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Assessment of the milk produced by mastitis-affected cows using an extruded feed supplement containing phytogenics
Get PDFBackground and Aim. For farmers and dairy producers, producing safe and high-quality milk is a top priority. Despite the enormous number of animals, there are several causes for low milk yield, such as the prevalence of livestock-borne diseases, widespread livestock farming techniques, and a low realization of the genetic potential of animals. Mastitis is a common infectious condition in dairy production that is the primary source of antibiotic residues in milk and has a substantial financial impact. The study aimed to investigate the effects of an extruded polyfunctional feed supplement called «BioFeed-P» which contains bitter wormwood extract on the physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of mastitic cow milk.
Materials and Methods. The research material included samples of cow\u27s milk and feed additives made of extruded components that were created by barothermal treatment of grain forage, specifically barley, and oats, with the addition of the extruded BioFeed-P additive and wormwood bitter extract. The additive was created and manufactured at the NCJSC «S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University» in the manufacturing and testing workshop of «NFT-KATU» LLP. Standard organoleptic and physicochemical techniques were used to study milk.
Results. It was demonstrated that feed additives improved the physicochemical characteristics of milk. There was a 3.1% increase in protein content and a 10% increase in milk fat content. Following the application of extruded additives with phytogenics, a 68% reduction in the number of somatic cells in the milk of mastitis-affected cows was noted.
Conclusion. When combined with bitter wormwood extract, the extruded BioFeed-P additive improves physicochemical parameters and dramatically lowers the number of somatic cells in milk from mastitis-affected cows.
Background and Aim. For farmers and dairy producers, producing safe and high-quality milk is a top priority. Despite the enormous number of animals, there are several causes for low milk yield, such as the prevalence of livestock-borne diseases, widespread livestock farming techniques, and a low realization of the genetic potential of animals. Mastitis is a common infectious condition in dairy production that is the primary source of antibiotic residues in milk and has a substantial financial impact. The study aimed to investigate the effects of an extruded polyfunctional feed supplement called «BioFeed-P» which contains bitter wormwood extract on the physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of mastitic cow milk.
Materials and Methods. The research material included samples of cow\u27s milk and feed additives made of extruded components that were created by barothermal treatment of grain forage, specifically barley, and oats, with the addition of the extruded BioFeed-P additive and wormwood bitter extract. The additive was created and manufactured at the NCJSC «S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University» in the manufacturing and testing workshop of «NFT-KATU» LLP. Standard organoleptic and physicochemical techniques were used to study milk.
Results. It was demonstrated that feed additives improved the physicochemical characteristics of milk. There was a 3.1% increase in protein content and a 10% increase in milk fat content. Following the application of extruded additives with phytogenics, a 68% reduction in the number of somatic cells in the milk of mastitis-affected cows was noted.
Conclusion. When combined with bitter wormwood extract, the extruded BioFeed-P additive improves physicochemical parameters and dramatically lowers the number of somatic cells in milk from mastitis-affected cows.Background and Aim. For farmers and dairy producers, producing safe and high-quality milk is a top priority. Despite the enormous number of animals, there are several causes for low milk yield, such as the prevalence of livestock-borne diseases, widespread livestock farming techniques, and a low realization of the genetic potential of animals. Mastitis is a common infectious condition in dairy production that is the primary source of antibiotic residues in milk and has a substantial financial impact. The study aimed to investigate the effects of an extruded polyfunctional feed supplement called «BioFeed-P» which contains bitter wormwood extract on the physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of mastitic cow milk.
Materials and Methods. The research material included samples of cow\u27s milk and feed additives made of extruded components that were created by barothermal treatment of grain forage, specifically barley, and oats, with the addition of the extruded BioFeed-P additive and wormwood bitter extract. The additive was created and manufactured at the NCJSC «S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University» in the manufacturing and testing workshop of «NFT-KATU» LLP. Standard organoleptic and physicochemical techniques were used to study milk.
Results. It was demonstrated that feed additives improved the physicochemical characteristics of milk. There was a 3.1% increase in protein content and a 10% increase in milk fat content. Following the application of extruded additives with phytogenics, a 68% reduction in the number of somatic cells in the milk of mastitis-affected cows was noted.
Conclusion. When combined with bitter wormwood extract, the extruded BioFeed-P additive improves physicochemical parameters and dramatically lowers the number of somatic cells in milk from mastitis-affected cows
Spatial analysis of rabies using ArcGIS Pro tools
Get PDFBackground and Aim. In line with the One Health concept, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and ecosystem health, the global burden of rabies remains relevant given the current increase in zoonotic and vector borne diseases. For successful rabies control, monitoring the changing patterns of infection spread is vital. This paper is devoted to the spatial analysis of the spread of rabies among animals in Kazakhstan.
Materials and Methods. The Spatial Autocorrelation (Moran’s I) and Anselin Local Moran’s I statistics of the Geoprocessing tool in ArcGIS Pro were used.
Results. Several types of spatial distribution were noted: clusters in the northeast, south, and west of the country; sparse type in the border areas of the north and northwest; and random distribution in the central and southwestern regions. High-Low Outliers indicating sporadic outbreaks of rabies caused by the migration of infected animals, as well as Low-High Outliers indicating the containment of the epizootic due to preventive measures or natural barriers were also revealed.
Conclusion. The study highlights the need to strengthen control over the spread of rabies, implement measures to prevent the migration of infected animals, and optimize vaccination and monitoring programs. The use of spatial analysis methods allows us to identify epidemiological patterns and develop effective strategies to combat the disease in regions with different risk levels.Background and Aim. In line with the One Health concept, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and ecosystem health, the global burden of rabies remains relevant given the current increase in zoonotic and vector borne diseases. For successful rabies control, monitoring the changing patterns of infection spread is vital. This paper is devoted to the spatial analysis of the spread of rabies among animals in Kazakhstan.
Materials and Methods. The Spatial Autocorrelation (Moran’s I) and Anselin Local Moran’s I statistics of the Geoprocessing tool in ArcGIS Pro were used.
