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Histological studies of muscle tissue in swine sarcocystosis in the northern Kazakhstan
Get PDFBackground and Aim. At present there is no information about the prevalence of sarcocysto-sis among pigs in Kazakhstan, so we aimed to study pork meat for the presence of sarcocysts in the muscles of pigs in the Kostanay region.
Materials and Methods. Pieces of heart muscle, neck, oesophagus, and diaphragm legs taken from pig carcasses served as material for the study. Sarcocysts presence in muscle slices was deter-mined by viewing the samples stained with methylene blue under a microscope. Morphological analysis of muscle tissues included histological and histochemical methods.
Results. Muscle samples from 71 pig carcasses were examined. The intensity of sarcocystosis in pigs was 42.2%, and the intensity of invasion was 8.43 cysts. The highest infection with sarco-cysts was found in sows 3-5 years old (29.6%). The predominant sarcocysts localisation was found: in the heart - 23.9%, oesophagus - 12.7%, and the diaphragm legs - 5.6%. Cervical muscles from the same animals were free of sarcocysts. Sarcocystis suicanis species was detected Pathological chang-es in muscle fibres were detected in the examined muscle slices. Swellings and inflammatory pro-cesses of focal or diffuse character, as well as serous and less often purulent reactive myositis with infiltration and admixture of eosinophils or lymphocytes were noted. Examination of slices revealed an immuno allergic reaction leading to disruption of the heart histological structure, the oesophagus fibres and the diaphragm legs.
Conclusion. Such animal muscles studies for sarcocystosis have not been conducted in the Kostanay region. The prevalence of infection from the number of the studied livestock were deter-mined. According to studies in animals, the infection prevalence increases with age, which is associ-ated with increased contact of pigs with primary hosts. According to the histological studies results, we have established inflammatory processes and muscle lesions caused by exposure to the product of parasite vital activity.Background and Aim. At present there is no information about the prevalence of sarcocysto-sis among pigs in Kazakhstan, so we aimed to study pork meat for the presence of sarcocysts in the muscles of pigs in the Kostanay region.
Materials and Methods. Pieces of heart muscle, neck, oesophagus, and diaphragm legs taken from pig carcasses served as material for the study. Sarcocysts presence in muscle slices was deter-mined by viewing the samples stained with methylene blue under a microscope. Morphological analysis of muscle tissues included histological and histochemical methods.
Results. Muscle samples from 71 pig carcasses were examined. The intensity of sarcocystosis in pigs was 42.2%, and the intensity of invasion was 8.43 cysts. The highest infection with sarco-cysts was found in sows 3-5 years old (29.6%). The predominant sarcocysts localisation was found: in the heart - 23.9%, oesophagus - 12.7%, and the diaphragm legs - 5.6%. Cervical muscles from the same animals were free of sarcocysts. Sarcocystis suicanis species was detected Pathological chang-es in muscle fibres were detected in the examined muscle slices. Swellings and inflammatory pro-cesses of focal or diffuse character, as well as serous and less often purulent reactive myositis with infiltration and admixture of eosinophils or lymphocytes were noted. Examination of slices revealed an immuno allergic reaction leading to disruption of the heart histological structure, the oesophagus fibres and the diaphragm legs.
Conclusion. Such animal muscles studies for sarcocystosis have not been conducted in the Kostanay region. The prevalence of infection from the number of the studied livestock were deter-mined. According to studies in animals, the infection prevalence increases with age, which is associ-ated with increased contact of pigs with primary hosts. According to the histological studies results, we have established inflammatory processes and muscle lesions caused by exposure to the product of parasite vital activity.Background and Aim. At present there is no information about the prevalence of sarcocysto-sis among pigs in Kazakhstan, so we aimed to study pork meat for the presence of sarcocysts in the muscles of pigs in the Kostanay region.
Materials and Methods. Pieces of heart muscle, neck, oesophagus, and diaphragm legs taken from pig carcasses served as material for the study. Sarcocysts presence in muscle slices was deter-mined by viewing the samples stained with methylene blue under a microscope. Morphological analysis of muscle tissues included histological and histochemical methods.
Results. Muscle samples from 71 pig carcasses were examined. The intensity of sarcocystosis in pigs was 42.2%, and the intensity of invasion was 8.43 cysts. The highest infection with sarco-cysts was found in sows 3-5 years old (29.6%). The predominant sarcocysts localisation was found: in the heart - 23.9%, oesophagus - 12.7%, and the diaphragm legs - 5.6%. Cervical muscles from the same animals were free of sarcocysts. Sarcocystis suicanis species was detected Pathological chang-es in muscle fibres were detected in the examined muscle slices. Swellings and inflammatory pro-cesses of focal or diffuse character, as well as serous and less often purulent reactive myositis with infiltration and admixture of eosinophils or lymphocytes were noted. Examination of slices revealed an immuno allergic reaction leading to disruption of the heart histological structure, the oesophagus fibres and the diaphragm legs.
