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ZARZĄDZANIE KOSZTAMI DZIAŁANIA BANKU KOMERCYJNEGO
Get PDFPrzedmiotem pracy jest rola i znaczenie kosztów działania banku komercyjnego jako podstawowego czynnika decydującego o poziomie efektywności gospodarowania. Obniżenie kosztów działania banku to jeden z głównych celów strategicznych, którego realizacja ma zapewnić istnienie i rozwój banku. Dla zarządu banku informacje dotyczące poziomu efektywności wykorzystania zasobów banku w porównaniu z konkurencją są istotne w procesie zarządzania strategicznego. Dają jednocześnie możliwość dokonania oceny podjętych decyzji i ich skutków w zakresie efektywnego sposobu wykorzystania zasobów osobowych i rzeczowych. Zagadnienie to jest szczególnie ważne obecnie w Polsce. Tempo wzrostu aktywów banków jest bardzo duże, a jednocześnie kraj jest członkiem Unii Europejskiej, gdzie dokonują się fuzje grup bankowych, przekładające się na sytuacje sektora bankowego w Polsce. Przy malejącej inflacji i spadku stóp procentowych zmniejsza się marża odsetkowa na działalności depozytowej-kredytowej. W tej sytuacji jednym z najważniejszych wskaźników ekonomicznych oceny banku staje się wskaźnik kosztów działania, tj. relacja kosztów działania do wyniku na działalności bankowej. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie metod analizy kosztów działania banku, ustalania wniosków dotyczących zmian ich wielkości i struktury oraz wykorzystania tych informacji do zwiększenia efektywności gospodarowania poprzez zarządzanie kosztami. W pracy przyjęto hipotezę, że prowadzenie właściwej merytorycznie i metodycznie analizy kosztów funkcjonowania banku oraz prawidłowa ocena otrzymanych wyników warunkuje nowoczesne zarządzanie kosztami w ramach zarządzania strategicznego bankiem. Banki, które decydują się na uzyskanie przewagi konkurencyjnej dzięki najniższym kosztom, mogą oferować najniższą cenę i uzyskiwać wysoką rentowność w długim okresie
ZASTOSOWANIE METODY VALUE AT RISK W KALKULACJI WYNIKU ODSETKOWEGO BANKU
Get PDFValue at Risk1 jest miarą ryzyka, która została stworzona pod koniec lat 80. XX w. jako odpowiedźna zaistniały wtedy jego gwałtowny wzrost i potrzebę skonstruowania miernika łączącego w sobie różne typy niebezpieczeństw, który mógłby służyć zarządzaniu nim na poziomie portfela globalnego. Popularność VaR rosła lawinowo od października 1994 r., kiedy to amerykański bank J.P. Morgan udostępnił nieodpłatnie w Internecie dokładną metodologię jej wyznaczania oraz bazę danych, zawierającą notowania zmienności i współczynników korelacji dla najważniejszych parametrów rynku światowego, potrzebną do jej zastosowania.2 Od tego momentu na rynku pojawiło się sporo systemów komputerowych, ułatwiających jej implementację, oraz publikacji poświęconych tej problematyce. Na nową tendencję w zarządzaniu ryzykiem zareagowały również organy nadzory bankowego, uchwalając poprawki do swoich dokumentów, pozwalające bankom na wykorzystanie wewnętrznych modeli VaR przy ustalaniu wysokości wymogów kapitałowych z tytułu ponoszonego ryzyka
ENABLERS FOR USAGE OF THE MOBILE WALLET BY MSMES IN RURAL INDIA: USING THE INTERPRETIVE STRUCTURAL MODELLING APPROACH
Get PDFIn today`s digital era, it is all the more desirable that all businesses, whether gigantic or minor in operation, should adopt financial technology and grow their businesses within their region and outside of the region. The Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) segment is the mainstay of the Indian economic environment thus it is crucial that MSME players adopt financial technology in their routine commercial transactions. The present research study was conducted to investigate the enablers of usage of a Mobile Wallet by MSMEs in rural areas of India using interpretive structural modeling. It aims to categorize the foremost enablers and assess the relative relations between the recognized ten key enablers and proposes a hierarchical outline of vitalenablers on MSME entrepreneurs from several hill states of India. The most prominent enabler that promoted the use of mobile wallets among MSME entrepreneurs included risk factors and perceived cost. The study suggested that multi-dimensional determinations are required to make certain of the use of mobile wallets by MSME entrepreneurs so that they can assess maximum economic opportunities and support the fiscal expansion of the state and the country
HOW THE COVID-19 SHOCK INFLUENCED COMPANIES LISTED ON THE WSE AND HOW THEY MANAGED THEIR LIQUIDITY
Get PDFThe aim of the article is to analyze the liquidity of non-financial companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The article addresses the liquidity of the examined group against the background of the entire market and its relationship with debt, profitability, growth and the risk of bankruptcy, including in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The article examines the assertion that COVID-19 influenced the practice of aggressive liquidity management in terms of indebtedness, profitability, value creation, and risk of bankruptcy. The research revealed that public companies behaved differently than the entire sector by pursuing an aggressive management policy and that the pandemic caused an even greater decrease in the static liquidity ratios while cash conversion cycle (CCC) increased. In addition, the decline in EPS growth and the increase in Z-Score during the pandemic could mean that enterprises focused on reducing the risk of bankruptcy rather than maximizing value during the pandemic shock. Before the pandemic, CCC influenced DER, and during the pandemic, static indicators began to play a more important role in the financial strategies of the surveyed companies. The research results add to liquidity theory and its impact on shaping financial strategy, especially during a financial crisis. In addition, an analysis of the impact of liquidity on earnings per share (EPS) growth and Z-Score was conducted. They represent the creation of value and the assessment of the risk of bankruptcy, making this paper particularly insightful
