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Рrevention of mastitis and hyperkeratosis in cows
Get PDFBackground and Aim. Mastitis in cows is widespread, causing great economic damage to agriculture. Treatment of the udder before and after milking is an important stage in the process of caring for the skin of the teats, aimed on preventing of infection of the udder and the development of hyperkeratosis, mastitis; to protect the sphincters of the teat after milking, specialized products are used for treatment by dipping the teat into a cup. In addition to antiseptic properties, these products should include caring components; they are necessary to soften and moisturize the skin of the nipple and accelerate the restoration of the epidermis.
Materials and Methods. The study of the preventive effectiveness of LACTIC DIP PRO against mastitis and therapeutic effectiveness of nipple hyperkeratosis was carried out in the Zhigar agricultural production complex of the Gergebil region of Dagestan Republic, on 45 Holstein cows, divided into two groups (experiment - control). For cows of the experimental group (n=30), all teats were treated with LACTIC DIP PRO, by dipping the teats into a glass during 40 days after each milking. Animals of the control (n=15) did not have their teats treated after milking and served as controls. The qualitative composition of milk was studied in the cows of the experimental group on days 15, 30 and 40 of the experiment.
Results. The hygienic product provided protection of the udder teats and mammary glands of the experimental cows from contamination by pathogenic microflora and the preventive effectiveness during the experiment was 100%.
Conclusion. No significant biochemical changes were observed in the milk of cows, therefore, the use of a hygiene product after milking does not impair the quality of milk.Background and Aim. Mastitis in cows is widespread, causing great economic damage to agriculture. Treatment of the udder before and after milking is an important stage in the process of caring for the skin of the teats, aimed on preventing of infection of the udder and the development of hyperkeratosis, mastitis; to protect the sphincters of the teat after milking, specialized products are used for treatment by dipping the teat into a cup. In addition to antiseptic properties, these products should include caring components; they are necessary to soften and moisturize the skin of the nipple and accelerate the restoration of the epidermis.
Materials and Methods. The study of the preventive effectiveness of LACTIC DIP PRO against mastitis and therapeutic effectiveness of nipple hyperkeratosis was carried out in the Zhigar agricultural production complex of the Gergebil region of Dagestan Republic, on 45 Holstein cows, divided into two groups (experiment - control). For cows of the experimental group (n=30), all teats were treated with LACTIC DIP PRO, by dipping the teats into a glass during 40 days after each milking. Animals of the control (n=15) did not have their teats treated after milking and served as controls. The qualitative composition of milk was studied in the cows of the experimental group on days 15, 30 and 40 of the experiment.
Results. The hygienic product provided protection of the udder teats and mammary glands of the experimental cows from contamination by pathogenic microflora and the preventive effectiveness during the experiment was 100%.
Conclusion. No significant biochemical changes were observed in the milk of cows, therefore, the use of a hygiene product after milking does not impair the quality of milk.Background and Aim. Mastitis in cows is widespread, causing great economic damage to agriculture. Treatment of the udder before and after milking is an important stage in the process of caring for the skin of the teats, aimed on preventing of infection of the udder and the development of hyperkeratosis, mastitis; to protect the sphincters of the teat after milking, specialized products are used for treatment by dipping the teat into a cup. In addition to antiseptic properties, these products should include caring components; they are necessary to soften and moisturize the skin of the nipple and accelerate the restoration of the epidermis.
Materials and Methods. The study of the preventive effectiveness of LACTIC DIP PRO against mastitis and therapeutic effectiveness of nipple hyperkeratosis was carried out in the Zhigar agricultural production complex of the Gergebil region of Dagestan Republic, on 45 Holstein cows, divided into two groups (experiment - control). For cows of the experimental group (n=30), all teats were treated with LACTIC DIP PRO, by dipping the teats into a glass during 40 days after each milking. Animals of the control (n=15) did not have their teats treated after milking and served as controls. The qualitative composition of milk was studied in the cows of the experimental group on days 15, 30 and 40 of the experiment.
Results. The hygienic product provided protection of the udder teats and mammary glands of the experimental cows from contamination by pathogenic microflora and the preventive effectiveness during the experiment was 100%.