Conclusion. Such animal muscles studies for sarcocystosis have not been conducted in the Kostanay region. The prevalence of infection from the number of the studied livestock were deter-mined. According to studies in animals, the infection prevalence increases with age, which is associ-ated with increased contact of pigs with primary hosts. According to the histological studies results, we have established inflammatory processes and muscle lesions caused by exposure to the product of parasite vital activity
STUDYING THE DIVERSITY OF LENTIL VARIETIES BY ALLELES OF THE EARLY FLOWERING GENE LcELF3 USING MOLECULAR MARKERS
Get PDFLentils are one of the most widespread leguminous crops in the world and now Kazakhstan is also experiencing a significant expansion of acreage. Howev-er, late sowing is unacceptable for this crop, since in this case the photoperiod effect and drought lead to loss of crop samples if the flowering period of lentil plants is not optimized. The genes controlling early flowering (EFL3) are associ-ated with the rate of growth and the beginning of flowering and are independent of the length of daylight. In this study, the presence of the early flowering gene LcELF3 was analyzed in 76 collection samples of lentils. As a result of PCR am-plification and sequencing of the LcELF3 gene using the Sanger method, genetic polymorphism was detected and codominant SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymor phism) markers were developed. Further testing of collection samples of lentils by ASQ genotyping allowed us to identify 36 samples with homozygous geno-type aa (late flowering) and 40 samples with homozygous genotype bb (earlier flowering). The use of factor analysis of the productivity elements of lentil sam-ples bearing favorable bb alleles of the early flowering gene LcELF3 made it pos sible to conduct a visual analysis for the studied years. Thus, using the example of lentils, the possibility of sampling samples containing favorable bb alleles of the LcEFL3 gene, controlling early flowering, which are necessary to increase its yield in conditions of prolonged spring and short summer season in the dry steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan, is shown.Lentils are one of the most widespread leguminous crops in the world and now Kazakhstan is also experiencing a significant expansion of acreage. Howev-er, late sowing is unacceptable for this crop, since in this case the photoperiod effect and drought lead to loss of crop samples if the flowering period of lentil plants is not optimized. The genes controlling early flowering (EFL3) are associ-ated with the rate of growth and the beginning of flowering and are independent of the length of daylight. In this study, the presence of the early flowering gene LcELF3 was analyzed in 76 collection samples of lentils. As a result of PCR am-plification and sequencing of the LcELF3 gene using the Sanger method, genetic polymorphism was detected and codominant SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymor phism) markers were developed. Further testing of collection samples of lentils by ASQ genotyping allowed us to identify 36 samples with homozygous geno-type aa (late flowering) and 40 samples with homozygous genotype bb (earlier flowering). The use of factor analysis of the productivity elements of lentil sam-ples bearing favorable bb alleles of the early flowering gene LcELF3 made it pos sible to conduct a visual analysis for the studied years. Thus, using the example of lentils, the possibility of sampling samples containing favorable bb alleles of the LcEFL3 gene, controlling early flowering, which are necessary to increase its yield in conditions of prolonged spring and short summer season in the dry steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan, is shown.Lentils are one of the most widespread leguminous crops in the world and now Kazakhstan is also experiencing a significant expansion of acreage. Howev-er, late sowing is unacceptable for this crop, since in this case the photoperiod effect and drought lead to loss of crop samples if the flowering period of lentil plants is not optimized. The genes controlling early flowering (EFL3) are associ-ated with the rate of growth and the beginning of flowering and are independent of the length of daylight. In this study, the presence of the early flowering gene LcELF3 was analyzed in 76 collection samples of lentils. As a result of PCR am-plification and sequencing of the LcELF3 gene using the Sanger method, genetic polymorphism was detected and codominant SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymor phism) markers were developed. Further testing of collection samples of lentils by ASQ genotyping allowed us to identify 36 samples with homozygous geno-type aa (late flowering) and 40 samples with homozygous genotype bb (earlier flowering). The use of factor analysis of the productivity elements of lentil sam-ples bearing favorable bb alleles of the early flowering gene LcELF3 made it pos sible to conduct a visual analysis for the studied years. Thus, using the example of lentils, the possibility of sampling samples containing favorable bb alleles of the LcEFL3 gene, controlling early flowering, which are necessary to increase its yield in conditions of prolonged spring and short summer season in the dry steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan, is shown
Molecular identification and morphological characterisation of multiple fungal pathogens of triticale in Northern Kazakhstan
Get PDFBackground and Aim. Тtriticale is classified as an amphidiploids and is the first grain crop created by humans, possessing high yield potential along with favorable biochemical and technological characteristics. For a long time, it was believed that triticale, during selection, inherited disease resistance from wheat and resistance to abiotic factors from rye. However, in recent years, there have been several reports that triticale is to fungal diseases, which reduces the quality of the harvested crop. The aim of our study is to examine and characterize the fungal pathogens of triticale in Northern Kazakhstan, and conduct molecular-genetic identification of the main fungal pathogens.MaterialsandMethods. The study was conducted of triticale from two varieties, Dauren and Rossika. Primary fungal isolation was carried out on agarized nutrient media, with preliminary identification using microscopy. Molecular genetic analysis was performed to determine the species of fungi.
Results. During the study, we isolated five major fungal pathogens from different parts of the plant. Data on the percentage of infection by the main fungal pathogens were provided. Three of them are pathogens of alternariosis – Alternaria alternate (more common in grains 39%, in leaves and scales of seeds 19-21%), fusariosis – Fusarium tricinctum (occurrence: in roots 57%, in grains 17%, in leaves 10%) and helminthosporiosis – Bipolaris sorokiniana (occurrence in roots and leaves 0.83%) of grain crops, which can lead to a decrease and loss of yield due to their production of mycotoxins. A cultural and morphological description of the main fungal pathogens of grain crops was provided. Moleculargenetic identification was carried out using the ribosomal marker ITS (internal transcribed spacer).Conclusion. According to result of our research, we characterized and molecular-genetically identified the most common fungi found on different parts of the triticale plant.Background and Aim. Тtriticale is classified as an amphidiploids and is the first grain crop created by humans, possessing high yield potential along with favorable biochemical and technological characteristics. For a long time, it was believed that triticale, during selection, inherited disease resistance from wheat and resistance to abiotic factors from rye. However, in recent years, there have been several reports that triticale is to fungal diseases, which reduces the quality of the harvested crop. The aim of our study is to examine and characterize the fungal pathogens of triticale in Northern Kazakhstan, and conduct molecular-genetic identification of the main fungal pathogens.MaterialsandMethods. The study was conducted of triticale from two varieties, Dauren and Rossika. Primary fungal isolation was carried out on agarized nutrient media, with preliminary identification using microscopy. Molecular genetic analysis was performed to determine the species of fungi.
