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Chemical and toxicological characterization of food contact recycled paperboard extracts
No full textInternational audienceFood contact paperboard poses a potential risk of food contamination due to the possible release of chemicals (intentionally added or not), particularly in recycled paperboard. Water extractions were performed, according to wet food procedures, of paperboard samples collected from a manufacturer at the beginning and the end of a recycling production chain. Chemical analysis and hormonal activities in vitro of water extracts were studied. ICP-MS analysis confirmed the presence of 15 trace elements with lower concentrations after the recycling process, with the exception of chlorine. The chromatographic analyses demonstrated that the identified substances in the starting paperboard, before the recycling process, were approximately twice as high as in the end paperboard, after the recycling process. These substances included also natural wood products, chemical additives, and undesirable substances such as phthalates. Two major products (3,5-di-tert-butylphenol and methyl-2-pyrrolidone) were found in the starting and the end paperboard extracts, respectively. Two common substances were identified in both extracts: 2,4-di-tert-buthylphenol and dehydroabietic acid. Evaluation of potential endocrine disruption showed that the starting paperboard extract exhibited oestrogenic and antiandrogenic effects, while these effects nearly disappeared in the end paperboard extract. These results confirmed that the recycling process was effective in removing most of the contaminant substances
Country-of-Origin as bias inducer in experts’ wine judgments - A sensory experiment in a world wine fair
No full textInternational audienceThe main objective of the present study was to evaluate whether wine origin induces implicit biases in wine experts’ judgments. Twenty-two wine traders from 10 different countries were asked to rate liking and to provide a sensory description of eight Pinot Noir wines from four different countries (Argentina, Brazil, France, and Switzerland) in both blind and informed conditions at the ProWein International Wine and Spirits Fair” 2018 edition in Dusseldorf, Germany. In the informed condition, the country of origin (COO) of the wine was provided to the participants. Our research reveals that COO bias affects wine traders. Once the COO was disclosed, the likeability ratings of wines from Argentina and Brazil dropped. The COO also inferred bias in the way assessors described/judged the wines in the three evaluation conditions: visual, orthonasal, and mouthfeel. Brazilian and Argentinean wines are often described using negative hedonic descriptors under informed conditions. The opposite trend was also observed. When assessors were aware of the origin of wines, they often described French and Swiss wines by adding positive sensory descriptors. These findings are helpful for wine consumers, producers, the gastronomy industry and for policymakers who make decisions about COO-labeling laws and export promotions
Louis Pasteur au cœur de la révolution alimentaire
No full textLouis Pasteur devoted much of his early work to wine, its fermentation and diseases. Surrounded by his colleagues, he set up a field laboratory in Arbois and analysed each diseased wine, creating a microbial landscape by observing it under the microscope. Pasteur deduced that unusual ferments were responsible for the wine's deviations from alcoholic fermentation. He realised that successful fermentations had to be carried out by human intervention, combining the principles of restraint and hygiene to stop the development of disease-causing microbes. Pasteur then sought a method to kill or inhibit the bad ferments without hindering the development and activities of the good ferments. The history of pasteurisation is thus that of a compromise between destroying undesirable microbes and preserving the treated foodstuff, its colour, taste and smell. His work paved the way for the rationalisation of preservation processes, and his method was to have a universal impact, inspiring scientific and technological developments that continue to benefit the quality of food and drink to this day.Louis Pasteur a consacré une grande partie de ses premiers travaux au vin, à sa fermentation et à ses maladies. Entouré de ses collaborateurs, il installe un laboratoire de campagne à Arbois et analyse chaque vin malade, créant un paysage microbien en l'observant au microscope. Pasteur en déduit que des ferments inhabituels sont responsables des déviations du vin par rapport à la fermentation alcoolique. Il se rend compte que les fermentations réussies doivent être réalisées par l'homme, en combinant les principes de modération et d'hygiène pour stopper le développement des microbes pathogènes. Pasteur cherche alors une méthode pour tuer ou inhiber les mauvais ferments sans entraver le développement et l'activité des bons ferments. L'histoire de la pasteurisation est donc celle d'un compromis entre la destruction des microbes indésirables et la conservation de la denrée traitée, de sa couleur, de son goût et de son odeur. Ses travaux ont ouvert la voie à la rationalisation des procédés de conservation et sa méthode a eu un impact universel, inspirant des développements scientifiques et technologiques qui continuent à bénéficier à la qualité des aliments et des boissons jusqu'à aujourd'hui
Lyapunov‐Lasalle Based Dynamic Stabilization for Fixed Wing Drones
