Journals UITM University of Information Technology and Management
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NEW IFRS AND US GAAP LEASE STANDARDS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON PUBLICLY LISTED COMPANIES
Get PDFLeases are quite relevant to a large number of enterprises. Due to the fact that a lease reduces an entity’s exposure to risks inherent in asset ownership, it is a widely used method of obtaining access to property, plant and equipment. At the beginning of this article sources of existence of various international accounting standards as well as primary incentives (estimation of unrecognized lease obligations) to change the previous widespread lease standards used by publicly listed companies are mentioned. The IASB and FASB aware of the importance of this issue, put forward new similar accounting solutions. Despite the joint effort, there are some discrepancies between promulgated IFRS 16 and ASC 842. In the article they are divided into three groups of differences (basic, accounting and other lease issues). The main objective of this article is to point out those differences between new lease standards, as well as their distinct effects on the reporting entities’ financial statements and crucial financial metrics. In particular, the impact of operating lease capitalization on the Warsaw Stock Exchange entities’ assets by sector indices, as well as on EBITDA by industries on the global scale are presented. The article involves research methods such as: analysis of literature, global accounting regulations and financial statements, as well as comparison and deduction methods. The new lease standards have significant impact on those reporting entities with a great number of previous off balance sheet leases. Therefore, Polish sectors such as WIG-ODZIEZ, WIG-TELKOM and WIG-MOTO as well as global industries such as retail, airline and health care are the most affected. This paper may be useful for many users of financial statements (e.g. potential investors), because it provides information about effects of changed lease standards on financial position and performance of the most affected reporting entities. 
EFFICIENCY VS. THE LEVEL OF PER CAPITA INCOME OF URBAN-RURAL MUNICIPALITIES IN POLAND
Get PDFThe basic objective of the work was to verify the hypothesis regarding the existence of the correlation between the income potential of the municipalities and the efficiency (relative) of their activity. The basis for such a hypothesis were some concerns as to the validity of the assumed system of funding territorial local governments in Poland- in particular in the area of fiscal transfers. A nonparametric method for the evaluation of relative efficiency - the DEA CCR-O was used in the research. Then the correlation between efficiency scores and local government revenues per capita was measured. The study includes 573 urban-rural municipalitiesin Poland in the years 2009, 2013, and 2016. As variable “input” expenditures per-capita were adopted. As “outputs”, 13 variables describing the basic areas of municipal activity were adopted. The results of the conducted analyses point to the existence of a correlation between the commune’s revenue level and the effectiveness of its functioning. In the whole of the analysed period, the correlation fluctuated around -0.34 to - 0.42 for total pc revenues and -0.26 to -0.32 for pc own revenues
STOCK-FLOW ADJUSTMENT – ONLY A RESIDUAL VALUE? EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Get PDFThe aim of the article is to investigate the fiscal determinants of stock-flow adjustment (SFA). Previous literature suggests that SFA may be used strategically to reduce budget deficit and public debt. As such, SFA impairs fiscal transparency and may endanger fiscal sustainability. Therefore, special attention should be paid by economists and policymakers. The study pertains to the European Union countries in the years 2005-2016. The empirical analysis supports the hypothesis that SFA is inversely related to public debt, whereas the inverse relationship between budget balance and SFA is not confirmed. The article contains additional analyses for selected components of SFA as well as narrower time and space coverage
CORPORATE INCOME TAX CONTRIBUTION OF THE POLISH FINANCIAL SECTOR
Get PDFThe financial crisis has stimulated debate on the taxation of the financial sector. The focus is on the bank levy and financial transaction tax, whereas corporate income tax attracts less attention in the public debate. Accordingly, this study analyses the contribution of the financial sector to Polish revenue from corporate income tax. Based on tax statistics of the Ministry of Finance from 1998 to 2016, the aggregated effective tax burden of the financial sector is determined and compared with the tax burden of corporations from other sectors. In addition, the study deals with loss deduction of the financial sector in comparison to non-financial corporations. The study shows that the effective tax burden of the financial sector - measured as a ratio of the tax due to income - is higher than the corresponding burden for corporations from outside this sector. A higher corporate income tax burden of the financial sector also applies if it is measured by aggregated profits reduced by losses. An exception to this is the period up to 2002 and the year 2009, when the effective tax burden of the financial sector was lower after the inclusion of losses when compared to other sectors of the Polish economy. This can be explained by the relatively low losses of the Polish financial corporations compared to other corporations. Furthermore, the study shows that tax losses in the financial sector are used much more effectively. The minimum ratio of the expired loss carry-forward - due to its limitation up to five years – to the reported losses accounts for 20.2% for this sector and is thereby significantly lower than the corresponding share of 54.6% for non-financial corporations. 