Results. During the study, we isolated five major fungal pathogens from different parts of the plant. Data on the percentage of infection by the main fungal pathogens were provided. Three of them are pathogens of alternariosis – Alternaria alternate (more common in grains 39%, in leaves and scales of seeds 19-21%), fusariosis – Fusarium tricinctum (occurrence: in roots 57%, in grains 17%, in leaves 10%) and helminthosporiosis – Bipolaris sorokiniana (occurrence in roots and leaves 0.83%) of grain crops, which can lead to a decrease and loss of yield due to their production of mycotoxins. A cultural and morphological description of the main fungal pathogens of grain crops was provided. Moleculargenetic identification was carried out using the ribosomal marker ITS (internal transcribed spacer).Conclusion. According to result of our research, we characterized and molecular-genetically identified the most common fungi found on different parts of the triticale plant.Background and Aim. Тtriticale is classified as an amphidiploids and is the first grain crop created by humans, possessing high yield potential along with favorable biochemical and technological characteristics. For a long time, it was believed that triticale, during selection, inherited disease resistance from wheat and resistance to abiotic factors from rye. However, in recent years, there have been several reports that triticale is to fungal diseases, which reduces the quality of the harvested crop. The aim of our study is to examine and characterize the fungal pathogens of triticale in Northern Kazakhstan, and conduct molecular-genetic identification of the main fungal pathogens.MaterialsandMethods. The study was conducted of triticale from two varieties, Dauren and Rossika. Primary fungal isolation was carried out on agarized nutrient media, with preliminary identification using microscopy. Molecular genetic analysis was performed to determine the species of fungi.
Results. During the study, we isolated five major fungal pathogens from different parts of the plant. Data on the percentage of infection by the main fungal pathogens were provided. Three of them are pathogens of alternariosis – Alternaria alternate (more common in grains 39%, in leaves and scales of seeds 19-21%), fusariosis – Fusarium tricinctum (occurrence: in roots 57%, in grains 17%, in leaves 10%) and helminthosporiosis – Bipolaris sorokiniana (occurrence in roots and leaves 0.83%) of grain crops, which can lead to a decrease and loss of yield due to their production of mycotoxins. A cultural and morphological description of the main fungal pathogens of grain crops was provided. Moleculargenetic identification was carried out using the ribosomal marker ITS (internal transcribed spacer).Conclusion. According to result of our research, we characterized and molecular-genetically identified the most common fungi found on different parts of the triticale plant
Ақмола облысы жағдайында нөлдік және дәстүрлі технологиялардың әсерінен оңтүстік қара топырақтың қарашірінді құрамының өзгерісі
Get PDFBackground and Aim. The article examines the impact of mineral fertilizers on the agrochemical properties and humus content of southern carbonate chernozem under traditional and zero-tillage technologies. The quantity and quality of humus are highly sensitive to changes in environmental conditions. Therefore, studying soil organic matter is a critical issue in soil science, as it is necessary to understand the genetic characteristics of the soil and improve its use efficiency and fertility.Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in 2024 on southern chernozems in the Akmola region. To determine changes in the qualitative indicators of soil humus, three soil profiles were made on experimental plots at the A.I. Barayev scientific and production center for grain farming, where zero and traditional tillage technologies have been used for a long time. The traditional tillage technology includes plowing with soil turnover, cultivation or disking, and then compaction. Under the zero-tillage technology, no soil tillage is performed.Results. The study found that the long-term application of mineral fertilizers had a significant impact on the qualitative composition of humus. In the control group, ratio СGА:СFА = 1,2 was characterized by a predominance of the fulvate-humate type, while in the fertilizer-treated variants, this ratio increased to 2,0 and 2,3, transitioning to the humate type. Under the traditional tillage technology, the prolonged use of fertilizers led to changes in humus, expressed in an increase in the proportion of humic acids bound with calcium, which contributes to improved soil structure and stability.Conclusion. Traditional technology affects the intensity of organic matter mineralization and increases nitrate nitrogen content, which positively impacts soil fertility in the short term. Thus, mineral fertilizers significantly influence humus formation, its structure, and stability, depending on the soil tillage technology used.Алғышарттар мен мақсат. Мақалада карбонатты оңтүстік қара топырақтың агрохимиялық көрсеткіштері мен қарашірінді құрамына дәстүрлі және нөлдік өңдеу технологиясы аясында минералды тыңайтқыштың әсері қарастырылған. Қарашірінді мөлшерімен сапалық құрамы экологиялық жағдайдың өзгеруіне өте сезімтал. Сондықтан, топырақтың органикалық заттарын зерттеу топырақтанудағы шешуді қажет ететін ең маңызды мәселе болып табылады, себебі олар топырақтың генетикалық ерекшеліктерін ашып көрсету үшін, және де топырақты тиімді пайдалану мен құнарлығын арттыру үшін қажет.Материалдар мен әдістер. Зерттеу жұмысы 2024 жылы Ақмола облысының оңтүстік қара топырағында жүргізілді. Топырақ қарашіріндісінің сапалық көрсеткішінің өзгеруін анықтау мақсатында, ұзақ жылдан бері нөлдік және дәстүрлі өңдеу технологиясы қолданылып келе жатқан А.И. Бараев атындағы астық шаруашылығы ғылыми-өндірістік орталығының тәжірибе алқаптарында 3 топырақ кескіні салынды. Дәстүрлі өңдеу технологиясы топырақ қабатын аудара жырту, культивация немесе дискілеу, содан кейін тығыздау жұмысын қамтыды. Нөлдік технология бойынша топырақты өңдеу жұмыстары жүргізілмейді.