Results. Several types of spatial distribution were noted: clusters in the northeast, south, and west of the country; sparse type in the border areas of the north and northwest; and random distribution in the central and southwestern regions. High-Low Outliers indicating sporadic outbreaks of rabies caused by the migration of infected animals, as well as Low-High Outliers indicating the containment of the epizootic due to preventive measures or natural barriers were also revealed.
Conclusion. The study highlights the need to strengthen control over the spread of rabies, implement measures to prevent the migration of infected animals, and optimize vaccination and monitoring programs. The use of spatial analysis methods allows us to identify epidemiological patterns and develop effective strategies to combat the disease in regions with different risk levels.Background and Aim. In line with the One Health concept, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and ecosystem health, the global burden of rabies remains relevant given the current increase in zoonotic and vector borne diseases. For successful rabies control, monitoring the changing patterns of infection spread is vital. This paper is devoted to the spatial analysis of the spread of rabies among animals in Kazakhstan.
Materials and Methods. The Spatial Autocorrelation (Moran’s I) and Anselin Local Moran’s I statistics of the Geoprocessing tool in ArcGIS Pro were used.
Results. Several types of spatial distribution were noted: clusters in the northeast, south, and west of the country; sparse type in the border areas of the north and northwest; and random distribution in the central and southwestern regions. High-Low Outliers indicating sporadic outbreaks of rabies caused by the migration of infected animals, as well as Low-High Outliers indicating the containment of the epizootic due to preventive measures or natural barriers were also revealed.
Conclusion. The study highlights the need to strengthen control over the spread of rabies, implement measures to prevent the migration of infected animals, and optimize vaccination and monitoring programs. The use of spatial analysis methods allows us to identify epidemiological patterns and develop effective strategies to combat the disease in regions with different risk levels
The main helminths and protozoa of the digestive tract of domestic and wild ungulates in northern and central Kazakhstan
Get PDFBackground and Aim. Parasitic infections in ungulates represent a major challenge to animal health, biodiversity conservation, and agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the diversity, prevalence, and intensity of gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa in domestic and wild ungulates in northern and central Kazakhstan, with a focus on species overlap and ecological implications.
Materials and Methods. Between January 2023 and July 2024, fecal samples (n = 559) from wild and domestic ungulates were collected from five regions. Standard flotation and centrifugation techniques (Fulleborn’s method) were used for parasitological analysis. Parasites were identified morphologically, and their prevalence was statistically assessed using chi-square tests.
Results. A broad spectrum of parasites was found, including Strongyle-type eggs, Eimeria, Trichuris, Nematodirus, Capillaria, and Dicrocoelium lanceolatum. Horses, sheep, and cattle exhibited the highest prevalence and mean intensity of disease, suggesting increased risk due to anthropogenic factors. Wild ungulates had lower infection rates, although cross-species infections were documented.
Conclusion. This study highlights significant interspecies variation in gastrointestinal parasitism, with domestic animals serving as major reservoirs. Monitoring and targeted control are essential at the wildlife–livestock interface.Background and Aim. Parasitic infections in ungulates represent a major challenge to animal health, biodiversity conservation, and agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the diversity, prevalence, and intensity of gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa in domestic and wild ungulates in northern and central Kazakhstan, with a focus on species overlap and ecological implications.
Materials and Methods. Between January 2023 and July 2024, fecal samples (n = 559) from wild and domestic ungulates were collected from five regions. Standard flotation and centrifugation techniques (Fulleborn’s method) were used for parasitological analysis. Parasites were identified morphologically, and their prevalence was statistically assessed using chi-square tests.
Results. A broad spectrum of parasites was found, including Strongyle-type eggs, Eimeria, Trichuris, Nematodirus, Capillaria, and Dicrocoelium lanceolatum. Horses, sheep, and cattle exhibited the highest prevalence and mean intensity of disease, suggesting increased risk due to anthropogenic factors. Wild ungulates had lower infection rates, although cross-species infections were documented.
Conclusion. This study highlights significant interspecies variation in gastrointestinal parasitism, with domestic animals serving as major reservoirs. Monitoring and targeted control are essential at the wildlife–livestock interface.Background and Aim. Parasitic infections in ungulates represent a major challenge to animal health, biodiversity conservation, and agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the diversity, prevalence, and intensity of gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa in domestic and wild ungulates in northern and central Kazakhstan, with a focus on species overlap and ecological implications.
Materials and Methods. Between January 2023 and July 2024, fecal samples (n = 559) from wild and domestic ungulates were collected from five regions. Standard flotation and centrifugation techniques (Fulleborn’s method) were used for parasitological analysis. Parasites were identified morphologically, and their prevalence was statistically assessed using chi-square tests.
Results. A broad spectrum of parasites was found, including Strongyle-type eggs, Eimeria, Trichuris, Nematodirus, Capillaria, and Dicrocoelium lanceolatum. Horses, sheep, and cattle exhibited the highest prevalence and mean intensity of disease, suggesting increased risk due to anthropogenic factors. Wild ungulates had lower infection rates, although cross-species infections were documented.
Conclusion. This study highlights significant interspecies variation in gastrointestinal parasitism, with domestic animals serving as major reservoirs. Monitoring and targeted control are essential at the wildlife–livestock interface
Immunoactive Proteins of Mycobacterium bovis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Biomarkers and Vaccines
Get PDFBackground and Aim. Mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, posing significant challenges to veterinary health, wildlife management and public health. Despite high genomic similarity to M. tuberculosis, M. bovis exhibits distinct host–pathogen interaction strategies that influence immune recognition, persistence and disease progression. This review aims to systematize and critically synthesize current knowledge on immunoactive proteins of M. bovis and to elucidate their roles in modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, with particular emphasis on mechanisms of immune evasion, diagnostic relevance and vaccine potential.