No full textInternational audienceThe market of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for civil applications is extensively growing. Indeed, these airplanes are nowadays widely used in applications such as data gathering, agriculture monitoring and rescue. The UAVs are required to track a fixed or moving object, thus tracking control algorithms that ensure the system stability and that have a quick time response are developed. This paper tackles the problem of supervising a fixed target using a ϐixed wing UAV flying at a constant altitude and a constant speed. For that purpose, three control algorithms are developed. In all of the algorithms, the UAV is expected to hover around the target in a circular trajectory. Moreover, the three approaches are based upon a Lyapunov‑LaSalle stabilization method. The first tracking algorithm ensures the UAV to circle around the target however the path that the UAV will follow in order to join this pattern is not studied. In the second and third approach, two different techniques that allow the UAV to intercept its final circular pattern in the quickest possible time and thus follow the tangent to the circular pattern are presented. Simulation results that show and compare the performances of the proposed methods are presented
Du désamour au désir, les haies reviennent de loin. Introduction
No full textL’arbre champêtre (hors forêt) et les haies sont devenus des éléments incontournables de la transition agroécologique et intéressent désormais des acteurs multiples aux attentes différentes. De nombreuses initiatives, publiques ou privées, pour le maintien et le développement des haies voient ainsi le jour dont la presse, aussi bien agricole que généraliste, se fait l’écho, témoignant d’un véritable engouement pour le sujet, quand bien même ce dernier constitue un domaine de l’action publique depuis plus de 40 ans. La reconnaissance quasi unanime des nombreux bénéfices environnementaux et sociaux du maintien et de la réintroduction de l’arbre dans les paysages et les agroécosystèmes – renforcement de la biodiversité et des trames vertes, contribution à l’attractivité et à l’économie des territoires, régulation du microclimat, maintien d’un patrimoine arboricole et paysager, etc. – semble avoir changé la donne.Ce dossier s’intéresse aux haies bocagères, qu’elles soient en zones agricoles, rurales ou périurbaines en tant qu’elles participent à plusieurs titres de l’amélioration des biens communs même si leur statut est, à cet égard, particulier : ce sont le plus souvent des biens privés dont les services environnementaux au bénéfice de l’agriculture et des territoires sont importants. Il s’agit ici de rendre plus compréhensibles les processus à l’oeuvre depuis la constitutiondu bocage en France jusqu’à sa régression, et de réfléchir aux conditions de maintien et d’une intégration durable de la haie à différentes échelles, plutôt que d’exposer des solutions toutes faites et peu efficaces sur le terrain. Dans cette perspective, les différentes contributions réunies ici mettent en dialogue des situations exemplaires avec des expériences moins abouties. Trois grandes entrées sont nourries par des contributions de chercheurs, de formateurs, de praticiens, d’acteurs associatifs et d’agriculteurs engagés dans la revalorisation des haies ou dans le développement territorial : Evolution et fonction des haies dans l’espace et le temps / usages, valorisations, mode de gestion, statuts/ expériences de praticien
Cocktails of endocrine disruptors in the different diets of French consumers
No full textInternational audienceWith a view to identifying main endocrine disruptors (ED) mixtures to which French consumers are exposed through food, their main diets were modelled using an adapted dimension reduction method. Seven specific diets could be modelled for adults while only one overall diet was considered for children aged 3–17 years. The knowledge of the contamination levels of 78 known or suspected endocrine disrupting compounds in the foods constituting these diets, collected in the frame of the second French Total Diet Study, made it possible to explore the mixtures of EDs to which consumers are exposed. We have thus shown that the ED substances most present in mass concentration are comparable for the whole population, whatever the diet considered. However, a second approach made it possible to highlight, for a given diet, the substances whose exposure is statistically higher than in the diet of the general population. Thus, significantly different ED mixtures could be established for each diet. For example, diets with a high proportion of animal-based foods induce significantly higher exposures to some persistent organic pollutants (e.g., PCDD/F, brominated flame retardants), whereas these exposures are lower for Mediterranean-type diet. On the other hand, the latter, richer in fruits and vegetables, is the one for which pesticides represent a specific signature.These results now pave the way for studying the specific effects of these cocktails of endocrine disruptors, each of which is representative of a type of chronic exposure linked to specific diets
Identification of non-volatile non-intentionally added substances from polyester food contact coatings and genotoxicity assessment of polyester coating's migrates
No full textInternational audienceCan's polyester coatings are intended to replace epoxy-phenolic ones due to rising safety concern regarding the potential release of bisphenol An under increased regulations and consumer pressure. In this study, hazard linked to the migration of non-intentionally added substances from a single polyester-coated tin plate (5 batches) to canned food has been studied. Migration tests were performed using acetonitrile (ACN) and ethanol (EtOH) 95 %. Non-targeted analyses by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed the presence of four cyclic oligoesters classified as Cramer class III substances with an estimated exposure (calculated for French population only) below the threshold of toxicological concern value of 1.5 μg/kg b.w./day, suggesting a no safety concern. Moreover, migrates were tested using in vitro genotoxicity DNA damage response (DDR) test and mini mutagenicity test (MMT) with different strains of S. Typhimurium using direct incorporation (TA100, TA98, TA102, TA1537) and pre-incubation (TA100, TA98) methods. Samples were negative in both bioassays suggesting the absence of genotoxicity/mutagenicity of the mixtures. To verify any false negative response due to matrix effect, migrates were spiked with corresponding positive controls in parallel with the MMT and the DDR test. No matrix effect was observed in these experimental conditions