Нәтижелер. Зерттеу нәтижесінде минералдық тыңайтқышты ұзақ мерзім қолдану қарашіріндінің сапалық құрамына біршама әсерін тигізгені анықталды, Сгқ:Сфқ = 1,2 арақатынасы бақылауда фульватты гуматты тип басым болса, тыңайтқыш енгізілген нұсқаларда сәйкесінше арақатынасы 2,0 және 2,3 артып, гуматты типке ауысқан. Дәстүрлі өңдеу технологиясында тыңайтқыштарды ұзақ уақыт қолданғанда, топырақ құрылымын және оның тұрақтылығын жақсартатын кальциймен байланысқан гумин қышқылдарының үлесінің жоғарылауымен қарашіріндінің өзгерісі байқалады.Қорытынды. Дәстүрлі өңдеу технологиясы органикалық заттардың ыдырауын белсендіреді және нитратты азоттың мөлшерінің артуына ықпал етіп, бұл қысқа мерзімді перспективада топырақ құнарлығына оң әсерін тигізеді. Осылайша, минералды тыңайтқыштар қолданылатын өңдеу технологиясына байланысты қарашіріндінің пайда болуына, оның құрылымы мен тұрақтылығына айтарлықтай әсер етеді.Алғышарттар мен мақсат. Мақалада карбонатты оңтүстік қара топырақтың агрохимиялық көрсеткіштері мен қарашірінді құрамына дәстүрлі және нөлдік өңдеу технологиясы аясында минералды тыңайтқыштың әсері қарастырылған. Қарашірінді мөлшерімен сапалық құрамы экологиялық жағдайдың өзгеруіне өте сезімтал. Сондықтан, топырақтың органикалық заттарын зерттеу топырақтанудағы шешуді қажет ететін ең маңызды мәселе болып табылады, себебі олар топырақтың генетикалық ерекшеліктерін ашып көрсету үшін, және де топырақты тиімді пайдалану мен құнарлығын арттыру үшін қажет.Материалдар мен әдістер. Зерттеу жұмысы 2024 жылы Ақмола облысының оңтүстік қара топырағында жүргізілді. Топырақ қарашіріндісінің сапалық көрсеткішінің өзгеруін анықтау мақсатында, ұзақ жылдан бері нөлдік және дәстүрлі өңдеу технологиясы қолданылып келе жатқан А.И. Бараев атындағы астық шаруашылығы ғылыми-өндірістік орталығының тәжірибе алқаптарында 3 топырақ кескіні салынды. Дәстүрлі өңдеу технологиясы топырақ қабатын аудара жырту, культивация немесе дискілеу, содан кейін тығыздау жұмысын қамтыды. Нөлдік технология бойынша топырақты өңдеу жұмыстары жүргізілмейді.Нәтижелер. Зерттеу нәтижесінде минералдық тыңайтқышты ұзақ мерзім қолдану қарашіріндінің сапалық құрамына біршама әсерін тигізгені анықталды, Сгқ:Сфқ = 1,2 арақатынасы бақылауда фульватты гуматты тип басым болса, тыңайтқыш енгізілген нұсқаларда сәйкесінше арақатынасы 2,0 және 2,3 артып, гуматты типке ауысқан. Дәстүрлі өңдеу технологиясында тыңайтқыштарды ұзақ уақыт қолданғанда, топырақ құрылымын және оның тұрақтылығын жақсартатын кальциймен байланысқан гумин қышқылдарының үлесінің жоғарылауымен қарашіріндінің өзгерісі байқалады.Қорытынды. Дәстүрлі өңдеу технологиясы органикалық заттардың ыдырауын белсендіреді және нитратты азоттың мөлшерінің артуына ықпал етіп, бұл қысқа мерзімді перспективада топырақ құнарлығына оң әсерін тигізеді. Осылайша, минералды тыңайтқыштар қолданылатын өңдеу технологиясына байланысты қарашіріндінің пайда болуына, оның құрылымы мен тұрақтылығына айтарлықтай әсер етеді
Development of conventional designations for veterinary epidemic significant objects
Get PDFBackground and Aim. Epidemiologically significant objects are objects related to veterinary activities, requiring strict control and supervision, since violation of sanitary and hygienic requirements imposed on them, deterioration of the epidemiological situation at these objects can contribute to the emergence and spread of diseases, which in turn will lead to large negative economic, environmental and social consequences. This research aims to develop conventional designations of objects that have epidemiological significance in the country for their subsequent use in cartographic analysis, forecasting, and risk assessment of the spread of infectious diseases.Materials and Methods. Conventional forms were developed for almost all objects that may have any epidemiological significance. These facilities were relatively categorized into 4 areas: veterinary, agricultural, municipal, and other epidemically significant facilities. Conventional forms of designation of epidemically significant objects were developed using the CorelDraw program.
Results. In total, symbols have been developed for 48 epidemiologically significant objects, including 14 veterinary, 17 agricultural, 7 municipal, and 10 other objects. The shape of all symbols was defined as a quadrangle with equal sides, while each group of symbols has its color for the border of the figure. The design and drawing of each symbol were developed in such a way that both specialists and ordinary users could visually understand what this sign meant.Conclusion. The developed symbols will allow more effective use of information and communication technologies for forecasting and assessing the risk of spreading the most relevant contagious diseases in our country. This will subsequently allow more effective preventive and anti-epizootic measures.Background and Aim. Epidemiologically significant objects are objects related to veterinary activities, requiring strict control and supervision, since violation of sanitary and hygienic requirements imposed on them, deterioration of the epidemiological situation at these objects can contribute to the emergence and spread of diseases, which in turn will lead to large negative economic, environmental and social consequences. This research aims to develop conventional designations of objects that have epidemiological significance in the country for their subsequent use in cartographic analysis, forecasting, and risk assessment of the spread of infectious diseases.Materials and Methods. Conventional forms were developed for almost all objects that may have any epidemiological significance. These facilities were relatively categorized into 4 areas: veterinary, agricultural, municipal, and other epidemically significant facilities. Conventional forms of designation of epidemically significant objects were developed using the CorelDraw program.
