Czsaopisma Uniwersytetu w Siedlcach
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Artificial Intelligence. Challenges and threats
No full textThe paper is concerned with the visions and threats of Artificial Intelligence. It characterizes and describes those that, according to experts and scientists , will have a huge impact on the shape, nature and functioning of societies in the next two to three decades. Undoubtedly, one of the significant challenges is the development and application of deep learning. Scientific research in Artificial Intelligence will be accompanied by intensive development of computer vision, convolutional networks and virtual, augmented and mixed reality. In the future, everything digital will be able to fall prey to counterfeiters. The essence and functioning of related Deepfake tools are explained and described in the paper. The development of Artificial Intelligence will result in a wide and versatile application of Biometrics. The paper describes the prospective areas of its use and draws attention to the problems associated with the construction of the oversized databases necessary for this purpose. In the era of a society characteristic of the development of the fourth industrial revolution, theway and means of automobile transportation and the necessary infrastructure will be radically transformed - autonomous vehicles will appear. The paper describes all levels of reference relating to the scope of control of an autonomous vehicle. Effective use of Artificial Intelligence solutions will not be possible without computers with enormous computing power. Theemergence of quantum computers will certainly solve this problem. The essence of quantum computer functioning is described in the next chapter. Artificial Intelligence can successfully perform many tasks better than humans. This will make Artificial Intelligence take on a huge economic value. Positions will be lost for both physical and mental workers. The question then becomes, where are we? Which professions can take over Artificial Intelligence and which ones will not move? What is the future of work done by humans? These issues are addressed in Chapter 9. The prospect of widespread and comprehensive use of Artificial Intelligence solutions will raise the following question, with respect to both humans and society. Can Artificial Intelligence optimize our happiness? The answer to such a question is not an easy one. The paper attempts to answer it. In the age of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, we will be accompanied by, revolutionary changes in the way humans of entire societies function. There will be an urgent need to define a neweconomic model. Issues clarifying the nature and importance of the essential components of the said model are addressed in this work. Solutions and use of Artificial Intelligence are often accompanied by various kinds of failures. These can have many causes. The paper describes and explains, proposed by Yampolsky Roman, a kind of dysfunction pattern. The results of scientific research andpractical experience that the list of Artificial Intelligence dangers is very extensive. A representative list of risks from Artificial, along with the characteristics of each of them, is presented in the last part of the paper
Organizacje kombatanckie a tożsamość zbiorowości lokalnej na przykładzie Morąga i okolic. Część II
No full textThe aim of the text is to locate the identity characteristics of the members of veterans’ organisations in the specific local community of Morąg and the surrounding area, marked by the effects of the Second World War. Among the most important identity-forming factors are employment and family in addition to union affiliation. These factors are strongly conditioned by the settlement process. The value of the past identity changes over time, along with the needs of the veterans. Documents produced by veterans’ organisations are analysed, including biographies of members of the Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy and the Association of War Veterans.Celem tekstu jest umiejscowienie cech tożsamości członków organizacji kombatanckich w specyficznej społeczności lokalnej Morąga i okolic, naznaczonej skutkami II wojny światowej. Do najważniejszych czynników tożsamościowotwórczych należą zatrudnienie i rodzina, obok przynależności związkowej. Te czynniki są silnie warunkowane procesem osadnictwa. Wartość przeszłości dla tożsamości zmienia się w czasie – wraz z potrzebami kombatantów. Analizie poddano dokumenty wywołane przez organizacje kombatanckie, w tym życiorysy członków Związku Bojowników o Wolność i Demokrację oraz Związku Inwalidów Wojennych
The Investigation of residential architecture in the Bronze Age. Tape Yal, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran
No full textThe first villages were formed during the Neolithic period, when people began building residential architecture. Villages continued to exist in Iran until the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC, when the first cities appeared. Settlement in Shahr-i Sokhta had begun during this period, and in the 3rd millennium BC, the city’s size expanded and many related-settlement sites were formed in the Sistan plain. A prominent related-settlement site of Shahr-i Sokhta is Tape Yal or Taleb Khan 2, located 11 kilometres from the city. An excavation was conducted at this site by one of the author. This article analyses the architectural features of this site, a Bronze Age village of the Hirmand civilization, based on the findings of this excavation. It has been determined that this site contains residential buildings, workshops, and storage rooms with mudbrick construction. The above residential buildings probably belonged to the craftsmen of this village who lived next to their workshops.The first villages were formed during the Neolithic period, when people began building residential architecture. Villages continued to exist in Iran until the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC, when the first cities appeared. Settlement in Shahr-i Sokhta had begun during this period, and in the 3rd millennium BC, the city’s size expanded and many related-settlement sites were formed in the Sistan plain. A prominent related-settlement site of Shahr-i Sokhta is Tape Yal or Taleb Khan 2, located 11 kilometres from the city. An excavation was conducted at this site by one of the author. This article analyses the architectural features of this site, a Bronze Age village of the Hirmand civilization, based on the findings of this excavation. It has been determined that this site contains residential buildings, workshops, and storage rooms with mudbrick construction. The above residential buildings probably belonged to the craftsmen of this village who lived next to their workshops
Reforms of Sasanian king Khusro I and the northern bank of the Araxes – Arrān (Caucasus Albania)