Materials and Methods. This narrative review synthesizes peer-reviewed literature retrieved from international scientific databases. Studies addressing molecular genetics, proteomics, tran-scriptomics, host immune signaling pathways, and experimental infection models of M. bovis were critically evaluated. Special attention was given to proteins involved in phagocytosis, autophagy, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and cytokine regulation, as well as to comparative studies with M. tuberculosis.
Results. The analysis indicates that M. bovis actively modulates macrophage defense mechanisms through multiple molecular axes, including inhibition of phagosome–lysosome fusion, selective activation of PINK1 Parkin-dependent mitophagy and suppression of xenophagy. Key immunoactive proteins, such as ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB70/80/83, PE/PPE proteins and lipoproteins, play central roles in shaping both inflammatory and regulatory immune responses. Activation of cytosolic DNA sensors, particularly Interferon-Inducible Protein 204 (IFI204), and downstream IFN-β signaling is more pronounced in M. bovis infection and contributes to species-specific immune responses. Differential expression and secretion of these proteins underpin their value as diagnostic biomarkers and potential vaccine antigens.
Conclusion. Immunoactive proteins of M. bovis form a complex molecular network that enables immune modulation, intracellular persistence and host adaptation. Their functional significance extends beyond virulence, positioning them as promising targets for Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA)-compatible diagnostics and second-generation vaccines. An integrated understanding of these mechanisms is essential for improving control strategies for bovine tubercu-losis and reducing the risk of zoonotic transmission.Background and Aim. Mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, posing significant challenges to veterinary health, wildlife management and public health. Despite high genomic similarity to M. tuberculosis, M. bovis exhibits distinct host–pathogen interaction strategies that influence immune recognition, persistence and disease progression. This review aims to systematize and critically synthesize current knowledge on immunoactive proteins of M. bovis and to elucidate their roles in modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, with particular emphasis on mechanisms of immune evasion, diagnostic relevance and vaccine potential.
Materials and Methods. This narrative review synthesizes peer-reviewed literature retrieved from international scientific databases. Studies addressing molecular genetics, proteomics, tran-scriptomics, host immune signaling pathways, and experimental infection models of M. bovis were critically evaluated. Special attention was given to proteins involved in phagocytosis, autophagy, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and cytokine regulation, as well as to comparative studies with M. tuberculosis.
Results. The analysis indicates that M. bovis actively modulates macrophage defense mechanisms through multiple molecular axes, including inhibition of phagosome–lysosome fusion, selective activation of PINK1 Parkin-dependent mitophagy and suppression of xenophagy. Key immunoactive proteins, such as ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB70/80/83, PE/PPE proteins and lipoproteins, play central roles in shaping both inflammatory and regulatory immune responses. Activation of cytosolic DNA sensors, particularly Interferon-Inducible Protein 204 (IFI204), and downstream IFN-β signaling is more pronounced in M. bovis infection and contributes to species-specific immune responses. Differential expression and secretion of these proteins underpin their value as diagnostic biomarkers and potential vaccine antigens.
Conclusion. Immunoactive proteins of M. bovis form a complex molecular network that enables immune modulation, intracellular persistence and host adaptation. Their functional significance extends beyond virulence, positioning them as promising targets for Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA)-compatible diagnostics and second-generation vaccines. An integrated understanding of these mechanisms is essential for improving control strategies for bovine tubercu-losis and reducing the risk of zoonotic transmission.Background and Aim. Mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, posing significant challenges to veterinary health, wildlife management and public health. Despite high genomic similarity to M. tuberculosis, M. bovis exhibits distinct host–pathogen interaction strategies that influence immune recognition, persistence and disease progression. This review aims to systematize and critically synthesize current knowledge on immunoactive proteins of M. bovis and to elucidate their roles in modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, with particular emphasis on mechanisms of immune evasion, diagnostic relevance and vaccine potential.
Materials and Methods. This narrative review synthesizes peer-reviewed literature retrieved from international scientific databases. Studies addressing molecular genetics, proteomics, tran-scriptomics, host immune signaling pathways, and experimental infection models of M. bovis were critically evaluated. Special attention was given to proteins involved in phagocytosis, autophagy, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and cytokine regulation, as well as to comparative studies with M. tuberculosis.
Results. The analysis indicates that M. bovis actively modulates macrophage defense mechanisms through multiple molecular axes, including inhibition of phagosome–lysosome fusion, selective activation of PINK1 Parkin-dependent mitophagy and suppression of xenophagy. Key immunoactive proteins, such as ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB70/80/83, PE/PPE proteins and lipoproteins, play central roles in shaping both inflammatory and regulatory immune responses. Activation of cytosolic DNA sensors, particularly Interferon-Inducible Protein 204 (IFI204), and downstream IFN-β signaling is more pronounced in M. bovis infection and contributes to species-specific immune responses. Differential expression and secretion of these proteins underpin their value as diagnostic biomarkers and potential vaccine antigens.