Conclusion. No significant biochemical changes were observed in the milk of cows, therefore, the use of a hygiene product after milking does not impair the quality of milk
Study of the Immunologic Value of Trichinella spiralis recombinant Protein Tsp-LE
Get PDFBackground and Aim. Trichinellosis is a serious zoonotic disease, with frequent outbreaks reported across various regions in Europe and Asia. However, current diagnostic tests based on excretory-secretory antigens (ES-Ag) and somatic antigens (S-Ag) lack adequate specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, the production of these antigens is both labor-intensive and costly.Materials and Methods. The immunodiagnostic potential of a recombinant 11 kDa serine protease protein, previously characterized in earlier studies was assessed. This study detected infection in Balb/c mice as early as 14 days post infection with T. spiralis larvae, yielding no false-positive results and an average infection level of 61±5.3 larvae per mouse.Results. Comparative indirect ELISA analysis on mouse sera after the 3rd and 5th immunizations, alongside tests on S Ag and S-Ag using sera from infected rabbits and pigs, demonstrated the high diagnostic accuracy of the recombinant protein. The protein revealed strong specificity for trichinellosis detection, showing no cross reactivity with echinococcosis.Conclusion. These findings support using rTsp-LE as a reliable component in developing ELISA test systems for trichinellosis detection.Background and Aim. Trichinellosis is a serious zoonotic disease, with frequent outbreaks reported across various regions in Europe and Asia. However, current diagnostic tests based on excretory-secretory antigens (ES-Ag) and somatic antigens (S-Ag) lack adequate specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, the production of these antigens is both labor-intensive and costly.Materials and Methods. The immunodiagnostic potential of a recombinant 11 kDa serine protease protein, previously characterized in earlier studies was assessed. This study detected infection in Balb/c mice as early as 14 days post infection with T. spiralis larvae, yielding no false-positive results and an average infection level of 61±5.3 larvae per mouse.Results. Comparative indirect ELISA analysis on mouse sera after the 3rd and 5th immunizations, alongside tests on S Ag and S-Ag using sera from infected rabbits and pigs, demonstrated the high diagnostic accuracy of the recombinant protein. The protein revealed strong specificity for trichinellosis detection, showing no cross reactivity with echinococcosis.Conclusion. These findings support using rTsp-LE as a reliable component in developing ELISA test systems for trichinellosis detection.Background and Aim. Trichinellosis is a serious zoonotic disease, with frequent outbreaks reported across various regions in Europe and Asia. However, current diagnostic tests based on excretory-secretory antigens (ES-Ag) and somatic antigens (S-Ag) lack adequate specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, the production of these antigens is both labor-intensive and costly.Materials and Methods. The immunodiagnostic potential of a recombinant 11 kDa serine protease protein, previously characterized in earlier studies was assessed. This study detected infection in Balb/c mice as early as 14 days post infection with T. spiralis larvae, yielding no false-positive results and an average infection level of 61±5.3 larvae per mouse.Results. Comparative indirect ELISA analysis on mouse sera after the 3rd and 5th immunizations, alongside tests on S Ag and S-Ag using sera from infected rabbits and pigs, demonstrated the high diagnostic accuracy of the recombinant protein. The protein revealed strong specificity for trichinellosis detection, showing no cross reactivity with echinococcosis.Conclusion. These findings support using rTsp-LE as a reliable component in developing ELISA test systems for trichinellosis detection
ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ ТЕЛОК МОЛОЧНОГО НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ
Get PDFThis article presents the results of scientific research on raising Holstein-Friesian heifers from birth to fertile insemination, with the inclusion in the diet of experimental groups of the whole milk replacer "Neomilk" and the freely available commercial feed "Gavryusha", as well as the extruded feed "NFT KATU" produced Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University named after. S. Seifullin in the conditions of the Aina Dairy Farm LLP. The dynamics showed that the live weight of the heifers of the second еxperienced group at the age of 3 months was higher than that of the control heifers by 7.8 kg (8.8%) and the first experimental one by 6.8 kg (7.7%), respectively, in at the age of 12 months in heifers the difference was 106 kg (47.3%) and 77 kg (33.4%), and at 15 months of age the live weight of the heifers of the second experimental group reached an average of 389 kg, which made it possible to inseminate them fruitfully at 15- one month old. Hematological parameters in all groups were within normal limits, however, in heifers of the 2nd experimental group, the indicators of the number of erythrocytes and the saturation of erythrocytes with hemoglobin were higher, which indicates good metabolic processes in the body of the heifers. When calculating the efficiency of rearing technology, the heifers of the second experimental group occupied an advantageous position because the cost of feeding a day at 15 months of age for heifers of the second experimental group was 459 tenge, which is 186 (29%) and 135 tenge (23%) lower than in other groups, respectively.В данной статье представлены результаты научных исследований по выращиванию телок голштино фризской породы от рождения до плодотворного осеменения, с включением в рацион опытных групп заменителя цельного молока «Неомилк» и свободно доступного коммерческого корма «Гаврюша», а также экструдированного корма «NFT KATU» производства Казахского агротехнического исследовательского университета им. С. Сейфуллина в условиях ТОО «Молочная ферма «Айна». При выращивании телок динамика показала, что живая масса телок второй опытной группы в возрасте 3 месяцев была выше, чем у телок контрольной, на 7,8 кг (8,8%) и первой опытной на 6,8 кг (7,7%) соответственно, в возрасте 12 месяцев у телок разница составила 106 кг (47,3%) и 77 кг (33,4%), и 15 месячному возрасту живая масса телок второй опытной группы достигла в среднем 389 кг, что дало возможность плодотворно их осеменить. Гематологические показатели у всех групп находились в пределах нормы, тем не менее у телок 2 опытной группы показатели количества эритроцитов и насыщенность эритроцитов гемоглобином была выше, что говорит о хороших обменных процессах в организме телок. При расчете эффективности технологии выращивания выгодное положение занимали телки второй опытной группы так как стоимость кормового дня в 15-месячном возрасте у телок составило – 459 тг, что на 186 (29%) и 135 тг (23%) ниже, чем в других группах соответственно.