No full textThe article considers the Sasanian king Khusro I Anushirwan’s reforms to improve the empire’s military and administrative architecture in the northwestern region of Ērānšahr, by creating the kust ī Ādurbādagān. The authors believes that it was a key element in the Sasanian strategy to enforce both central and military power in the defense sensitive Caucasia. The authors argues that the reform initiated the projecting of Ādurbādagān’s name, military, and administrative functions in Arrānšahr forming a strong interrelationship between the southern and northern sides of the Araxes as the entire Ādurbādagānšahr. Since Late Antiquity, Ādurbādagān and Arrān became interchangeable names and were in use on the northern bank of the Araxes.The article considers the Sasanian king Khusro I Anushirwan’s reforms to improve the empire’s military and administrative architecture in the northwestern region of Ērānšahr, by creating the kust ī Ādurbādagān. The authors believes that it was a key element in the Sasanian strategy to enforce both central and military power in the defense sensitive Caucasia. The authors argues that the reform initiated the projecting of Ādurbādagān’s name, military, and administrative functions in Arrānšahr forming a strong interrelationship between the southern and northern sides of the Araxes as the entire Ādurbādagānšahr. Since Late Antiquity, Ādurbādagān and Arrān became interchangeable names and were in use on the northern bank of the Araxes
The Polish-Russian ‘monument war’ in the context of the Law and Justice’s historical policy
No full textThe article addresses the issue of the influence of historical conditions on Polish-Russian relations on the threshold of the 21st century. After the collapse of the communist system in Poland in 1989, the new political elites, guiding the process of democratic transition in the Third Republic of Poland, made efforts to settle the disputed threads of common Polish-Russian history. One of the sources of conflict in terms of the historical burdens was case the removal by Poland of monuments to Red Army soldiers who died on Polish soil. This problem has become an important antagonistic element in bilateral relations, leading to the outbreak of a Polish-Russian \u27monument war\u27. To a large extend, the disputes over Soviet monuments dominated discussions in the Polish-Russian relations, creating another field of conflict on the historical level.The article addresses the issue of the influence of historical conditions on Polish-Russian relations on the threshold of the 21st century. After the collapse of the communist system in Poland in 1989, the new political elites, guiding the process of democratic transition in the Third Republic of Poland, made efforts to settle the disputed threads of common Polish-Russian history. One of the sources of conflict in terms of the historical burdens was case the removal by Poland of monuments to Red Army soldiers who died on Polish soil. This problem has become an important antagonistic element in bilateral relations, leading to the outbreak of a Polish-Russian \u27monument war\u27. To a large extend, the disputes over Soviet monuments dominated discussions in the Polish-Russian relations, creating another field of conflict on the historical level
Prawne regulacje utylizacji odpadów medycznych
No full textWastes and waste-related hazards have become, in recent years, a very perceptible problem from the perspective of environment protection. Dangerous wastes are a special group that present a high risk to human health and their management requires special control measures. This group includes medical wastes that are the mixture of general wastes, pharmaceutical and chemical reagents, different types of containers and outer packages, human and animal tissues and even radioactive waste. These wastes are not generated only in hospitals, but also in specialist medical centres, private medical and dentistry clinics, ambulatories, research and analytical laboratories, cosmetic centres and during drug manufacturing. Approximately 85% constitute infectious wastes that can be treated only by combustion in specialized facilities. Cinders and ashes with the volume reduced by 80-90% are the residues left after the thermal processing of wastes. The thermal method reduces not only the volume and weight of wastes, but also eliminates pathogenic microorganisms.Odpady i związane z nimi zagrożenia są w ostatnich latach bardzo zauważalnym problemem z punktu widzenia ochrony środowiska. Szczególną grupą są odpady niebezpieczne, które stanowią duże zagrożenie dla zdrowia ludzi, a gospodarowanie którymi wymaga szczególnejkontroli. Do tej grupy odpadów należą odpady medyczne, które są mieszaniną odpadów ogólnych, odczynników farmaceutycznych i chemicznych, różnego rodzaju opakowań, tkanek ludzkich i zwierzęcych, a nawet odpadów radioaktywnych. Odpady te powstają nie tylko w szpitalach, ale również w klinikach specjalistycznych, prywatnych gabinetach lekarskich, stomatologicznych, ambulatoriach,laboratoriach badawczych i analitycznych, zakładach kosmetycznych oraz przy produkcji leków. Około 85% z nich to odpady zakaźne, których jedyną metodą utylizacji jest spalanie w specjalistycznych spalarniach. Pozostałością po procesie termicznego unieszkodliwienia odpadów sążużle i popioły objętości zredukowanej o 80-90%. Metoda termiczna nie tylko zmniejsza objętość i masę odpadów, ale również zwalcza mikroorganizmy patogenne
Konstytucyjne aspekty tymczasowego wykonywania obowiązków Prezydenta RP przez Marszałka Sejmu
No full textThe Republic of Poland shall be a democratic state ruled by law and one of the main constitutional principles is the principle of the separation and balancing of power. Thus, the President of the Republic of Poland (considered to be the executive) and Marshal of the Sejm (belongs to thelegislative branch) are entities that have in their activities to balance each other, which in practice can and should lead to reciprocal limitation. In addition, the President of the Republic of Poland and the Marshal of the Sejm have different delegation sovereign (the Nation) to rule in his name. Only the President of the Republic is elected by a sovereign right to exercise a particular function - the head of state, while a person becoming Marshal of the Sejm is indicated only by the Nation as deputy, and only just as a deputy is appointed by the other deputies to act as Marshal of the Sejm. As a result, a situation in which the Marshal of the Sejm temporarily perform the duties of head of state is absolutely extraordinary situation. Although it seems there is no need for more extensive constitutional regulation of this situation, because at that time particularly important are habits and practices in the application of the Constitution (forming legal culture), and a relatively high degree left field for action politicians who are supposed to be later judged by voters who are voice of sovereign.However, we need more regulation than the current level to ensure the safety of State and citizens, including by clarifying procedures for taking power. Although it is expected restraint from the Marshal of the Sejm, who found himself in a situation where he have to replace the head of state, without becoming it. Even if the element limiting the action will be only relatively difficult to definable legal culture.