Comparison between internal and electronic clearing systems for checks: A case study pertaining to the Iraqi banking industry
Get PDFPayment clearing is important to ensure that the payment is transferred or the cash from one bank account moves to the other bank. The banking system in Iraq follows two sorts of clearance systems which are the IBCS (Inter Bank Clearing System) and C-ACH (Check Automated Clearing House System). Though the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) has already modernized the payment clearing systems, the country\'s banks still use the interbank clearing systems. In this background, the current study is a first-of-its-kind attempt to compare and contrast the IBCS and C-ACH systems so as to understand the benefits and disadvantages associated with these two clearance systems and identify the optimal one. For this study, the researcher used secondary data available from the CBI for the study period between 2018 and 2022. The collected data was analyzed for descriptive statistics and correlation to validate the hypotheses. The Mann Whitney U test and independent sample T-test were conducted in the study. Between the systems (IBCS and C-ACH) under study, the C-ACH system gained prominence with the highest number of transfers and the distribution of bank transfers through checks
Negation of the Tsirelson’s conjecture and genericity in quantum mechanics
Get PDFWe show that the negation of the Tsirelson’s conjecture can be understood as, and in fact follows from, the ZFC - genericity of infinite sequences of the QM outcomes. We extend the result of Landsman that there holds the equivalence of the statistics of the entire sequences with the statistic of the single QM measurements in such sequences, over stratified infinite tensor products of the finite dimensional spaces. The stratification is based on uncomputable Turing classes and also on the Solovay genericity and the equivalence is now corrected by the appearance of certain self-adjoint operator. From studies on algorithmic randomness follows that these two properties are in a sense orthogonal one to the other for random sequences. We show two models of ZFC which indeed separate them. This is based on the classic results for Cohen and random forcings in set theory and also on Takeuti’s early results on Boolean-valued models and quantum mechanics. This separation is the tool for showing that not all correlations between commuting operators on infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces can be reproduced on a tensor product of two spaces with the corresponding self-adjoint operators. We discuss the findings also from the perspective of eventual practical applications. The supplementary subsections contain discussion of QM with the set theory component along with Solovay randomness of the outcomes
Black Forest Melody: Between Philosophical Kitsch and Identitarian Ideology: Heidegger’s Pastoral World-View in the Memorial Address. Trial on a Classification
Get PDFMartin Heidegger is still subject to controversial discussions about his political views. The question in the centre of the discussions is not if he was politically on the far right, but how far right he was, and also how far right his philosophy is. However, the details of Heidegger's political approaches in his work are largely disguised and hidden behind Heidegger's typical writing style, which has remained undefined for so long. There is a short essay in Heidegger's work that may shed light on the roots and details of his ethnic-identity thinking: “Memorial Address”
The Foreign Exchange Rate-Femicide Nexus in Turkey: Evidence from the Cointegration Tests Based on Nonlinear and Fourier Functions
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to look at femicide from a different perspective, even though it may seem unrelated at first. Accordingly, it investigated the existence of a link between foreign exchange, which was a major cause of the crises and unemployment, and femicide, which was the outcome of violence against women other than murder. The data were acquired from the We Will Stop Femicide Platform and the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey in light of the study’s goal. According to the findings of the investigation, there is a long-term cointegrating association between the foreign exchange rate and femicide in Turkey. After 22.6 days, the deviation induced by a 1% change in the currency rate could be balanced. This study is notable for approaching femicide from a hitherto overlooked economic perspective, as well as demonstrating that exchange rate changes are “vital” in terms of non-economic reality and public health
Logic in Poland in the 20th Century
Get PDFAfter Poland gained independence in 1918, logic developed very quickly both as a scientific direction and as a taught discipline. This introduction to the special issue “Logic in Poland in the 20th Century,” published in Volume 13:1 (2024) and Volume 13:2 (2024), provides the historical context for the development of logic in the interwar period