Conclusion. Immunoactive proteins of M. bovis form a complex molecular network that enables immune modulation, intracellular persistence and host adaptation. Their functional significance extends beyond virulence, positioning them as promising targets for Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA)-compatible diagnostics and second-generation vaccines. An integrated understanding of these mechanisms is essential for improving control strategies for bovine tubercu-losis and reducing the risk of zoonotic transmission
История создания, текущее состояние и перспективы разведения крупного рогатого скота алатауской породы
Get PDFIn recent years, local populations of cattle in the Republic of Kazakhstan have been largely replaced by highly productive breeds, which has led to a significant reduction in the number of native breeds. One of such breeds is the Alatau breed of cattle, bred in 1950 by crossing local Kazakh cattle with Schwyz bulls brought to Kazakhstan by immigrants from Russia. From the moment of approbation, the breed was widely spread in southeastern Kazakhstan forhalf a century (untill 2000). However, with the restructuring of the republic’s agro-industrial complex, the breeding base of the Alatau breed underwent a number of quantitative and qualitative changes, leading to a declinein all key indicators. This situation was further exacerbated by the lack of targeted breeding programs, selection efforts, and the production and use of breeding bulls from within the population. Due to the lack of genetic material for reproduction of Alatau breed, the active importation of Schwyz bull semen from the United States began , followed by its widespread use in breeding stock. As a result, the currentbreeding base of Alatau cattle consists entirely of crossbred animals with a high proportion of Schwyz genetics . This raises concerns about the complete absorption of the breed by foreign genetics and the risk of its complete disappearance. In the article the world tendencies of preservation of of indigenous and local livestock breeds of agricultural animals, their importance in the world biological diversity and also sustainable management of breeding resources of Kazakhstan are given. Based on archival and modern literary sources, the article outlines the history of Alatau breed breeding, its current state and science-based technologies for their revival. Object and purpose of research: The object of research was Alatau cattle breed, which is on the verge of extinction due to its genetic absorption by the American bred Schwyz cattle. The aim of the research was to provide a comprehensive review of the history of Alatau breed breeding, current state, reasons for the reduction in the number of purebred cattle, proposals for the preservation of the breed and prospects for its development.В течение последних лет в Республике Казахстан локальные популяции крупного рогатого скота практически вытеснены высокопродуктивными породами, что привело к значительному сокращению поголовья местных пород. Одной из таких пород является - алатауская порода крупного рогатого скота, выведенная в 1950 году путем скрещивания местного казахского скота с быками швицкой породы, завезёнными в Казахстан переселенцами с России. С момента апробации, порода в течение полувека (до 2000 г.) широко была распространена в юго-восточной части Казахстана. Однако, с реформированием агропромышленного комплекса республики, племенная база алатауской породы претерпела ряд количественных и качественных изменений, вызвавших снижение всех показателей. Это в определенной степени, также усиливалось отсутствием целенаправленной племенной работы, отбора, получения и использованию в воспроизводстве ремонтных бычков собственной селекции. В связи с отсутствием генетического материала для воспроизводства алатауской породы, начался активный импорт спермы быков швицкой породы из США и повсеместное их использование на маточном поголовье. Таким образом, к настоящему времени вся племенная база алатауского скота представлена помесным поголовьем с высокой долей кровности по швицкой породе, что в свою очередь вызывает обеспокоенность полного поглощения породы зарубежной генетикой и риска ее исчезновения. В статье приведён обзор мировых тенденций сохранения локальных, аборигенных и местных пород сельскохозяйственных животных, их значение в мировом биологическом разнообразии, а также устойчивом управлении племенными ресурсами Казахстана. На основании архивных и современных литературных источников в статье изложена история выведения алатауской породы, ее текущее состояние и научно-обоснованные технологии их возрождения. Объект и цель исследований: Объектом исследований послужил крупный рогатый скот алатауской породы, находящийся на грани исчезновения в связи с поглощением ее швицкой породой американской селекции. Цель исследований заключалась в проведении литературного обзора истории выведения алатауской породы, современного состояния, причины сокращения численности чистопородного скота, предложения по сохранению породы и перспективы ее развития.В течение последних лет в Республике Казахстан локальные популяции крупного рогатого скота практически вытеснены высокопродуктивными породами, что привело к значительному сокращению поголовья местных пород. Одной из таких пород является - алатауская порода крупного рогатого скота, выведенная в 1950 году путем скрещивания местного казахского скота с быками швицкой породы, завезёнными в Казахстан переселенцами с России. С момента апробации, порода в течение полувека (до 2000 г.) широко была распространена в юго-восточной части Казахстана. Однако, с реформированием агропромышленного комплекса республики, племенная база алатауской породы претерпела ряд количественных и качественных изменений, вызвавших снижение всех показателей. Это в определенной степени, также усиливалось отсутствием целенаправленной племенной работы, отбора, получения и использованию в воспроизводстве ремонтных бычков собственной селекции. В связи с отсутствием генетического материала для воспроизводства алатауской породы, начался активный импорт спермы быков швицкой породы из США и повсеместное их использование на маточном поголовье. Таким образом, к настоящему времени вся племенная база алатауского скота представлена помесным поголовьем с высокой долей кровности по швицкой породе, что в свою очередь вызывает обеспокоенность полного поглощения породы зарубежной генетикой и риска ее исчезновения. В статье приведён обзор мировых тенденций сохранения локальных, аборигенных и местных пород сельскохозяйственных животных, их значение в мировом биологическом разнообразии, а также устойчивом управлении племенными ресурсами Казахстана. На основании архивных и современных литературных источников в статье изложена история выведения алатауской породы, ее текущее состояние и научно-обоснованные технологии их возрождения. Объект и цель исследований: Объектом исследований послужил крупный рогатый скот алатауской породы, находящийся на грани исчезновения в связи с поглощением ее швицкой породой американской селекции. Цель исследований заключалась в проведении литературного обзора истории выведения алатауской породы, современного состояния, причины сокращения численности чистопородного скота, предложения по сохранению породы и перспективы ее развития
Кәдімгі шырғанақ тұқымынан зарарсыз өскіндерді in vitro жағдайында алу
Get PDFBackground and Aim. Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a dioecious shrub with deciduous leaves. Due to its high content of biological compounds in its leaves and berries, this plant is widely used as a remedy to support human and animal health. The aim of this study was to introduce sea buckthorn into in vitro culture, optimize sterilization conditions, and determine the most effective nutrient medium composition.
Materials and Methods. Sea buckthorn seeds were used as the plant material. Various antiseptics were used for sterilization: ethanol, mercury (II) chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium hypochlorite. The sterilization time for each antiseptic was determined experimentally. Various nutrient media and growth regulators were used for the growth of sterile sprouts. Activated carbon was added as an antioxidant to suppress the release of phenolic compounds.
Results. The largest percentage of sterile and viable explants (83.3%) was obtained using a 0.1% mercury (II) chloride solution. The proliferation of explants depended on both the nutrient medium composition and the varietal characteristics of sea buckthorn. The maximum shoot length (4.0 cm) was observed in the Sh-9-81(4-5) variety on a medium containing 1.0 mg/L BAP, 5.0 mg/L IAA, and 2.0 g/L activated carbon.