В данной статье представлены результаты научных исследований по выращиванию телок голштино фризской породы от рождения до плодотворного осеменения, с включением в рацион опытных групп заменителя цельного молока «Неомилк» и свободно доступного коммерческого корма «Гаврюша», а также экструдированного корма «NFT KATU» производства Казахского агротехнического исследовательского университета им. С. Сейфуллина в условиях ТОО «Молочная ферма «Айна». При выращивании телок динамика показала, что живая масса телок второй опытной группы в возрасте 3 месяцев была выше, чем у телок контрольной, на 7,8 кг (8,8%) и первой опытной на 6,8 кг (7,7%) соответственно, в возрасте 12 месяцев у телок разница составила 106 кг (47,3%) и 77 кг (33,4%), и 15 месячному возрасту живая масса телок второй опытной группы достигла в среднем 389 кг, что дало возможность плодотворно их осеменить. Гематологические показатели у всех групп находились в пределах нормы, тем не менее у телок 2 опытной группы показатели количества эритроцитов и насыщенность эритроцитов гемоглобином была выше, что говорит о хороших обменных процессах в организме телок. При расчете эффективности технологии выращивания выгодное положение занимали телки второй опытной группы так как стоимость кормового дня в 15-месячном возрасте у телок составило – 459 тг, что на 186 (29%) и 135 тг (23%) ниже, чем в других группах соответственно
ҚАПШАҒАЙ СУҚОЙМАСЫ МЕН ІЛЕ ӨЗЕНІНІҢ ИХТИОФАУНАСЫНЫҢ ҚАЗІРГІ ЖАҒДАЙЫ
Get PDFThe article discusses the species of fish living in the Kapchagai reservoir and the Ile River, and their distribution area in reservoirs. Information is provided on the hydrological regime of the Ile River and environmental factors affecting the fish population. Currently, the issue of protecting the number and stocks of fish and increasing their growth is being considered. In addition, rare and endangered fish of the Kapchagai Reservoir are discussed. As a result of the research, the number, distribution, and frequency of occurrence of rare and endangered fish in the Kapchagai reservoir and the Ile River in front of the reservoir were determined, compared with data from previous years, and an assessment of their condition was given. The maximum allowable catch in the Kapchagai Reservoir for the period from July 1, 2022 to July 1, 2023 is based on indicators of biological characteristics and the general state of the population structure of each species. Sustainability indicators and precautionary principles were taken into account when assessing the maximum allowable catch of certain fish species. In this case, the established or proposed fishery, the age of mature fish, as well as the percentage of adult fish in each age group were taken as the basis for the calculation.Мақалада Қапшағай суқоймасы мен Іле өзенінде мекен ететін балық түрлері және олардың су айдындарында таралу ареалы қарастырылған. Іле өзенінің гидрологиялық режимі, жерсіндірілген балықтардың санына әсер ететін экологиялық факторлар туралы мәліметтер келтірілген. Балықтардың саны мен қорын қорғау, өсімін молайту жөнінде қазіргі кезде жасалып жатқан жұмыстар жөнінде қарастырылған. Сонымен қатар Қапшағай суқоймасындағы сирек кездесетін және жойылу қаупі бар балықтар туралы да қарастырылған. Жасалған зерттеу жұмыстарының нәтижесінде Қапшағай су қоймасы мен су қоймаға дейінгі Іле өзеніндегі сирек кездесетін және жойылу қаупі бар балықтардың популяциясы, таралуы, кездесу жиілігі анықталып, бұрынғы жылдардағы мәліметтермен салыстырылып, жағдайы бағаланды. Қапшағай суқоймасында 2022 жылғы 01 шілдеден 2023 жылғы 01 шілдеге дейінгі кезеңде балық аулаудың шекті рұқсат етілген мөлшері биологиялық сипаттамаларының көрсеткіштеріне және әрбір түрдің популяциялық құрылымының жалпы жағдайына негізделеді. Балықтардың жекелеген түрлері бойынша максималды рұқсат етілген аулауды бағалау кезінде тұрақты даму көрсеткіштері және сақтық шараларының қағидаттары ескерілді. Бұл ретте есептеуге негіз ретінде белгіленген немесе ұсынылған балық аулау шарасы, жетілген балықтардың жасы, сондай-ақ әрбір жас тобындағы жетілген балықтардың пайызы алынды.Мақалада Қапшағай суқоймасы мен Іле өзенінде мекен ететін балық түрлері және олардың су айдындарында таралу ареалы қарастырылған. Іле өзенінің гидрологиялық режимі, жерсіндірілген балықтардың санына әсер ететін экологиялық факторлар туралы мәліметтер келтірілген. Балықтардың саны мен қорын қорғау, өсімін молайту жөнінде қазіргі кезде жасалып жатқан жұмыстар жөнінде қарастырылған. Сонымен қатар Қапшағай суқоймасындағы сирек кездесетін және жойылу қаупі бар балықтар туралы да қарастырылған. Жасалған зерттеу жұмыстарының нәтижесінде Қапшағай су қоймасы мен су қоймаға дейінгі Іле өзеніндегі сирек кездесетін және жойылу қаупі бар балықтардың популяциясы, таралуы, кездесу жиілігі анықталып, бұрынғы жылдардағы мәліметтермен салыстырылып, жағдайы бағаланды. Қапшағай суқоймасында 2022 жылғы 01 шілдеден 2023 жылғы 01 шілдеге дейінгі кезеңде балық аулаудың шекті рұқсат етілген мөлшері биологиялық сипаттамаларының көрсеткіштеріне және әрбір түрдің популяциялық құрылымының жалпы жағдайына негізделеді. Балықтардың жекелеген түрлері бойынша максималды рұқсат етілген аулауды бағалау кезінде тұрақты даму көрсеткіштері және сақтық шараларының қағидаттары ескерілді. Бұл ретте есептеуге негіз ретінде белгіленген немесе ұсынылған балық аулау шарасы, жетілген балықтардың жасы, сондай-ақ әрбір жас тобындағы жетілген балықтардың пайызы алынды
Оценка возможностей дистанционного мониторинга влажности почв территории Северного Казахстана
Get PDFBackground and Aim. Assessment of the pre-sowing moisture content in the sown soil layer is necessary for effective management of agricultural production, especially in the zone of risky farming. Northern Kazakhstan is a key region for agricultural production in the country, and given global climate change, the region\u27s exposure to risks in agricultural production (drought, erosion, etc.), it is necessary to introduce methods for operational assessment of conditions and remote monitoring of agricultural production.Materials and Methods. Satellite data were used to assess the moisture content in the soil and the state of vegetation. Calibration of ground data was carried out by sampling soil samples to improve the accuracy of satellite data. Soil moisture was measured using a capacitive moisture meter based on the measurement of electrical conductivity, and samples were taken in the pre-sowing period throughout the territory of Northern Kazakhstan, at the depth of the sowing layer. Calculations of reserves of productive moisture in the soil have been made, taking into account the volume and percentage of moisture content. These ground-based measurements served as reference data for the calibration of satellite indicators. The calibrated data made it possible to map the distribution of soil moisture, highlighting the spatial variability of humidity in the region.Results. Satellite analysis using remote sensing and ground-based data revealed the features of the spatial distribution of soil moisture in the region. Calculations on seasonal fluctuations of snow cover and its low density suggest insufficient accumulation of water resources in winter, which affects the level of productive soil moisture in spring in the territory of Northern Kazakhstan.