Polska uznająca się za demokratyczne państwo prawne jako jedną z głównych zasad konstytucyjnych przyjęła zasadę trójpodziału i równoważenia się władzy. Zatem Prezydent RP (zaliczany do władzy wykonawczej) i Marszałek Sejmu (zaliczany do władzy ustawodawczej) są podmiotami,które mają w swoich działaniach nawzajem się równoważyć, co w praktyce może, a nawet powinno prowadzić do wzajemnego ograniczania. Ponadto Prezydent RP i Marszałek Sejmu mają różną delegację suwerena (Narodu) do sprawowania władzy w jego imieniu. Jedynie Prezydent RP wybierany jest przez suwerena bezpośrednio do sprawowania konkretnej funkcji – głowy państwa, podczas gdy osoba zostająca Marszałkiem Sejmu wskazywana jest przez Naród jedynie jako poseł i dopiero właśnie jako poseł zostaje wskazana przez innych posłów do pełnienia funkcji Marszałka Sejmu. W efekcie sytuacja, w której Marszałek Sejmu tymczasowo wykonuje obowiązki głowy państwa,jest absolutnie wyjątkowa. Choć, jak się wydaje, nie ma konieczności szczególnie dokładnego konstytucyjnego regulowania takiej sytuacji, gdyż w tym czasie szczególnego znaczenia nabierają zwyczaje i praktyki w stosowaniu Konstytucji RP (tworzące kulturę prawną) oraz w stosunkowo dużym stopniu pozostawia się pole do działania politykom, którzy są później oceniani przez wyborców będących głosem suwerena, to jednak potrzebne są regulacje w większym niż obecnie stopniu zapewniającebezpieczeństwo Państwa i obywateli, m.in. przez doprecyzowanie procedur przejmowania władzy.Mimo tego, że wskazane jest w miarę możliwości jak największe zdanie się na zasady demokratycznegopaństwa (ale bez zbytniej ingerencji prawnej), należy oczekiwać powściągliwości od Marszałka Sejmu, który znalazł się w sytuacji, gdy zmuszony jest zastępować głowę państwa, nie stając się nią, nawet jeżeli elementem ograniczającym działania będzie jedynie stosunkowo trudno definiowalna kultura prawna. Takiego podejścia do zagadnienia wymaga forma ukształtowania państwowościprzez współczesnego ustrojodawcę
Jakość obsługi – oczekiwania a rzeczywistość
No full textThis paper describes a customer’s evaluation of the quality of service. It concerns criteria of evaluation and model of gaps’ quality. It includes an example, which describes an imaginary furniture company.W artykule poruszono problematykę dokonywanej przez konsumenta oceny jakości usług – wskazano kryteria stosowane przez klienta, a także przedstawiono model luk jakościowych. Rozważania wsparto przykładem, dotyczącym fikcyjnej firmy produkującej meble
Centra handlowe w Polsce i regionie siedleckim
No full textThe present publication presents concept and essence of a shopping centre as well as location shopping centres in Poland and Siedlce region. In the article there is packaged information which concerns the supply of the surface of trade and characteristics of the Siedlce Gallery. The aim of the article is to show the impact of shopping malls on the society and to present the results of the environmental analysis shopping centre in Siedlce.Niniejsza publikacja przedstawia pojęcie i istotę centrum handlowego oraz rozmieszczenie centrów handlowych w Polsce i regionie siedleckim. W artykule umieszczono informacje dotyczące podaży powierzchni handlowej oraz charakterystykę Galerii Siedlce. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie wpływu centrów handlowych na społeczeństwo, a także zaprezentowanie wyników analizy otoczenia galerii handlowej w Siedlcach