Conclusion. The most effective medium for the proliferation of Hippophae rhamnoides seedlings contained 1.0 mg/L BAP, 5.0 mg/L IAA, and 2.0 g/L activated carbon. The highest shoot elongation (4.0 cm) was achieved in the Sh-9-81(4-5) variety.Алғышарттар мен мақсат. Кәдімгі шырғанақ (Hippophae rhamnoides) қосүйлі жапырақты бұта. Оның жапырақтары мен жидектеріндегі биологиялық қосылыстардың көптігіне байланысты бұл өсімдік қазіргі уақытта адамдар мен жануарлардың денсаулығын сақтауда қолданылатын өсімдік ретінде танымал. Жұмыстың мақсаты шырғанақ эксплантарын in vitro жағдайына енгізу, зарарсыздандыру режимдері мен қоректік орта құрамын таңдау болып табылады. Зерттеу материалы ретінде шырғанақтың тұқымдары пайдаланылды.
Материалдар мен әдістер. Зарарсыздандыру үшін әртүрлі антисептиктер қолданылды: этанол, сынап (ІІ) хлориді, сутегінің асқын тотығы және натрий гипохлориді. Зарарсыздандыру уақыты әр антисептик үшін эксперименталды түрде таңдалып алынды. Зарарсыз өскіндерді өсіру үшін әртүрлі өсу реттегіштері қолданылды. Фенолды қосылыстардың бөлінуін тежеу үшін антиоксидант ретінде белсендірілген көмір қолданылды.
Нәтижелер. Зарарсыз және өміршең экспланттарының ең жоғарғы пайызы (83,3%) 0,1% сынап (ІІ) хлориді ерітіндісімен зарарсыздандыру нұсқасында алынды. Өсу деңгейі сорттардың түріне және қоректік орта құрамына байланысты болды. Ш-9-81(4-5) сортының максималды өскін ұзындығы (4,0 см) құрамында 1,0 мг/л BAР, 5,0 мг/л IAA және 2 г/л белсендірілген көмір қосылған ортада болатыны анықталды.
Қорытынды. Hippophae rhamnoides өскіндердің пролиферациясы үшін ең тиімді орта ретінде құрамына 1,0 мг/л BAP, 5,0 IAA және 2,0 г/л белсендірілген көмір қосылған орта екені анықталды, ең жоғарғы нәтиже Ш-9 81(4-5) сортында байқалды, максималды өскін ұзындығы 4,0 см құрады.Алғышарттар мен мақсат. Кәдімгі шырғанақ (Hippophae rhamnoides) қосүйлі жапырақты бұта. Оның жапырақтары мен жидектеріндегі биологиялық қосылыстардың көптігіне байланысты бұл өсімдік қазіргі уақытта адамдар мен жануарлардың денсаулығын сақтауда қолданылатын өсімдік ретінде танымал. Жұмыстың мақсаты шырғанақ эксплантарын in vitro жағдайына енгізу, зарарсыздандыру режимдері мен қоректік орта құрамын таңдау болып табылады. Зерттеу материалы ретінде шырғанақтың тұқымдары пайдаланылды.
Материалдар мен әдістер. Зарарсыздандыру үшін әртүрлі антисептиктер қолданылды: этанол, сынап (ІІ) хлориді, сутегінің асқын тотығы және натрий гипохлориді. Зарарсыздандыру уақыты әр антисептик үшін эксперименталды түрде таңдалып алынды. Зарарсыз өскіндерді өсіру үшін әртүрлі өсу реттегіштері қолданылды. Фенолды қосылыстардың бөлінуін тежеу үшін антиоксидант ретінде белсендірілген көмір қолданылды.
Нәтижелер. Зарарсыз және өміршең экспланттарының ең жоғарғы пайызы (83,3%) 0,1% сынап (ІІ) хлориді ерітіндісімен зарарсыздандыру нұсқасында алынды. Өсу деңгейі сорттардың түріне және қоректік орта құрамына байланысты болды. Ш-9-81(4-5) сортының максималды өскін ұзындығы (4,0 см) құрамында 1,0 мг/л BAР, 5,0 мг/л IAA және 2 г/л белсендірілген көмір қосылған ортада болатыны анықталды.
Қорытынды. Hippophae rhamnoides өскіндердің пролиферациясы үшін ең тиімді орта ретінде құрамына 1,0 мг/л BAP, 5,0 IAA және 2,0 г/л белсендірілген көмір қосылған орта екені анықталды, ең жоғарғы нәтиже Ш-9 81(4-5) сортында байқалды, максималды өскін ұзындығы 4,0 см құрады
Effect of mung bean seed treatment before planting on germination and some vegetative growth indicators
Get PDFBackground and Aim. The mung bean (Vigna radiata, also known as Mash) is a summer crop. Its importance in human nutrition is highlighted by the fact that its seeds contain a high con-centration of protein and are rich in the amino acid lysine, as well as other compounds such as car bohydrates, oils, vitamins, and various secondary metabolites. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of three seed soaking treatments (tap water, mash enzyme solution, and saline solution), in addition to a comparison treatment (control) without soaking, on germination and se-lected vegetative growth indicators of mung bean plants.
Materials and Methods. A germination experiment was conducted using Petri dishes, fol-lowed by a pot experiment in the field with containers filled with a 1:1 mixture of soil and peat moss. The seeds were soaked for 12 hours before sowing. Treatments included soaking in tap water, mash enzyme solution, and 1% NaCl saline solution, along with an unsoaked control group. Germination traits and vegetative growth parameters were recorded. Data were analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and significant differences between means were determined using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at the 5% significance level.
Results. The laboratory results showed that soaking seeds in tap water produced the highest germination rate and plumule length. Most treatments did not differ significantly from each other, except for the saline solution, which significantly reduced germination percentage. In the pot exper-iment, soaking seeds in tap water and a mash enzyme solution resulted in superior performance across all vegetative growth parameters, including plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, leaf length and width, and chlorophyll content.
