating their intrinsic worth with one’s beliefs and needs. In conclusion, the notion of condemnation acts of being—along with its descriptors—provides an effective framework that can be applied to reports and direct observations to help various professionals identify and assess transgressions and/or dysfunctions in authority relationships
Et si l’effort était le chemin le plus sûr vers l’accomplissement ?
No full textInternational audienceDans un monde où le rapport des jeunes au travail scolaire s’effiloche, où les notions de rapidité et de rentabilité règnent en maîtres, où la moindre contrainte est vécue comme une privation de liberté, l’effort est souvent perçu comme une contre-valeur. Il porte la marque de cet élève besogneux que nous connaissons tous : celui qui, dénué de talent, mais pourvu d’une volonté inaltérable, s’échine à répéter des heures pour bâtir les contours d’un succès durement acquis.Dit autrement, l’effort passe pour le symbole d’un monde ascétique dans lequel les progrès se gagnent à force de travail. À ce titre, il rompt avec une pensée utopiste, partagée par de nombreux jeunes et largement relayée sur les réseaux sociaux, faisant l’apologie d’un bonheur sans contrainte ni concession. Pour beaucoup, en effet, l’effort est vécu comme une souffrance inutile. Il prend l’allure inquiétante d’un long chemin de croix que les discours fallacieux des influenceurs rendent moins supportable et plus aride au fil des années. Pourtant, que serions-nous sans lui ? Qu’adviendrait-il de nos aspirations si tout devait être simple, immédiat et sans friction ? Pourrait-on encore savourer nos réussites si nous n’avions pas connu les efforts préalables qu’elles exigent ? À cet égard, la persévérance ne forge-t-elle pas une joie plus authentique et durable que celle promise par le mythe d’un bonheur sans contrainte, horizon indépassable d’un consumérisme à la portée de tous
Wetting of a dynamically patterned surface is a time-dependent matter
No full textInternational audienceWetting of a dynamically patterned surface is a time-dependent matter In nature and many technological applications, aqueous solutions are in contact with patterned surfaces, which are dynamic over timescales spanning from ps to μs. In biology, exposed polar and apolar residues of biomolecules form a pattern, which fluctu- ates in time due to sidechain and conformational motions. At metal/ and oxide/water interfaces the pattern is formed by surface topmost atoms, and fluctuations are due to, e.g., local surface polarization and rearrangements in the adsorbed water layer. All these dynamics have the potential to influence key processes such as wetting, energy relaxation, and biological function. Yet, their impact on the water H-bond network remains elusive. Here, we leverage on molecular dynamics to address this fundamental question at a Self-Assambled Monolayer (SAM)/water interface, where ns dynamics is induced by frustrating SAM-water interactions via methylation of the terminal -OH groups. We find that surface dynamics couples to the water H-bond network, inducing a response on the same ns timescale. This leads to time fluctuations of local wetting, oscillating from hydrophobic to hydrophilic environments. Our results suggest that more than average properties, it is the local—both in time and space—solvation that determines the chemical-physical properties of dynamically patterned surfaces in water
The role of Trees of Fragmenting Granules (TFG) in the formation of the solar supergranular pattern from Hinode observations
No full textWe present in this paper an exceptional scientific dataset allowing to investigate the structure and evolution of the interior of solar supergranulation cells. Trees of Fragmenting Granules (TFG) and associated flows were evidenced using Local Correlation Tracking techniques (LCT) from a 24 H duration sequence of Hinode (JAXA/NASA) observations. The treatment of the dataset exhibits the evolution of the TFG and shows that their mutual interactions are able to build horizontal flows with longer lifetime than granules (1 to 2 hours) over a scale of 10 arcsec (the mesogranulation). These flows act on the diffusion of the intranetwork magnetic elements and also on the location and shape of the network. Hence, the TFG appear as one of the major elements involved in supergranular formation and evolution
Analyse des incertitudes dans le contrôle prédictif appliqué aux stations d'épuration
No full textNational audienc
D'une étiquette à l'autre. Des jeunesses entre pénal et handicap