Conclusion. The conducted research demonstrates that methods for assessing soil moisture using remote sensing data and ground measurements are an effective tool for operational monitoring of soil conditions in Northern Kazakhstan. A comprehensive analysis of spectral indices (NDVI, NDWI, NDMI) and water scarcity indices (mCDI and SWE) revealed moderate water scarcity. This deficiency requires the adaptation of agricultural practices for optimal use of available moisture. Based on the data obtained, it is recommended to introduce moisture-saving technologies, more accurate planning of sowing cycles and adaptation of agricultural technologies to current hydrometeorological conditions, which will mitigate the impact of water scarcity and improve the stability of agricultural production in the zone of risky farming.Предпосылки и цель. Оценка предпосевного содержания влаги в посевном слое почвы необходима для эффективного управления сельскохозяйственным производством, особенно в зоне рискованного земледелия. Северный Казахстан является ключевым регионом для сельхозпроизводства в стране, и учитывая глобальные изменения климата, подверженность региона рискам в агропроизводстве (засуха, эрозия и др.), необходимо внедрение методов оперативной оценки условий и дистанционного мониторинга сельхозпроизводства.Материалы и методы. Спутниковые данные использованы для оценки содержания влаги в почве и состояния растительности. Калибровка наземных данных проводилась путем отбора почвенных образцов для повышения точности спутниковых данных. Влажность почвы измерялась с помощью капацитивного влагомера, основанного на измерении электропроводимости, причем пробы отбирались в предпосевной период на всей территории Северного Казахстана, на глубине посевного слоя. Произведены расчеты запасов продуктивной влажности в почве с учетом объема и процентного содержания влажности. Эти наземные измерения послужили контрольными данными для калибровки спутниковых индикаторов. Откалиброванные данные позволили составить карту распределения влажности почвы, подчеркнув пространственную изменчивость влажности по региону.Результаты. Спутниковый анализ с использованием данных дистанционного зондирования и наземных данных позволил выявить особенности пространственного распределения влажности почвы в регионе. Получены расчеты по сезонным колебаниям снежного покрова и его низкая плотность предполагает недостаточное накопление водных ресурсов в зимний период, что влияет на уровень продуктивной влажности почвы в весенний период на территории Северного Казахстана.Заключение. Проведенное исследование демонстирует, что методы оценки влажности почвы с использованием данных ДЗЗ и наземными измерениями являются эффективным инструментом для оперативного мониторинга состояния почв в Северном Казахстане. Комплексный анализ спектральных индексов (NDVI, NDWI, NDMI) и индексов дефицита воды (mCDI и SWE) выявил умеренный дефицит водных ресурсов. Данный дефицит требует адаптации аграрных практик для оптимального использования доступной влаги. На основе полученных данных рекомендуется внедрение влагосберегающих технологий, более точное планирование посевных циклов и адаптация агротехнологий к текущим гидрометеорологическим условиям, что позволит смягчить влияние дефицита воды и улучшить стабильность сельскохозяйственного производства в зоне рискованного земледелия.Предпосылки и цель. Оценка предпосевного содержания влаги в посевном слое почвы необходима для эффективного управления сельскохозяйственным производством, особенно в зоне рискованного земледелия. Северный Казахстан является ключевым регионом для сельхозпроизводства в стране, и учитывая глобальные изменения климата, подверженность региона рискам в агропроизводстве (засуха, эрозия и др.), необходимо внедрение методов оперативной оценки условий и дистанционного мониторинга сельхозпроизводства.Материалы и методы. Спутниковые данные использованы для оценки содержания влаги в почве и состояния растительности. Калибровка наземных данных проводилась путем отбора почвенных образцов для повышения точности спутниковых данных. Влажность почвы измерялась с помощью капацитивного влагомера, основанного на измерении электропроводимости, причем пробы отбирались в предпосевной период на всей территории Северного Казахстана, на глубине посевного слоя. Произведены расчеты запасов продуктивной влажности в почве с учетом объема и процентного содержания влажности. Эти наземные измерения послужили контрольными данными для калибровки спутниковых индикаторов. Откалиброванные данные позволили составить карту распределения влажности почвы, подчеркнув пространственную изменчивость влажности по региону.Результаты. Спутниковый анализ с использованием данных дистанционного зондирования и наземных данных позволил выявить особенности пространственного распределения влажности почвы в регионе. Получены расчеты по сезонным колебаниям снежного покрова и его низкая плотность предполагает недостаточное накопление водных ресурсов в зимний период, что влияет на уровень продуктивной влажности почвы в весенний период на территории Северного Казахстана.Заключение. Проведенное исследование демонстирует, что методы оценки влажности почвы с использованием данных ДЗЗ и наземными измерениями являются эффективным инструментом для оперативного мониторинга состояния почв в Северном Казахстане. Комплексный анализ спектральных индексов (NDVI, NDWI, NDMI) и индексов дефицита воды (mCDI и SWE) выявил умеренный дефицит водных ресурсов. Данный дефицит требует адаптации аграрных практик для оптимального использования доступной влаги. На основе полученных данных рекомендуется внедрение влагосберегающих технологий, более точное планирование посевных циклов и адаптация агротехнологий к текущим гидрометеорологическим условиям, что позволит смягчить влияние дефицита воды и улучшить стабильность сельскохозяйственного производства в зоне рискованного земледелия