Conclusion. Soaking mung bean seeds in tap water or mash enzyme solution significantly improved germination and vegetative growth parameters, while saline solution had a negative effect on these parameters. These findings confirm the effectiveness of natural priming treatments in en-hancing plant performance.Background and Aim. The mung bean (Vigna radiata, also known as Mash) is a summer crop. Its importance in human nutrition is highlighted by the fact that its seeds contain a high con-centration of protein and are rich in the amino acid lysine, as well as other compounds such as car bohydrates, oils, vitamins, and various secondary metabolites. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of three seed soaking treatments (tap water, mash enzyme solution, and saline solution), in addition to a comparison treatment (control) without soaking, on germination and se-lected vegetative growth indicators of mung bean plants.
Materials and Methods. A germination experiment was conducted using Petri dishes, fol-lowed by a pot experiment in the field with containers filled with a 1:1 mixture of soil and peat moss. The seeds were soaked for 12 hours before sowing. Treatments included soaking in tap water, mash enzyme solution, and 1% NaCl saline solution, along with an unsoaked control group. Germination traits and vegetative growth parameters were recorded. Data were analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and significant differences between means were determined using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at the 5% significance level.
Results. The laboratory results showed that soaking seeds in tap water produced the highest germination rate and plumule length. Most treatments did not differ significantly from each other, except for the saline solution, which significantly reduced germination percentage. In the pot exper-iment, soaking seeds in tap water and a mash enzyme solution resulted in superior performance across all vegetative growth parameters, including plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, leaf length and width, and chlorophyll content.
Conclusion. Soaking mung bean seeds in tap water or mash enzyme solution significantly improved germination and vegetative growth parameters, while saline solution had a negative effect on these parameters. These findings confirm the effectiveness of natural priming treatments in en-hancing plant performance.Background and Aim. The mung bean (Vigna radiata, also known as Mash) is a summer crop. Its importance in human nutrition is highlighted by the fact that its seeds contain a high con-centration of protein and are rich in the amino acid lysine, as well as other compounds such as car bohydrates, oils, vitamins, and various secondary metabolites. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of three seed soaking treatments (tap water, mash enzyme solution, and saline solution), in addition to a comparison treatment (control) without soaking, on germination and se-lected vegetative growth indicators of mung bean plants.
Materials and Methods. A germination experiment was conducted using Petri dishes, fol-lowed by a pot experiment in the field with containers filled with a 1:1 mixture of soil and peat moss. The seeds were soaked for 12 hours before sowing. Treatments included soaking in tap water, mash enzyme solution, and 1% NaCl saline solution, along with an unsoaked control group. Germination traits and vegetative growth parameters were recorded. Data were analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and significant differences between means were determined using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at the 5% significance level.
Results. The laboratory results showed that soaking seeds in tap water produced the highest germination rate and plumule length. Most treatments did not differ significantly from each other, except for the saline solution, which significantly reduced germination percentage. In the pot exper-iment, soaking seeds in tap water and a mash enzyme solution resulted in superior performance across all vegetative growth parameters, including plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, leaf length and width, and chlorophyll content.
Conclusion. Soaking mung bean seeds in tap water or mash enzyme solution significantly improved germination and vegetative growth parameters, while saline solution had a negative effect on these parameters. These findings confirm the effectiveness of natural priming treatments in en-hancing plant performance
Using irrigated multispecies pasture systems for sustainable horse grazing on degraded lands
Get PDFBackground and Aim. In southern Kazakhstan, pasture degradation and limited natural forage threaten sustainable horse breeding. The development of irrigated multicomponent pastures presents a potential solution. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of such pastures and rotational grazing systems in restoring forage productivity on degraded lands.
Materials and Methods. Research was conducted on 192,5 ha of farmland in the Kazygurt district, with 60 ha allocated for irrigated multicomponent pastures. These were seeded with a mixture of alfalfa, melilot, and cereals and divided into four rotational grazing fields. Electric fencing was used to implement a multi-cycle grazing system. Field productivity, grazing duration, and feed availability were monitored from March to December.
Results. The new system doubled forage productivity, producing over 200,000 centners of feed, enough to sustain 70 horses during the grazing season. The approach also improved soil conditions and provided jobs for 25 local workers. The seasonal net income reached approximately 15 million tenge, supported by the production of fermented mare\u27s milk (kumys and saumal) and improved livestock health.
Conclusion. Irrigated multicomponent pastures combined with controlled multicycle grazing can significantly increase forage availability and economic returns. This method supports ecological rehabilitation and offers a scalable model for sustainable pasture use in arid and semi-arid regions.Background and Aim. In southern Kazakhstan, pasture degradation and limited natural forage threaten sustainable horse breeding. The development of irrigated multicomponent pastures presents a potential solution. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of such pastures and rotational grazing systems in restoring forage productivity on degraded lands.
Materials and Methods. Research was conducted on 192,5 ha of farmland in the Kazygurt district, with 60 ha allocated for irrigated multicomponent pastures. These were seeded with a mixture of alfalfa, melilot, and cereals and divided into four rotational grazing fields. Electric fencing was used to implement a multi-cycle grazing system. Field productivity, grazing duration, and feed availability were monitored from March to December.
Results. The new system doubled forage productivity, producing over 200,000 centners of feed, enough to sustain 70 horses during the grazing season. The approach also improved soil conditions and provided jobs for 25 local workers. The seasonal net income reached approximately 15 million tenge, supported by the production of fermented mare\u27s milk (kumys and saumal) and improved livestock health.
Conclusion. Irrigated multicomponent pastures combined with controlled multicycle grazing can significantly increase forage availability and economic returns. This method supports ecological rehabilitation and offers a scalable model for sustainable pasture use in arid and semi-arid regions.Background and Aim. In southern Kazakhstan, pasture degradation and limited natural forage threaten sustainable horse breeding. The development of irrigated multicomponent pastures presents a potential solution. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of such pastures and rotational grazing systems in restoring forage productivity on degraded lands.