No full textDossier thématique : Les parcours juvéniles sous le prisme du processus pénalInternational audienceThis article analyzes processes that shape the lives of disabled young people who also find themselves involved with the criminal justice system in France. It explores the social conditions and institutional stages that lead these individuals to trade one label for another and that differentiate their childhood experiences of the social world. Initially, the young people concerned are differentiated according to their basic characteristics and inclinations, and through their interactions with educational institutions. As medical and/or legal perspectives are brought to bear on the challenges they face in school and/or at home, these individuals find themselves singled out very early in their lives. Their differences are then reaffirmed within the youth justice system. Deemed special cases from the outset, they face criminal proceedings that differ from those faced by other youth due to reliance on special legal measures and “exceptional” professional services. Finally, the transition to adulthood represents a pivotal moment when a new series of distinctions play out, as institutions for adults with disabilities offer a way out of youth correctional facilities. Together, these factors contribute to the reconfiguration of social positions,with institutional verdicts helping to (re)produce an inherited or newly acquired working-class status.Cet article est centré sur l’analyse des processus qui scandent les parcours juvéniles lorsqu’un suivi pénal recoupe une prise en charge du handicap dans le contexte français. Il interroge les conditions sociales et étapes institutionnelles qui font passer les jeunes d’une étiquette à l’autre, et la façon dont elles façonnent la différenciation des expériences enfantines du monde social. Une première différenciation opère depuis les propriétés et les dispositions primaires des jeunes et de leur rencontre avec les institutions éducatives. L’existence des jeunes se singularise ainsi très tôt sous l’effet de la médicalisation et/ou de la judiciarisation des difficultés qu’ils rencontrent sur les scènes scolaires et/ou familiales. Cette différenciation s’actualise dans un second temps au sein même de la justice des mineurs. Le traitement pénal de cette jeunesse, déjà constituée comme spécifique, se distingue en effet des suivis pénaux des autres jeunes par l’usage dérogatoire des cadres judiciaires et des investissements professionnels « inhabituels ». Enfin, le seuil de la majorité constitue un moment charnière où se rejoue une nouvelle séquence de différenciation, les institutions du handicap pour adultes offrant une perspective de sortie des institutions pénales pour mineurs. L’ensemble contribue à la recomposition des positions sociales, les verdicts institutionnels contribuant à (re)produire une condition populaire héritée ou nouvellement acquise
The 1956 eruption of Bezymianny volcano (Kamchatka)—part I: petrological constraints on magma storage and eruptive dynamics
No full textInternational audienceBezymianny volcano (Kamchatka, Russia) is an andesitic island arc stratovolcano that started to erupt in 1955 after ~ 1000 years of dormancy. On March 30, 1956, the climactic phase of the eruption was preceded by a 4-month-long emplacement of a shallow cryptodome, which triggered a flank collapse violently decompressing the magma into a laterally directed blast followed by an explosive phase emplacing extensive pumice concentrated pyroclastic density currents (pumice C-PDC). Aiming at constraining the plumbing system below Bezymianny volcano prior to the 1956 eruption, we performed a multiphase textural and petrological study using dense to vesiculated clasts of the blast and pumice samples from the post-blast C-PDC deposits. We inferred the pressure and temperature conditions of magma storage using sample vesicularity, amphibole destabilization rims, volatile contents in melt inclusions, microlite textures, and phase compositions (phenocrysts, microlites, and glasses). We propose a three-level magma storage characterized by a deep reservoir (≥ 200–350 MPa, ≥ 840 °C, ~ 4.0–8.0 wt% H2O and CO2 up to 1500 ppm, where amphibole is stable), a shallow reservoir (50–100 MPa, 850–900 °C, 1.5–4.0 wt% H2O and CO2 < 250 ppm, where amphibole is unstable and quartz crystallizes) in which the pre-cryptodome magma resided and from which the post-blast pumiceous magma originated, and a subsurface cryptodome (< 25 MPa, ~ 900 °C, cristobalite crystallized) from which the blast was initiated. This plumbing system provides the framework for constraining the timescales of the 1956 eruptive dynamics (companion paper). The three-stage architecture proposed for the 1956 andesitic reservoir compares to the present-day plumbing system emitting mafic lavas, thus suggesting that the timescales of the eruptive dynamics (e.g., magma residence time and ascent rate) may be the key to determining evolved or mafic magmas