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST CTLA-4 AND PD-L1 RECEPTORS OF THE CATTLE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Get PDFWith the progression of bovine leukemia virus (BLV), the concentration of T-cells, as well as CTLA-4 and PD-1 receptors on their cytoplasmic membrane increases. Elevated concentrations of regulatory T-cells lead to increased production of transforming growth factor-β (TGF β), suppression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) expression, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibition of natural killer (NK) cells. Effector and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, as well as the production of cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, play a crucial role in immune response against viral infections. However, at late subclinical stages, T-lymphocyte activity decreases due to the activity of regulatory T-lymphocytes, contributing to infection growth and progression to clinical disease. Blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 receptors with specific antibodies restores the immune response against BLV. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against recombinant bovine CTLA-4 and PD-L1 were obtained using hybridoma technology methods. The obtained mAbs were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting methods. As a result of the study, hybridoma cell lines producing mAbs to recombinant bovine CTLA-4 and PD-L1 receptors were obtained. The hybridomas produced IgG1 class mAbs that specifically reacted with standard proteins and had a binding constant: 3b3 - 2.9×108 M-1, 4h10 - 1.9×108 M-1. The obtained mAbs effectively blocked the reaction of commercial bovine CTLA 4 and PD-L1 proteins with specific polyclonal antibodies in an indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA).With the progression of bovine leukemia virus (BLV), the concentration of T-cells, as well as CTLA-4 and PD-1 receptors on their cytoplasmic membrane increases. Elevated concentrations of regulatory T-cells lead to increased production of transforming growth factor-β (TGF β), suppression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) expression, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibition of natural killer (NK) cells. Effector and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, as well as the production of cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, play a crucial role in immune response against viral infections. However, at late subclinical stages, T-lymphocyte activity decreases due to the activity of regulatory T-lymphocytes, contributing to infection growth and progression to clinical disease. Blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 receptors with specific antibodies restores the immune response against BLV. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against recombinant bovine CTLA-4 and PD-L1 were obtained using hybridoma technology methods. The obtained mAbs were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting methods. As a result of the study, hybridoma cell lines producing mAbs to recombinant bovine CTLA-4 and PD-L1 receptors were obtained. The hybridomas produced IgG1 class mAbs that specifically reacted with standard proteins and had a binding constant: 3b3 - 2.9×108 M-1, 4h10 - 1.9×108 M-1. The obtained mAbs effectively blocked the reaction of commercial bovine CTLA 4 and PD-L1 proteins with specific polyclonal antibodies in an indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA).With the progression of bovine leukemia virus (BLV), the concentration of T-cells, as well as CTLA-4 and PD-1 receptors on their cytoplasmic membrane increases. Elevated concentrations of regulatory T-cells lead to increased production of transforming growth factor-β (TGF β), suppression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) expression, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibition of natural killer (NK) cells. Effector and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, as well as the production of cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, play a crucial role in immune response against viral infections. However, at late subclinical stages, T-lymphocyte activity decreases due to the activity of regulatory T-lymphocytes, contributing to infection growth and progression to clinical disease. Blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 receptors with specific antibodies restores the immune response against BLV. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against recombinant bovine CTLA-4 and PD-L1 were obtained using hybridoma technology methods. The obtained mAbs were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting methods. As a result of the study, hybridoma cell lines producing mAbs to recombinant bovine CTLA-4 and PD-L1 receptors were obtained. The hybridomas produced IgG1 class mAbs that specifically reacted with standard proteins and had a binding constant: 3b3 - 2.9×108 M-1, 4h10 - 1.9×108 M-1. The obtained mAbs effectively blocked the reaction of commercial bovine CTLA 4 and PD-L1 proteins with specific polyclonal antibodies in an indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA)
Development of a real-time PCR for the identification of Anaplasma marginale in cattle
Get PDFAnaplasma marginale is a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium that infects cattle, buffalo, deer, and antelope, causing significant economic losses worldwide. In recent years, due to an increase in the area of uncultivated land and uncontrolled use of pastures, there has been a tendency for a sharp increase in the population of blood sucking ticks - carriers of blood-parasitic animal diseases. In this regard, the development of molecular genetics methods for the diagnosis of blood parasitic diseases is relevant for taking effective measures to prevent the spread of tick-borne infections. The lack of sensitivity and specificity of the microscopic and immunological diagnostic methods used, as well as the tendency for a sharp increase in the population of blood-sucking ticks, aggravates the epizootological situation. As part of this research, a real time PCR test system for the identification of Anaplasma marginale was developed. Species-specific primers and a fluorescence-labelled TaqMan probe were developed for the highly conserved gene of the heat shock family protein groEL. The developed realtime PCR test system showed high specificity and sensitivity, allowing the detection of the groEL gene of A. marginale at the level of 8 copies in the reaction. The developed real-time PCR test system can be used for early diagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle and conducting monitoring studies.Anaplasma marginale is a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium that infects cattle, buffalo, deer, and antelope, causing significant economic losses worldwide. In recent years, due to an