Materials and Methods. Research was conducted on 192,5 ha of farmland in the Kazygurt district, with 60 ha allocated for irrigated multicomponent pastures. These were seeded with a mixture of alfalfa, melilot, and cereals and divided into four rotational grazing fields. Electric fencing was used to implement a multi-cycle grazing system. Field productivity, grazing duration, and feed availability were monitored from March to December.
Results. The new system doubled forage productivity, producing over 200,000 centners of feed, enough to sustain 70 horses during the grazing season. The approach also improved soil conditions and provided jobs for 25 local workers. The seasonal net income reached approximately 15 million tenge, supported by the production of fermented mare\u27s milk (kumys and saumal) and improved livestock health.
Conclusion. Irrigated multicomponent pastures combined with controlled multicycle grazing can significantly increase forage availability and economic returns. This method supports ecological rehabilitation and offers a scalable model for sustainable pasture use in arid and semi-arid regions
Analysis and development trends of the pig industry in Kazakhstan
Get PDFBackground and Aim. The problem of increasing the efficiency of pig production is one of the most important for agriculture in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Increasing efficiency is dictated by the need to increase the volume of domestic meat production to meet the population\u27s needs for this food product and achieve food security parameters. The aim of this study was to analyze the development of the pig breeding industry by studying the state of the breeding stock of pigs, their economically useful qualities, as well as comparing these indicators of the leading countries of the world.
Materials and Methods. Throughout the work, generally accepted zootechnical research methods were used. The state of breeding in pig farms by region, the genealogical structure of herds, and productivity records were analyzed based on the information and analytical system\u27s database, statistical data, and the materials of zootechnical and breeding records of farms.
Results. The pork share in world meat production is 38-40%, in Russia 30-32%, and in Kazakhstan – 14-15%. The volume of pork production in the world per year is more than 108 thousand tons. A significant pig population falls on agricultural enterprises – 55.3%, households - 33.1%, and the share of IE and PF reaches 11.6%. The breeding stock of pigs is represented by the following breeds - large white (Yorkshire), Landrace, Duroc, Aksai black-and-white, Edelschwein, and Pietrain. The most common breed is significant white – more than 34%. The total number of animals surveyed was 26.062 heads.
Conclusion. Based on the research results, a reduction in the pig population over many years by 40-50%, a shortage of breeding material, and a lag in all indicators of productivity of the domestic pig population from the leading countries of the world were established.Background and Aim. The problem of increasing the efficiency of pig production is one of the most important for agriculture in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Increasing efficiency is dictated by the need to increase the volume of domestic meat production to meet the population\u27s needs for this food product and achieve food security parameters. The aim of this study was to analyze the development of the pig breeding industry by studying the state of the breeding stock of pigs, their economically useful qualities, as well as comparing these indicators of the leading countries of the world.
Materials and Methods. Throughout the work, generally accepted zootechnical research methods were used. The state of breeding in pig farms by region, the genealogical structure of herds, and productivity records were analyzed based on the information and analytical system\u27s database, statistical data, and the materials of zootechnical and breeding records of farms.
Results. The pork share in world meat production is 38-40%, in Russia 30-32%, and in Kazakhstan – 14-15%. The volume of pork production in the world per year is more than 108 thousand tons. A significant pig population falls on agricultural enterprises – 55.3%, households - 33.1%, and the share of IE and PF reaches 11.6%. The breeding stock of pigs is represented by the following breeds - large white (Yorkshire), Landrace, Duroc, Aksai black-and-white, Edelschwein, and Pietrain. The most common breed is significant white – more than 34%. The total number of animals surveyed was 26.062 heads.
Conclusion. Based on the research results, a reduction in the pig population over many years by 40-50%, a shortage of breeding material, and a lag in all indicators of productivity of the domestic pig population from the leading countries of the world were established.Background and Aim. The problem of increasing the efficiency of pig production is one of the most important for agriculture in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Increasing efficiency is dictated by the need to increase the volume of domestic meat production to meet the population\u27s needs for this food product and achieve food security parameters. The aim of this study was to analyze the development of the pig breeding industry by studying the state of the breeding stock of pigs, their economically useful qualities, as well as comparing these indicators of the leading countries of the world.
Materials and Methods. Throughout the work, generally accepted zootechnical research methods were used. The state of breeding in pig farms by region, the genealogical structure of herds, and productivity records were analyzed based on the information and analytical system\u27s database, statistical data, and the materials of zootechnical and breeding records of farms.
Results. The pork share in world meat production is 38-40%, in Russia 30-32%, and in Kazakhstan – 14-15%. The volume of pork production in the world per year is more than 108 thousand tons. A significant pig population falls on agricultural enterprises – 55.3%, households - 33.1%, and the share of IE and PF reaches 11.6%. The breeding stock of pigs is represented by the following breeds - large white (Yorkshire), Landrace, Duroc, Aksai black-and-white, Edelschwein, and Pietrain. The most common breed is significant white – more than 34%. The total number of animals surveyed was 26.062 heads.
Conclusion. Based on the research results, a reduction in the pig population over many years by 40-50%, a shortage of breeding material, and a lag in all indicators of productivity of the domestic pig population from the leading countries of the world were established
Изучение микромицетов, выделенных из клубней картофеля, пораженных сухой гнилью в Казахстане
Get PDFBackground and Аim. The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the world’s most important food crops, cultivated extensively in more than 159 countries. Despite a high yield potential of 60-100 t/ha, post-harvest losses during storage can reach up to 60%, primarily due to tuber rot caused by phytopathogens. Among the diverse storage pathogens, fungi of the genus Fusarium – known for inducing tuber tissue decay, are particularly aggressive and destructive. This study aimed to comprehensively identify the causative agents of potato dry rot in Kazakhstan.
Materials and Methods. Potato tubers exhibiting dry rot symptoms were examined. Pathogens were identified using morphological and molecular methods, including microscopy, DNA sequencing, and comparison with GenBank data. Pathogenicity was assessed by artificial inoculation of healthy tubers to determine the disease causing potential of each isolate.