AN ANALYSIS OF CODIFIED CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICES IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY: THE CASE STUDY OF BANGLADESH
Get PDFIntroducing a well-designed system of corporate governance is considered an effective tool to ensure the stability and resilience of a banking system. It was in 2006 when Bangladesh initiated its first corporate governance code (CG code). Despite trying to meet the code of enhancing the internal monitoring mechanisms and transparency in governance, it is apparent that the quality in bank credit portfolios continuously deteriorated. This paper aims to empirically analyze the impact of adopting the CG code on performance for eight years (2010–2017) of 21 major commercial banks of Bangladesh. In this case study, we suggest that the CG code may have given the Bangladeshi commercial banks an ill-incentive for the reduction of executive directors under the pressure of meeting a guideline to increase the ratio of independent directors. This incentive structure had a negative impact on bank performance during the period. Another finding is that the fundamental structure of ownership and control by sponsor directors remained unchanged during the period. This structure of maintaining the control of power by a group with its vested interest may have hindered the effectiveness of the CG code in Bangladesh. We suggest that the agenda of CG practices should go together with a policy for mitigating a potential bias under the ownership concentration because any attempt of adopting codified CG practices would be futile under the fundamental structure in Bangladesh. 
ANALYSIS OF THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE POLISH MARKET FOR VENTURE CAPITAL FUNDS
Get PDFThe purpose of this article is to present the factors and phenomena resulting from the interaction of economic entities (entrepreneurs and consumers), which determine the level of investment attractiveness for venture capital funds. The activities are aimed at identifying which sectors and sectors of the economy in Poland may in future draw a growing interest of venture capital investors. They conclude that in the long run, consumer values and expectations will have a far greater impact than the technological change itself, on the process of building a market position and on the management of an enterprise. It is concluded that the Polish economy, as a result of demographic change, globalization and technology, will appear as an attractive area for venture capital investment. The basis of the discussion is Polish and foreign literature on the subject, current reports and statistical data. 
POLISH COOPERATIVE BANKS AS NET LENDERS IN THE MONEY MARKET
Get PDFDue to the traditional operational model of cooperative banks which is mostly based on financial intermediation, the range of a local bank’s social influence in a given environment is highly dependent on the money transfer balance, that is using local money to satisfy local needs. A typical obstacle to this activity could be observed in Poland, in positive money transfers in those banks understood as the excess of deposits from customers over loans given to them. The purpose of the following paper is to examine this phenomenon in Polish cooperative banks in comparison to credit cooperatives in Europe together with its explanation on the basis of the selected group of cooperative banks in Poland. According to the sector data in the years 2004-2015 Polish cooperative banks are net lenders for the remaining entities of the financial sector. On the European market, on the other hand, groups of cooperative banks aim to balance money transfers. It is the activity of the biggest sector players that mostly influences the information concerning credit cooperatives, which is why more thorough research into the group of over 90 Polish cooperative banks was conducted in the years 2009-2016. In the examined group deposits exceed loans and the phenomenon continues to grow and it has been observed in over three quarters of the institutions in question since 2011. 
IMPACT OF FOREIGN OWNERSHIP ON DIVIDEND POLICY IN POLAND
Get PDFThe article analyses the impact of foreign investors, who were the majority shareholders of companies on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, on dividend policy of these companies in the years 2004-2014. An evaluation of the direction and strength of the influence of the analysed group of investors, using 2 models, was conducted applying logistic regression. The first – dividend payout policy based on the binary logit model - showed that along with a growing share of a foreign investor in a given company the probability of dividend payment by the company increased significantly. The second – dividend level change model based on the multinominal logit method - showed, however, that with an increasing share of foreign investors the probability that a given company will reduce the paid dividend level was enhanced significantly. Additionally, it should be stated that these results, irrespective of the model used, were to a very large extent in line with conclusions of the pecking order theory. However, in the case of signaling, free cash flow and maturity theories, these results only to a small extent provided evidence supporting these theories. 
CURRENCY COMPETITION IN THE EUROZONE: AN ANSWER TO THE CRISIS
Get PDFThe common currency was created as a result of theoreti cal considerati ons regarding the functi oning of opti mum currency areas. This theory refers to a number of benefi ts as well as costs. It imposes a number of requirements that are necessary for the newly created structure to be considered opti mum. The economies of Eurozone countries did not meet these requirements. In consequence, the present functi oning of the Eurozone encounters many disturbances – the strong diff erenti ati on of the balance of payments is a signifi cant example. The reforms initi ated in the European Union and undertaken in response to the fi nancial crisis encompassed the Eurozone countries, yet they only concern fi nancial policy. The adopted strategy of acti on arouses questi ons as to its eff ecti veness. The aim of this arti cle is to present one of the reasons for the Eurozone crisis and a proposal for changing the monetary policy, in parti cular the exchange rate. In view of this objecti ve, the main hypothesis reads as follows: one of the methods of counteracti ng the crisis is to introduce currency competi ti on within the Eurozone. 
TOWARDS DATA-ORIENTED ANALYSIS OF THE ART MARKET: SURVEY AND OUTLOOK
Get PDFDue to the constantly growing interest in alternati ve investments, the art market has become the subject of numerous studies. By publishing sales data, many services and aucti on houses provide a foundati on for further research on the latest trends. Determining the defi niti on of the arti sti c value or formalisati on of appraisal may be considered quite complex. Stati sti cal analysis, econometric methods or data mining techniques could pave the way towards bett er understanding of the mechanisms occurring on the art market. The goal of this paper is to identi fy, describe and compare soluti ons (and related challenges) that help to analyse, make decisions and defi ne state of the art in the context of the intersecti on of econometrics on art markets and computer science. This work is also a starti ng point for further research.