increase in the area of uncultivated land and uncontrolled use of pastures, there has been a tendency for a sharp increase in the population of blood sucking ticks - carriers of blood-parasitic animal diseases. In this regard, the development of molecular genetics methods for the diagnosis of blood parasitic diseases is relevant for taking effective measures to prevent the spread of tick-borne infections. The lack of sensitivity and specificity of the microscopic and immunological diagnostic methods used, as well as the tendency for a sharp increase in the population of blood-sucking ticks, aggravates the epizootological situation. As part of this research, a real time PCR test system for the identification of Anaplasma marginale was developed. Species-specific primers and a fluorescence-labelled TaqMan probe were developed for the highly conserved gene of the heat shock family protein groEL. The developed realtime PCR test system showed high specificity and sensitivity, allowing the detection of the groEL gene of A. marginale at the level of 8 copies in the reaction. The developed real-time PCR test system can be used for early diagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle and conducting monitoring studies.Anaplasma marginale is a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium that infects cattle, buffalo, deer, and antelope, causing significant economic losses worldwide. In recent years, due to an increase in the area of uncultivated land and uncontrolled use of pastures, there has been a tendency for a sharp increase in the population of blood sucking ticks - carriers of blood-parasitic animal diseases. In this regard, the development of molecular genetics methods for the diagnosis of blood parasitic diseases is relevant for taking effective measures to prevent the spread of tick-borne infections. The lack of sensitivity and specificity of the microscopic and immunological diagnostic methods used, as well as the tendency for a sharp increase in the population of blood-sucking ticks, aggravates the epizootological situation. As part of this research, a real time PCR test system for the identification of Anaplasma marginale was developed. Species-specific primers and a fluorescence-labelled TaqMan probe were developed for the highly conserved gene of the heat shock family protein groEL. The developed realtime PCR test system showed high specificity and sensitivity, allowing the detection of the groEL gene of A. marginale at the level of 8 copies in the reaction. The developed real-time PCR test system can be used for early diagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle and conducting monitoring studies
Occurrence of larval anisakid in imported mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in Astana fish markets
Get PDFBackground and Aim: This study aimed to investigate the presence of Anisakis larvae in mackerel fish sold in Astana markets, focusing on specimens imported from Norway and Iceland. The high prevalence of A. simplex (s.s.) larvae in the examined mackerel indicates the significance of this fish as a potential source of human anisakiasis.Materials and Methods. Morphological analyses were deemed insufficient for accurate identification of Anisakis larval species, highlighting the necessity for more advanced molecular tools. Through partial sequencing of the 5.8S gene, the isolated Anisakis larvae from Norwegian Sea mackerel and Atlantic mackerel were classified as A. simplex (s.s.), demonstrating the efficacy of molecular methods in distinguishing closely related species.
Results. A high prevalence of A. simplex (s.s.) larvae was observed in 47 out of 50 examined mackerel, indicating the significance of this fish as a potential source of human anisakiasis.Conclusion. These findings significantly contribute to understanding Anisakis larvae in fish within Kazakhstan and are pertinent to public health. The study underscores the importance of moleculargenomic analysis in this field and emphasizes the potential risks associated with inadequate expertise. Importantly, the study calls for further research on the genetic variability and infection rates of these parasites to monitor the status of A. simplex in Kazakhstan.Background and Aim: This study aimed to investigate the presence of Anisakis larvae in mackerel fish sold in Astana markets, focusing on specimens imported from Norway and Iceland. The high prevalence of A. simplex (s.s.) larvae in the examined mackerel indicates the significance of this fish as a potential source of human anisakiasis.Materials and Methods. Morphological analyses were deemed insufficient for accurate identification of Anisakis larval species, highlighting the necessity for more advanced molecular tools. Through partial sequencing of the 5.8S gene, the isolated Anisakis larvae from Norwegian Sea mackerel and Atlantic mackerel were classified as A. simplex (s.s.), demonstrating the efficacy of molecular methods in distinguishing closely related species.
Results. A high prevalence of A. simplex (s.s.) larvae was observed in 47 out of 50 examined mackerel, indicating the significance of this fish as a potential source of human anisakiasis.Conclusion. These findings significantly contribute to understanding Anisakis larvae in fish within Kazakhstan and are pertinent to public health. The study underscores the importance of moleculargenomic analysis in this field and emphasizes the potential risks associated with inadequate expertise. Importantly, the study calls for further research on the genetic variability and infection rates of these parasites to monitor the status of A. simplex in Kazakhstan.Background and Aim: This study aimed to investigate the presence of Anisakis larvae in mackerel fish sold in Astana markets, focusing on specimens imported from Norway and Iceland. The high prevalence of A. simplex (s.s.) larvae in the examined mackerel indicates the significance of this fish as a potential source of human anisakiasis.Materials and Methods. Morphological analyses were deemed insufficient for accurate identification of Anisakis larval species, highlighting the necessity for more advanced molecular tools. Through partial sequencing of the 5.8S gene, the isolated Anisakis larvae from Norwegian Sea mackerel and Atlantic mackerel were classified as A. simplex (s.s.), demonstrating the efficacy of molecular methods in distinguishing closely related species.