Results. Fungal isolates belonging to the genera Alternaria, Talaromyces, Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium were recovered from potato tubers exhibiting symptoms of dry rot. Species-level identification was conducted using DNA sequencing. Pathogenicity tests on isolates from the genera Alternaria, Talaromyces, and Fusarium revealed that all tested isolates were capable of inducing disease in potato tubers, although the severity of tissue damage varied among them. Representatives of the Fusarium genus showed the highest aggressiveness, causing complete decay of tuber tissues within a two-month incubation period. The re-isolation of these fungi from infected tubers followed by morphological and molecular characterization, confirmed their consistency with the initial strains, thus fullfilling Koch\u27s postulates and establishing the pathogen disease relationship.
Conclusion. Phylogenetic analysis of Fusarium isolates revealed their genetic diversity, with Distinct species forming separate clades. This demonstrates the reliability of multilocus analysis techniques in species delineation. The ITS and TEF-1α markers confirmed that the isolate of F. sporotrichioides, obtained from Kazakhstan, grouped with a reference epitype strain, confirming its taxonomic identity.Предпосылки и цель. Картофель (Solanum tuberosum L.) занимает одно из ведущих мест среди продовольственных культур мира, культивируясь более чем в 159 странах. При потенциальной урожайности до 60-100 т/га потери при хранении могут достигать 60% вследствие поражения клубней фитопатогенами. Среди возбудителей заболеваний, возникающих в период хранения, особенно опасными считаются грибы рода Fusarium из-за их способности вызывать гниение клубней. Целью данного исследования является комплексная идентификация возбудителей сухой гнили клубней картофеля.
Материалы и методы. Объектом исследования являлись клубни картофеля с признаками сухой гнили. Для морфологических исследований осуществляли выделение чистых культур возбудителей на питательных средах, после чего проводили описание макроскопических характеристик колоний и микроскопическое изучение структурных особенностей. Молекулярная идентификация включала выделение геномной ДНК, амплификацию генов мишени, секвенирование полученных фрагментов и последующее сопоставление последовательностей с данными международной базы GenBank для определения вида изоляционных штаммов. Патогенность выделенных штаммов оценивали путём искусственного заражения здоровых клубней.
Результаты и обсуждение. В результате из клубней картофеля с симптомами сухой гнили были выделены изоляты, принадлежащие родам Alternaria, Talaromyces, Fusarium, Aspergillius, Penicillium. Тест на патогенность для изолятов рода Alternaria, Talaromyces и Fusarium показал, что все исследованные изоляты вызывали заболевание клубней с различной степенью поражения. Наибольшую агрессивность продемонстрировали гриб рода Fusarium, вызывая полную деградацию тканей клубней в течение двух месяцев экспозиции. Повторное выделение тех же культур из инфицированных тканей с подтверждением их идентичности по морфологическим и молекулярным признакам соответствует постулатам Коха и подтверждает связь между патогеном и заболеванием.
Заключение. Проведённый филогенетический анализ представителей рода Fusarium показал, что различные виды формируют чётко разграниченные и статистически поддерживаемые группы, что свидетельствует об их генетической разнородности и подтверждает обоснованность видовой классификации при использовании мультилокусного подхода. Казахстанский изолят Fusarium sporotrichioides сгруппировался с эталонным эпитипным штаммом, что надёжно подтверждает его таксономическую идентичность на основе маркеров: внутреннего транскрибируемого спейсера (ITS) и фактора элонгации трансляции 1-альфа (TEF-1α).Предпосылки и цель. Картофель (Solanum tuberosum L.) занимает одно из ведущих мест среди продовольственных культур мира, культивируясь более чем в 159 странах. При потенциальной урожайности до 60-100 т/га потери при хранении могут достигать 60% вследствие поражения клубней фитопатогенами. Среди возбудителей заболеваний, возникающих в период хранения, особенно опасными считаются грибы рода Fusarium из-за их способности вызывать гниение клубней. Целью данного исследования является комплексная идентификация возбудителей сухой гнили клубней картофеля.
Материалы и методы. Объектом исследования являлись клубни картофеля с признаками сухой гнили. Для морфологических исследований осуществляли выделение чистых культур возбудителей на питательных средах, после чего проводили описание макроскопических характеристик колоний и микроскопическое изучение структурных особенностей. Молекулярная идентификация включала выделение геномной ДНК, амплификацию генов мишени, секвенирование полученных фрагментов и последующее сопоставление последовательностей с данными международной базы GenBank для определения вида изоляционных штаммов. Патогенность выделенных штаммов оценивали путём искусственного заражения здоровых клубней.
Результаты и обсуждение. В результате из клубней картофеля с симптомами сухой гнили были выделены изоляты, принадлежащие родам Alternaria, Talaromyces, Fusarium, Aspergillius, Penicillium. Тест на патогенность для изолятов рода Alternaria, Talaromyces и Fusarium показал, что все исследованные изоляты вызывали заболевание клубней с различной степенью поражения. Наибольшую агрессивность продемонстрировали гриб рода Fusarium, вызывая полную деградацию тканей клубней в течение двух месяцев экспозиции. Повторное выделение тех же культур из инфицированных тканей с подтверждением их идентичности по морфологическим и молекулярным признакам соответствует постулатам Коха и подтверждает связь между патогеном и заболеванием.
Заключение. Проведённый филогенетический анализ представителей рода Fusarium показал, что различные виды формируют чётко разграниченные и статистически поддерживаемые группы, что свидетельствует об их генетической разнородности и подтверждает обоснованность видовой классификации при использовании мультилокусного подхода. Казахстанский изолят Fusarium sporotrichioides сгруппировался с эталонным эпитипным штаммом, что надёжно подтверждает его таксономическую идентичность на основе маркеров: внутреннего транскрибируемого спейсера (ITS) и фактора элонгации трансляции 1-альфа (TEF-1α)