Results. In total, symbols have been developed for 48 epidemiologically significant objects, including 14 veterinary, 17 agricultural, 7 municipal, and 10 other objects. The shape of all symbols was defined as a quadrangle with equal sides, while each group of symbols has its color for the border of the figure. The design and drawing of each symbol were developed in such a way that both specialists and ordinary users could visually understand what this sign meant.Conclusion. The developed symbols will allow more effective use of information and communication technologies for forecasting and assessing the risk of spreading the most relevant contagious diseases in our country. This will subsequently allow more effective preventive and anti-epizootic measures.Background and Aim. Epidemiologically significant objects are objects related to veterinary activities, requiring strict control and supervision, since violation of sanitary and hygienic requirements imposed on them, deterioration of the epidemiological situation at these objects can contribute to the emergence and spread of diseases, which in turn will lead to large negative economic, environmental and social consequences. This research aims to develop conventional designations of objects that have epidemiological significance in the country for their subsequent use in cartographic analysis, forecasting, and risk assessment of the spread of infectious diseases.Materials and Methods. Conventional forms were developed for almost all objects that may have any epidemiological significance. These facilities were relatively categorized into 4 areas: veterinary, agricultural, municipal, and other epidemically significant facilities. Conventional forms of designation of epidemically significant objects were developed using the CorelDraw program.
Results. In total, symbols have been developed for 48 epidemiologically significant objects, including 14 veterinary, 17 agricultural, 7 municipal, and 10 other objects. The shape of all symbols was defined as a quadrangle with equal sides, while each group of symbols has its color for the border of the figure. The design and drawing of each symbol were developed in such a way that both specialists and ordinary users could visually understand what this sign meant.Conclusion. The developed symbols will allow more effective use of information and communication technologies for forecasting and assessing the risk of spreading the most relevant contagious diseases in our country. This will subsequently allow more effective preventive and anti-epizootic measures
Meat Quality Control in Beef Production
Get PDFThe hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) system is primarily a risk assessment method focused on identifying and controlling the risk factors classified as the critical control points. Pathogenic microorganisms can enter the meat supply chain at various points along their path. Live animals can harbor various pathogens, while unhygienic conditions during slaughter and processing introduce external contamination risks, and cross contamination can occur during handling and cooking. Traditionally, pathogen control is concentrated in the processing stage. Despite its effectiveness, approaches like HACCP do not fully satisfy the consumer demands for food safety. A more comprehensive approach targeting pathogen control at every stage of the supply chain that is, “from farm-to-table,” offers broadercoverage and greater integration.
Meat is one of the most perishable food products, providing an ideal environment for the growth of a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. Foodborne illnesses result from the consumption of bacteria, toxins, or cells produced by microorganisms present in food. Past outbreaks have been linked to various stages of the meat production process; hence, it is logical to develop a risk assessment model encompassing all stages, from raising food animals and processing carcasses to meat preparation and consumption.
The primary task in meat production is the evaluation of the microbiological quality of raw meat and the sanitary conditions at processing facilities based on the presence of indicator microorganisms in the meat, equipment, and processing plants. Accordingly, hygienic measures in meat production, processing, and retail aim to ensure meat safety, prevent rapid spoilage, and preserve its quality. HACCP, which heavily relies on prerequisite programs like good hygienic practice and sanitation standard operating procedures, provides enhanced hygiene standards essential for producing safe meat and meat products throughout the entire meat supply chain.The hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) system is primarily a risk assessment method focused on identifying and controlling the risk factors classified as the critical control points. Pathogenic microorganisms can enter the meat supply chain at various points along their path. Live animals can harbor various pathogens, while unhygienic conditions during slaughter and processing introduce external contamination risks, and cross contamination can occur during handling and cooking. Traditionally, pathogen control is concentrated in the processing stage. Despite its effectiveness, approaches like HACCP do not fully satisfy the consumer demands for food safety. A more comprehensive approach targeting pathogen control at every stage of the supply chain that is, “from farm-to-table,” offers broadercoverage and greater integration.
Meat is one of the most perishable food products, providing an ideal environment for the growth of a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. Foodborne illnesses result from the consumption of bacteria, toxins, or cells produced by microorganisms present in food. Past outbreaks have been linked to various stages of the meat production process; hence, it is logical to develop a risk assessment model encompassing all stages, from raising food animals and processing carcasses to meat preparation and consumption.
The primary task in meat production is the evaluation of the microbiological quality of raw meat and the sanitary conditions at processing facilities based on the presence of indicator microorganisms in the meat, equipment, and processing plants. Accordingly, hygienic measures in meat production, processing, and retail aim to ensure meat safety, prevent rapid spoilage, and preserve its quality. HACCP, which heavily relies on prerequisite programs like good hygienic practice and sanitation standard operating procedures, provides enhanced hygiene standards essential for producing safe meat and meat products throughout the entire meat supply chain.The hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) system is primarily a risk assessment method focused on identifying and controlling the risk factors classified as the critical control points. Pathogenic microorganisms can enter the meat supply chain at various points along their path. Live animals can harbor various pathogens, while unhygienic conditions during slaughter and processing introduce external contamination risks, and cross contamination can occur during handling and cooking. Traditionally, pathogen control is concentrated in the processing stage. Despite its effectiveness, approaches like HACCP do not fully satisfy the consumer demands for food safety. A more comprehensive approach targeting pathogen control at every stage of the supply chain that is, “from farm-to-table,” offers broadercoverage and greater integration.
Meat is one of the most perishable food products, providing an ideal environment for the growth of a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. Foodborne illnesses result from the consumption of bacteria, toxins, or cells produced by microorganisms present in food. Past outbreaks have been linked to various stages of the meat production process; hence, it is logical to develop a risk assessment model encompassing all stages, from raising food animals and processing carcasses to meat preparation and consumption.