Results. A high prevalence of A. simplex (s.s.) larvae was observed in 47 out of 50 examined mackerel, indicating the significance of this fish as a potential source of human anisakiasis.Conclusion. These findings significantly contribute to understanding Anisakis larvae in fish within Kazakhstan and are pertinent to public health. The study underscores the importance of moleculargenomic analysis in this field and emphasizes the potential risks associated with inadequate expertise. Importantly, the study calls for further research on the genetic variability and infection rates of these parasites to monitor the status of A. simplex in Kazakhstan
ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ГИБРИДА ПОДСОЛНЕЧНИКА BAITEREK-S В УСЛОВИЯХ СТЕПНОЙ ЗОНЫ СЕВЕРНОГО КАЗАХСТАНА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ГУСТОТЫ СТОЯНИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ И СРОКА ПОСЕВА
Get PDFResults of research 2021-2023 on the realization of genetic potential sunflower hybrid Baiterek-S in the conditions of the dry zone of Northern Kazakhstan showed that it proved to be a mid-season hybrid with a growing season of 121- 136 days, depending on the elements of the cultivation technology used. The adaptation coefficient, which characterizes the sowing density, depended on the seeding rate; with an increase in the indicator, it decreased by 2-5% on an unfertilized background, by 2-3% on a fertilized one. On an unfertilized background with a sowing date of May 10 and a seeding rate of 45 to 55 thousand/ha, the adaptation coefficient increased slightly (by 4%). The structural elements of the basket productivity of the sunflower hybrid Baiterek-S had significant differences depending on agricultural practices. The maximum number of seeds per basket was formed at the sowing date of May 20 on a fertilized background with a seeding rate of 45 thousand/ha (982.0 seeds/per basket). When sowing on May 10, the decrease in this indicator was 70-53 units/basket at a rate of 55-45 thousand/ha. Reserves of productive moisture before sowing and timely precipitation during the growing season made it possible to form a fairly high level of sunflower yield in 2021 at the level of 21.9-34.4 c/ha. The highest productivity was observed for crops on May 20 on a fertilized background with a seeding rate of 65 thousand pieces/ha - 34.4 c/ha, and the option with a seeding rate of 55 thousand pieces/ha - 32.5 c/ha was slightly inferior in productivity. In 2022, a more humid year, the advantage in productivity was with sowing on May 10. The range of variation in yield according to the experimental variants ranged from 15.2 c/ha (sowing on May 20 with a seeding rate of 45 thousand pcs/ha) to 35.8 c/ha (when sowing against the background of P90, May 10 with a seeding rate of 65 thousand pcs/ha). Low moisture reserves at the beginning of sowing (102 mm) and the virtual absence of productive precipitation during the growing season reduced the productivity of the hybrid. Sowing on May 20 against both backgrounds (P0 and P90) resulted in higher productivity of the agrocenosis. In the sowing option on May 20 with a seeding rate of 55 thousand pieces/ha, the highest yield level of 9.5 c/ha was formed. Therefore, according to 3 years of research, it should be recommended to sow the Baiterek-S hybrid on May 10 on a fertilized background with a sufficient supply of moisture before sowing in a meter layer with a seeding rate of 55-65 thousand pcs/ha for the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan.Результаты исследований 2021-2023 гг. по реализации генетического потенциала, гибрида подсолнечника Baiterek-S в условиях стеной зоны Северного Казахстана показали, что он проявил себя как среднеспелый гибрид с продолжительностью вегетации 121-136 дней в зависимости от элементов применяемой технологии возделывания. Коэффициент адаптации, характеризующий плотность посева, зависел от нормы высева, с увеличением показателя он снижался на 2-5% на неудобренном фоне, на 2-3% на удобренном. На неудобренном фоне при сроке посева 10 мая при норме высева от 45 к 55 тыс/га коэффициент адаптации незначительно увеличивался (на 4%). Структурные элементы продуктивности корзинки гибрида подсолнечника Baiterek-S имели существенные различия в зависимости от приемов агротехники. Максимальное число семян с корзинки формировалось при сроке посева 20 мая на удобренном фоне норме высева 45 тыс/га (982,0 шт/с корзинки). При посеве 10 мая снижение этого показателя составило 70-53 шт корзинки при норме 55-45 тыс. /га. Запасы продуктивной влаги перед посевом и своевременные осадки в период вегетации позволили в 2021 году сформировать достаточно высокий уровень урожая подсолнечника на уровне 21,9-34,4 ц/га. Самой высокой продуктивностью отличались посевы 20 мая на удобренном фоне с нормой высева 65 тыс. шт/га - 34,4 ц/га и несколько уступал по продуктивности вариант с нормой высева 55 тыс. шт/га – 32,5 ц/га. В 2022 более увлажненном году преимущество по продуктивности было за посевом 10 мая. Размах варьирования урожайности по вариантам опыта составлял от 15,2 ц/га (посев 20.05 с нормой высева 45 тыс. шт/га) до 35,8 ц/га (при посеве на фоне Р90, 10.05 с нормой высева 65тыс.шт/га). Не высокие запасы влаги к началу сева (102 мм) и практическое отсутствие продуктивных осадков за период вегетации снизили продуктивности гибрида. Посевы 20 мая на обоих фонах (Р0 и Р90) формировали более высокую продуктивность агроценоза. На варианте посева 20 ая с нормой высева 55 тыс. шт/га формировался самый высокий уровень урожая 9,5 ц/га Поэтому по данным 3 лет исследований следует рекомендовать посев гибрида Baiterek-S 10 мая на удобренном фоне с достаточным запасом влаги перед посевом в метровом слое с нормой высева 55-65 тыс. шт/га для степной зоны Северного Казахстана.