Faecalibacterium duncaniae A2-165 regulates the expression of butyrate synthesis, ferrous iron uptake, and stress-response genes based on acetate consumption
No full textInternational audienceThe promising next-generation probiotic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is one of the most abundant acetate-consuming, butyrate-producing bacteria in the healthy human gut. Yet, little is known about how acetate availability affects this bacterium's gene expression strategies. Here, we investigated the effect of acetate on temporal changes in the transcriptome of F. duncaniae A2-165 cultures using RNA sequencing. We compared gene expression patterns between two growth phases (early stationary vs. late exponential) and two acetate levels (low: 3 mM vs. high: 23 mM). Only in low-acetate conditions, a general stress response was activated. In high-acetate conditions, there was greater expression of genes related to butyrate synthesis and to the importation of B vitamins and iron. Specifically, expression was strongly activated in the case of the feoAABC operon, which encodes a FeoB ferrous iron transporter, but not in the case of the feoAB gene, which encodes a second putative FeoAB transporter. Moreover, excess ferrous iron repressed feoB expression but not feoAB. Lastly, FeoB but not FeoAB peptides from strain A2-165 were found in abundance in a healthy human fecal metaproteome. In conclusion, we characterized two early-stationary transcriptomes based on acetate consumption and this work highlights the regulation of feoB expression in F. duncaniae A2-165
Differential responses of soil microbial biomass, diversity and interactions to land use intensity at a territorial scale
No full textInternational audienceImpact of land use intensification on soil microbial communities across a territory remains poorly documented. Yet, it has to be deciphered to validate the results obtained at local and global scales by integrating the variations of environmental conditions and agricultural systems at a territorial scale. We investigated the impact of different land uses (from forest to agricultural systems) and associated soil management practices on soil molecular microbial biomass and diversity across a territory of 3300 km2 in Burgundy (France). Microbial biomass and diversity were determined by quantifying and high-throughput sequencing of soil DNA from 300 soils, respectively. Geostatistics were applied to map the soil macro-ecological patterns and variance partitioning analysis was used to rank the influence of soil physicochemical characteristics, land uses and associated practices on soil microbial communities. Geographical patterns differed between microbial biomass and diversity, emphasizing that distinct environmental drivers shaped these parameters. Soil microbial biomass was mainly driven by the soil organic carbon content and was significantly altered by agricultural land uses, with a loss of about 71 % from natural to agricultural ecosystems. The best predictors of bacterial and fungal richness were soil texture and pH, respectively. Microbial diversity was less sensitive than microbial biomass to land use intensification, and fungal richness appeared more impacted than bacteria. Co-occurrence network analysis of the interactions among microbial communities showed a decline of about 95 % of network complexity with land use intensification, which counterbalanced the weak response of microbial diversity. Grouping of the 147 cropland plots in four clusters according to their agricultural practices confirmed that microbial parameters exhibited different responses to soil management intensification, especially soil tillage and crop protection. Our results altogether allow evaluating the different levels of microbial parameters' vulnerability to land use intensity at a territorial scale
Digital financial inclusion and green growth: analysis of Chinese agriculture
No full textInternational audienceCapitalizing on the explosive surge in data volume and the rapid advancements in financial technology, the rise of digital financial inclusion stands poised to amplify financial support across critical agricultural sectors and propel the revitalization of rural areas. This study utilizes panel data spanning 2012 to 2018 from 26 cities in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. Employing a nonparametric approach, it quantifies the growth of agricultural green total factor productivity, both with and without accounting for environmental constraints. Additionally, this research employs the system generalized moment method (system-GMM) alongside the instrumental variable (IV) model to execute a dynamic panel regression. This study explores the influence of digital financial inclusion on agricultural green performance, all the while examining the intricate interplay between conventional financial inclusion and its digital counterpart. The findings show an overall enhancement in agricultural green performance within the Yangtze River Delta region, notwithstanding the divergence across cities, with technological progress chiefly underpinning this growth. Moreover, the development of inclusive digital finance significantly amplifies agricultural productivity gains, and this positive effect stands to be further elevated as traditional financial avenues also evolve