The primary task in meat production is the evaluation of the microbiological quality of raw meat and the sanitary conditions at processing facilities based on the presence of indicator microorganisms in the meat, equipment, and processing plants. Accordingly, hygienic measures in meat production, processing, and retail aim to ensure meat safety, prevent rapid spoilage, and preserve its quality. HACCP, which heavily relies on prerequisite programs like good hygienic practice and sanitation standard operating procedures, provides enhanced hygiene standards essential for producing safe meat and meat products throughout the entire meat supply chain
«БЕНТОБАК» АЗЫҚ ҚОСПАСЫНЫҢ ҮЙРЕК БАЛАПАНДАРЫНЫҢ ӨСУІ МЕН ДАМУЫНА ӘСЕРІ
Get PDFThis article presents the results of studies on the effect of the Bentobak feed additive on the growth and development of ducks. The research was carried out in 2023 in Akmola region, Qaz Astana farm. The average live weight of ducklings at the beginning of the study was 61.22 g and 64,01 g, at the end of the study, the average live weight of ducks in the control group was 2.781 kg, while the average live weight of ducks in the experimental group with the addition of bentobak feed was 2.913 kg. The average daily gain during this period was 55.5 g in the control group and 58.5 g in the experimental group. Compared to ducks in the control group, the ducks in the experimental group showed a higher level of growth and development; the absolute increase was 5% higher, respectively. The use of the feed additive "Bentobak" made it possible to prevent gastrointestinal disorders in ducklings and increase safety by 2% in the experimental group.Бұл мақалада «Бентобак» азық қоспасының үйректердің өсуі мен дамуына әсері зерттеу жұмыстарының нәтижелері көрсетілген. Зерттеулер 2023 жылы Ақмола облысында, «Qaz Astana» ШҚ жүргізілді. Зерттеуге қойылған үйрек балапандарының бастапқы орташа тірілей салмағы 61,22 г және 64 г, зерттеудің соңында бақылау тобындағы үйректердің орташа тірілей салмағы 2,781 кг құраса, «Бентобак» азық қоспасы қосылған топтағы үйректердікі 2,913 кг болды және осы кезеңдегі орташа тәуліктік өсім бақылау тобында 55,5 г, ал тәжірибелік топта 58,5 г болды. Бақылау тобындағы үйректермен салыстыратын болсақ «Бентобак» азық қоспасы қосылған үйректердің өсу және даму деңгейі жоғары, сондай-ақ тәжірибелік топтағы үйрек балапандарының абсолюттік өсімі 5% артты. «Бентобак» азық қоспасын қолдану балапандардың асқазан-ішек жолдарының бұзылуын болдырмауға және олардың сақталуын 2% арттыруға мүмкіндік берді.Бұл мақалада «Бентобак» азық қоспасының үйректердің өсуі мен дамуына әсері зерттеу жұмыстарының нәтижелері көрсетілген. Зерттеулер 2023 жылы Ақмола облысында, «Qaz Astana» ШҚ жүргізілді. Зерттеуге қойылған үйрек балапандарының бастапқы орташа тірілей салмағы 61,22 г және 64 г, зерттеудің соңында бақылау тобындағы үйректердің орташа тірілей салмағы 2,781 кг құраса, «Бентобак» азық қоспасы қосылған топтағы үйректердікі 2,913 кг болды және осы кезеңдегі орташа тәуліктік өсім бақылау тобында 55,5 г, ал тәжірибелік топта 58,5 г болды. Бақылау тобындағы үйректермен салыстыратын болсақ «Бентобак» азық қоспасы қосылған үйректердің өсу және даму деңгейі жоғары, сондай-ақ тәжірибелік топтағы үйрек балапандарының абсолюттік өсімі 5% артты. «Бентобак» азық қоспасын қолдану балапандардың асқазан-ішек жолдарының бұзылуын болдырмауға және олардың сақталуын 2% арттыруға мүмкіндік берді
ЭКОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ КОЭФФИЦИЕНТ АРҚЫЛЫ ТОПЫРАҚТАҒЫ ТҰЗДАНУ ҮДЕРІСІНІҢ ҚАУІПТІЛІК ДЕҢГЕЙІН НЕГІЗДЕУ
Get PDFIn the process of determining the amount of leaching of gray-Meadow saline soils by the optimal method of salt leaching, scientifically substantiated by evidence-based indicators, the presence of coefficients that determine the level of environmental hazard of the studied soil indicates the relevance of the work. In the course of the study, studies were carried out related to the identification of changes in the chemical composition of gray-Meadow soils with varying degrees of salinity. Here, on the basis of monolithic-field and laboratory studies, the determination of aqueous-physical and chemical indicators of salinized soils and the use of physical and mathematical modeling of the data obtained, the effective safe level of the amount of water for flushing salts in salinized soils was determined using environmental coefficients. The determination of these environmental factors took into account the water physical properties of soils in the arable land, mechanical composition, water permeability, water flow in the tension collector system.Дәлелді көрсеткіштер арқылы ғылыми тұрғыда негізделген тұзды шаюдың тиімді әдісімен боз шалғынды тұзданған топырақтың шаю мөлшерін анықтау үдерісінде зерттелетін топырақтың тұздану үдерісінің қауіптілік деңгейін айқындайтын экологиялық коэффициенттердің болуы жұмыстың көкейкестілігін көрсетеді. Зерттеу барысында әртүрлі дәрежеде тұзданған боз-шалғынды топырақтың құрамындағы өзгерістерді анықтауға байланысты зерттеулер жүргізілді. Мұнда, монолиттік-далалық және зертханалық зерттеулер негізінде, тұзданған топырақтың сулы-физикалық және химиялық көрсеткіштерін анықтап, алынған мәліметтерді физикалық-математикалық модельдеу арқылы, тұзданған топырақтағы тұзды шаюға арналған тиімді, қауіпсіз су мөлшері экологиялық коэффициенттерді қолдану арқылы анықталды. Бұл аталған экологиялық коэффициенттерді анықтауда егістік алқабындағы топырақтың сулы-физикалық қасиеттеріне сәйкес, гранулометриялық құрамы су өткізгіштік қабілеті, керізді-коллекторлы жүйедегі судың ағыны ескерілді.Дәлелді көрсеткіштер арқылы ғылыми тұрғыда негізделген тұзды шаюдың тиімді әдісімен боз шалғынды тұзданған топырақтың шаю мөлшерін анықтау үдерісінде зерттелетін топырақтың тұздану үдерісінің қауіптілік деңгейін айқындайтын экологиялық коэффициенттердің болуы жұмыстың көкейкестілігін көрсетеді. Зерттеу барысында әртүрлі дәрежеде тұзданған боз-шалғынды топырақтың құрамындағы өзгерістерді анықтауға байланысты зерттеулер жүргізілді. Мұнда, монолиттік-далалық және зертханалық зерттеулер негізінде, тұзданған топырақтың сулы-физикалық және химиялық көрсеткіштерін анықтап, алынған мәліметтерді физикалық-математикалық модельдеу арқылы, тұзданған топырақтағы тұзды шаюға арналған тиімді, қауіпсіз су мөлшері экологиялық коэффициенттерді қолдану арқылы анықталды. Бұл аталған экологиялық коэффициенттерді анықтауда егістік алқабындағы топырақтың сулы-физикалық қасиеттеріне сәйкес, гранулометриялық құрамы су өткізгіштік қабілеті, керізді-коллекторлы жүйедегі судың ағыны ескерілді