Результаты исследований 2021-2023 гг. по реализации генетического потенциала, гибрида подсолнечника Baiterek-S в условиях стеной зоны Северного Казахстана показали, что он проявил себя как среднеспелый гибрид с продолжительностью вегетации 121-136 дней в зависимости от элементов применяемой технологии возделывания. Коэффициент адаптации, характеризующий плотность посева, зависел от нормы высева, с увеличением показателя он снижался на 2-5% на неудобренном фоне, на 2-3% на удобренном. На неудобренном фоне при сроке посева 10 мая при норме высева от 45 к 55 тыс/га коэффициент адаптации незначительно увеличивался (на 4%). Структурные элементы продуктивности корзинки гибрида подсолнечника Baiterek-S имели существенные различия в зависимости от приемов агротехники. Максимальное число семян с корзинки формировалось при сроке посева 20 мая на удобренном фоне норме высева 45 тыс/га (982,0 шт/с корзинки). При посеве 10 мая снижение этого показателя составило 70-53 шт корзинки при норме 55-45 тыс. /га. Запасы продуктивной влаги перед посевом и своевременные осадки в период вегетации позволили в 2021 году сформировать достаточно высокий уровень урожая подсолнечника на уровне 21,9-34,4 ц/га. Самой высокой продуктивностью отличались посевы 20 мая на удобренном фоне с нормой высева 65 тыс. шт/га - 34,4 ц/га и несколько уступал по продуктивности вариант с нормой высева 55 тыс. шт/га – 32,5 ц/га. В 2022 более увлажненном году преимущество по продуктивности было за посевом 10 мая. Размах варьирования урожайности по вариантам опыта составлял от 15,2 ц/га (посев 20.05 с нормой высева 45 тыс. шт/га) до 35,8 ц/га (при посеве на фоне Р90, 10.05 с нормой высева 65тыс.шт/га). Не высокие запасы влаги к началу сева (102 мм) и практическое отсутствие продуктивных осадков за период вегетации снизили продуктивности гибрида. Посевы 20 мая на обоих фонах (Р0 и Р90) формировали более высокую продуктивность агроценоза. На варианте посева 20 ая с нормой высева 55 тыс. шт/га формировался самый высо-кий уровень урожая 9,5 ц/га Поэтому по данным 3 лет исследований следует рекомендовать посев гибрида Baiterek-S 10 мая на удобренном фоне с достаточным запасом влаги перед посевом в метровом слое с нормой высева 55-65 тыс. шт/га для степной зоны Северного Казахстана
ПРОХОЖДЕНИЕ ФАЗЫ ОНТОГЕНЕЗА, ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ГЕНОТИПОВ ХЛОПЧАТНИКА ПРИ ИХ ВЫРАЩИВАНИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО ТАДЖИКИСТАНА
Get PDFIn recent years, selection and well-established seed production have become of utmost importance in increasing the yield and gross yield of raw cotton and other agricultural crops. Particular attention is paid to the creation of new varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops, the widespread introduction of the most productive varieties and hybrids into production, significant improvement of seed production by providing production with varietal seeds, etc. According to the data obtained on the height of the main stem of cotton plants as of August 1 (2021- 2023), local varieties reached from 85,6 to 101,9 cm, for foreign varieties – 75,6-92,6 cm. The number of bolls by the end growing season (as of September 1) for local varieties was 10,4-22,4 units/plant, for foreign varieties – 10,9-21,8 units/plant. In lines L-1 and L-2, their number was 19,4-22,6 pieces/plant, which exceeds the standard variety Ziroatkor-64 (12,9 pieces/plant) by 12,6 pieces/plant. The weight of raw cotton of one boll for all studied varieties varies quite widely – 5,2-6,6 g. The deviation compared to the standard variety Ziroatkor-64 (5,2 g) reaches – 1,4 g. At the same time, the most productive (101,7-145,6 g/plant or 84,4-120,8 c/ha with a density of 83 thousand/ha) are according to local varieties - Kabadiyan-30 and Dangara-30, according to foreign ones - Cocer-4104, DPL-4158, DP-4025 and NAK-99/1. The studied lines had high productivity with 126,5-129,9 g/plant or 104,9- 107,8 c/ha.В повышении урожайности и валового сбора хлопка сырца и других сельскохозяйственных культур в последние годы важнейшее значение приобрела селекция и налаженное семеноводство. Особое внимание при этом уделяется созданию новых сортов и гибридов сельскохозяйственных культур, широкому внедрению наиболее продуктивных сортов и гибридов в производство, значительному улучшению семеноводства за счёт обеспечения производства сортовыми семенами и др. Согласно полученным данным по высоте главного стебля растений хлопчатника на 1 августа (2021-2023 гг.), сорта местной селекции достигли – от 85,6 до 101,9 см, у зарубежной – 75,6 -92,6 см. Количество коробочек к концу вегетации (на 1 сентября) у местных сортов составило – 10,4 -22,4 шт/растение, у зарубежных – 10,9-21,8 шт/растение. У линий Л-1 и Л-2 их число составило – 19,4 -22,6 шт растение, что превосходит стандартный сорт Зироаткор-64 (12,9 шт/растение) на 12,6 шт/растение. Масса хлопка-сырца одной коробочки по всем исследуемым сортам варьирует довольно в широком диапазоне – 5,2-6,6 г. Отклонение по сравнению со стандартным сортом Зироаткор-64 (5,2 г) достигает – 1,4 г. При этом наиболее продуктивными (101,7-145,6 г растение или 84,4- 120,8 ц/га при густоте 83 тыс./га) являются по местным сортам – Кабадиян-30 и Дангара-30, по зарубежным – Cocer-4104, DРL-4158, DP 4025 и NAK-99/1. Изученные линии обладали высокой продуктивностью с 126,5-129,9 г/растение или 104,9 107,8 ц/га.В повышении урожайности и валового сбора хлопка сырца и других сельскохозяйственных культур в последние годы важнейшее значение приобрела селекция и налаженное семеноводство. Особое внимание при этом уделяется созданию новых сортов и гибридов сельскохозяйственных культур, широкому внедрению наиболее продуктивных сортов и гибридов в производство, значительному улучшению семеноводства за счёт обеспечения производства сортовыми семенами и др. Согласно полученным данным по высоте главного стебля растений хлопчатника на 1 августа (2021-2023 гг.), сорта местной селекции достигли – от 85,6 до 101,9 см, у зарубежной – 75,6 -92,6 см. Количество коробочек к концу вегетации (на 1 сентября) у местных сортов составило – 10,4 -22,4 шт/растение, у зарубежных – 10,9-21,8 шт/растение. У линий Л-1 и Л-2 их число составило – 19,4 -22,6 шт растение, что превосходит стандартный сорт Зироаткор-64 (12,9 шт/растение) на 12,6 шт/растение. Масса хлопка-сырца одной коробочки по всем исследуемым сортам варьирует довольно в широком диапазоне – 5,2-6,6 г. Отклонение по сравнению со стандартным сортом Зироаткор-64 (5,2 г) достигает – 1,4 г. При этом наиболее продуктивными (101,7-145,6 г растение или 84,4- 120,8 ц/га при густоте 83 тыс./га) являются по местным сортам – Кабадиян-30 и Дангара-30, по зарубежным – Cocer-4104, DРL-4158, DP 4025 и NAK-99/1. Изученные линии обладали высокой продуктивностью с 126,5-129,9 г/растение или 104,9 107,8 ц/га