ОТБОР ПОМОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СОРТОВ ЯБЛОК, ПРОИЗРАСТАЮЩИХ В ТУРКЕСТАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В КАЧЕСТВЕ ИСХОДНОГО СЫРЬЯ ДЛЯ ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ ЯБЛОЧНЫХ ЧИПСОВ
Get PDFThe production of apple chips, which have become popular food products abroad, the composition of which is close to fresh apples, has fundamental differences from the technology of making dried fruits. As a product with biological and nutritional value, enterprises implement the developments of scientists. Apple chips from Russian and Belarusian manufacturers are already being sold in retail chains, the price of a package is 600 tenge. Since apples are affordable in terms of their cultivation, the urgent task is to quickly establish production from Kazakhstani raw materials. The research is aimed at choosing varieties of apples according to their consumer characteristics that allow them to produce a product. The presence of the raw material base of farms of the Turkestan region engaged in the cultivation of various pomological varieties of apples by yield, pricing policy with studies of biometric characteristics affecting the technological properties of apple chips has been studied. It has been established that there are approximately 100 subjects with apple orchards with a capacity of about 10,000 tons/year each. The range is represented by pomological varieties of apple trees used in the world of varieties - Idared, Granny Smith, Nicole Granny, Fuji, Golden, Jeramin, Jonagold, etc. The average price for 1 kg of apples is 300 tenge, which makes production efficient. It has been established that according to biometric, organoleptic characteristics and mineral composition, the studied samples are suitable for obtaining high-quality apple chips. Safety is confirmed by the results of tests for pesticides (absence) and nitrates (does not exceed the norm by 5 times). The research methodology was based on a systematic analysis of data on the selection of pomological varieties and instrumental methods for determining identification features characterizing pomological varieties of apples.Производство яблочных чипсов, которые за рубежом уже стали популярными в линейке продуктов диетического питания, витаминный и минеральный состав, которых приближен к свежим яблокам, имеет принципиальные отличия от технологии изготовления сухофруктов. Как продукт, обладающий биологической и пищевой ценностью, перерабатывающие предприятия плодовой отрасли активно внедряют разработки ученых данного направления. Так, в торговых сетях нашей страны уже продаются яблочные чипсы российских и белорусских производителей, цена за 100 г упаковку которых, доходит до 600 тенге. Так как яблоки являются достаточно доступными в плане их выращивания, актуальной задачей является быстрое налаживание таких производств из казахстанского растительного сырья. Одной из задач исследований является выбор сортов яблок, которые по своим органолептическим и физико-химическим характеристикам позволяют изготавливать качественный продукт. С этой целью изучено наличие сырьевой базы, на примере сельхозкооперативов Туркестанской области, занимающихся выращиванием различных помологических сортов яблок по показателям урожайности, хранения и транспортировки, ценовой политики с исследованиями биометрических характеристик – цветовой гаммы, весовых показателей, внешнего вида, вкуса и запаха, которые влияют на органолептические характеристики конечного продукта, а также технологические и потребительские свойства яблочных чипсов. Установлено, что в Туркестанской области имеются производственные мощности, примерно 100 субъектов, занимающиеся выращиванием яблоневых садов производительностью каждого в среднем 10000 тонн яблок в год. Ассортимент представлен 15-20 помологическими сортами яблонь, основу которых составляют широко применяемые в мире сорта - Айдаред, Гренни Смит, Николь Гренни, Фуджи, Голден, Джерамин, Джонаголд и т.д. Средняя цена за 1 кг свежих яблок составляет 300 тенге, что делает эффективным производство яблочных чипсов. Установлено, что по биометрическим, органолептическим характеристикам и минеральному составу исследованные образцы подходят для получения качественных яблочных чипсов. Безопасность подтверждена результатами анализов на пестициды (полное отсутствие) и нитраты (содержание не превышает нормируемые в 5 раз). Методология исследований базировалась на системном анализе данных для решения вопросов выбора помологических сортов яблок, а также инструментальных и органолептических методах определения идентификационных признаков, характеризующих помологические сорта яблок с выбором их в качестве исходного сырья.Производство яблочных чипсов, которые за рубежом уже стали популярными в линейке продуктов диетического питания, витаминный и минеральный состав, которых приближен к свежим яблокам, имеет принципиальные отличия от технологии изготовления сухофруктов. Как продукт, обладающий биологической и пищевой ценностью, перерабатывающие предприятия плодовой отрасли активно внедряют разработки ученых данного направления. Так, в торговых сетях нашей страны уже продаются яблочные чипсы российских и белорусских производителей, цена за 100 г упаковку которых, доходит до 600 тенге. Так как яблоки являются достаточно доступными в плане их выращивания, актуальной задачей является быстрое налаживание таких производств из казахстанского растительного сырья. Одной из задач исследований является выбор сортов яблок, которые по своим органолептическим и физико-химическим характеристикам позволяют изготавливать качественный продукт. С этой целью изучено наличие сырьевой базы, на примере сельхозкооперативов Туркестанской области, занимающихся выращиванием различных помологических сортов яблок по показателям урожайности, хранения и транспортировки, ценовой политики с исследованиями биометрических характеристик – цветовой гаммы, весовых показателей, внешнего вида, вкуса и запаха, которые влияют на органолептические характеристики конечного продукта, а также технологические и потребительские свойства яблочных чипсов. Установлено, что в Туркестанской области имеются производственные мощности, примерно 100 субъектов, занимающиеся выращиванием яблоневых садов производительностью каждого в среднем 10000 тонн яблок в год. Ассортимент представлен 15-20 помологическими сортами яблонь, основу которых составляют широко применяемые в мире сорта - Айдаред, Гренни Смит, Николь Гренни, Фуджи, Голден, Джерамин, Джонаголд и т.д. Средняя цена за 1 кг свежих яблок составляет 300 тенге, что делает эффективным производство яблочных чипсов. Установлено, что по биометрическим, органолептическим характеристикам и минеральному составу исследованные образцы подходят для получения качественных яблочных чипсов. Безопасность подтверждена результатами анализов на пестициды (полное отсутствие) и нитраты (содержание не превышает нормируемые в 5 раз). Методология исследований базировалась на системном анализе данных для решения вопросов выбора помологических сортов яблок, а также инструментальных и органолептических методах определения идентификационных признаков, характеризующих помологические сорта яблок с выбором их в качестве исходного сырья
Keratinolytic testing for diagnosing dermatophytosis in small domestic animals
Get PDFBackground and Aim. Keratin is used as a structural element by numerous animal groups. Because of the strength and stability of keratin, few organisms can break it down and use it as a food source. Only a few insects, bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi can use keratin as their sole carbon and nitrogen source. The enzymatic ability of fungi to degrade keratin has long been considered a key innovation in the evolution of animal dermatology. The aim of the work is to develop keratinolytic tests for use and to identify their pathogenicity in the diagnosis of dermatomycetes of small domestic animals.Materials and Methods. There were investigated the strains of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and animal hair. The diagnosis for the detection of keratinolytic properties was carried out on three tests: hair perforation, nutrient media with grind animal hair and keratin hydrolysate. Results. The authors of this article present studies for diagnosing dermatophytosis in small domestic animals for pathogenicity using three keratinolytic tests: hair perforation, the addition of ground animal hair, and keratin hydrolysate to the culture medium. The three tests demonstrated high keratinolytic activity, which manifested as the formation of pegs on hair and the appearance of a clearing zone in the culture media under the influence of keratinase. It was also established that in media containing hair and keratin hydrolysate, the growth of cultures was faster, and the cultures did not exhibit pleomorphism, which is a positive aspect in terms of the accuracy and speed of diagnosis.Conclusion. Keratinolytic test allows to determine the pathogenicity of small domestic animal dermaticosis pathogens. The test showed that cultures do not form pleomorphisms, which contributes to the accurate identification of pathogens.Background and Aim. Keratin is used as a structural element by numerous animal groups. Because of the strength and stability of keratin, few organisms can break it down and use it as a food source. Only a few insects, bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi can use keratin as their sole carbon and nitrogen source. The enzymatic ability of fungi to degrade keratin has long been considered a key innovation in the evolution of animal dermatology. The aim of the work is to develop keratinolytic tests for use and to identify their pathogenicity in the diagnosis of dermatomycetes of small domestic animals.Materials and Methods. There were investigated the strains of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and animal hair. The diagnosis for the detection of keratinolytic properties was carried out on three tests: hair perforation, nutrient media with grind animal hair and keratin hydrolysate. Results. The authors of this article present studies for diagnosing dermatophytosis in small domestic animals for pathogenicity using three keratinolytic tests: hair perforation, the addition of ground animal hair, and keratin hydrolysate to the culture medium. The three tests demonstrated high keratinolytic activity, which manifested as the formation of pegs on hair and the appearance of a clearing zone in the culture media under the influence of keratinase. It was also established that in media containing hair and keratin hydrolysate, the growth of cultures was faster, and the cultures did not exhibit pleomorphism, which is a positive aspect in terms of the accuracy and speed of diagnosis.Conclusion. Keratinolytic test allows to determine the pathogenicity of small domestic animal dermaticosis pathogens. The test showed that cultures do not form pleomorphisms, which contributes to the accurate identification of pathogens.Background and Aim. Keratin is used as a structural element by numerous animal groups. Because of the strength and stability of keratin, few organisms can break it down and use it as a food source. Only a few insects, bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi can use keratin as their sole carbon and nitrogen source. The enzymatic ability of fungi to degrade keratin has long been considered a key innovation in the evolution of animal dermatology. The aim of the work is to develop keratinolytic tests for use and to identify their pathogenicity in the diagnosis of dermatomycetes of small domestic animals.Materials and Methods. There were investigated the strains of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and animal hair. The diagnosis for the detection of keratinolytic properties was carried out on three tests: hair perforation, nutrient media with grind animal hair and keratin hydrolysate. Results. The authors of this article present studies for diagnosing dermatophytosis in small domestic animals for pathogenicity using three keratinolytic tests: hair perforation, the addition of ground animal hair, and keratin hydrolysate to the culture medium. The three tests demonstrated high keratinolytic activity, which manifested as the formation of pegs on hair and the appearance of a clearing zone in the culture media under the influence of keratinase. It was also established that in media containing hair and keratin hydrolysate, the growth of cultures was faster, and the cultures did not exhibit pleomorphism, which is a positive aspect in terms of the accuracy and speed of diagnosis.Conclusion. Keratinolytic test allows to determine the pathogenicity of small domestic animal dermaticosis pathogens. The test showed that cultures do not form pleomorphisms, which contributes to the accurate identification of pathogens