Czsaopisma Uniwersytetu w Siedlcach
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Wstęp do rozważań na temat obrazu MEDIO AMBIENTE (ŚRODOWISKO) w języku hiszpańskim
No full textThe article is a collection of reflections constituting an introduction to the reconstruction of the MEDIO AMBIENTE (ENVIRONMENT) image in Spanish. In the introduction, the author discusses the methodological basis of the research, which is the theory of the linguistic image of the world and the method of its reconstruction proposed by Jerzy Bartmiński as part of the EUROJOS seminar. She then presents an analysis of the textual material, which consists of quotations that are collocations of the word medio ambiente. The results of the analysis make it possible to indicate the defining features of MEDIO AMBIENTE which constitute the image and the way of valuing the environment in Spanish.The article is a collection of reflections constituting an introduction to the reconstruction of the MEDIO AMBIENTE (ENVIRONMENT) image in Spanish. In the introduction, the author discusses the methodological basis of the research, which is the theory of the linguistic image of the world and the method of its reconstruction proposed by Jerzy Bartmiński as part of the EUROJOS seminar. She then presents an analysis of the textual material, which consists of quotations that are collocations of the word medio ambiente. The results of the analysis make it possible to indicate the defining features of MEDIO AMBIENTE which constitute the image and the way of valuing the environment in Spanish
Figurationen der Männlichkeit in Clemens Setz’ Werk
No full textIn his works Clemens Setz depicts various forms of masculinity, which can be multiform, often oscillating between extremes, e. g. an overly violent or passive-feminine masculinity. Representations of cultural atavism or general negativity, among other things, correspond with concepts of masculinity. The problem of father-son-dissonance and homosexual motifs are also addressed.Clemens Setz przedstawia w swoich dziełach różne formy męskości, która bywa wielopostaciowa, często oscylującą między skrajnościami, np. męskość przesadnie brutalna lub pasywno-kobieca. Z koncepcjami męskości korespondują między innymi reprezentacje kulturowego atawizmu czy ogólnego negatywizmu. Poruszany jest również problem dysonansu ojca z synem oraz motywy homoseksualne
Redefinicja wojny i broni masowego rażenia w XXI wieku
No full textWar needs science and advanced technology to evolve. Until the time of the technological revolution, the war did not have such a large-scale to cover the whole world. But nowadays, communication became a tool that determines the potential of expanding threats. Modern military forces can change an environment faster than ever, but in a decentralized area, the army is unnecessary to war. This article shows the concept of a new idea of decentralized war as a civil and hybrid warfare conducted in the countries in which human rights are repeatedly violated. As evidenced by recent studies, decentralized war uses new generation technology as a weapon of mass destruction based on globally available mass communication tools. Thus, the study concentrates on the issue of these weapons as not only nuclear weapons are likely to play a more significant role in the international security environment, and constraints on the proliferation and use of chemical and biological weapons seem to be inefficient. There will be greater scope for terrorism, though it is not possible to predict the frequency or severity of any future employment of the weapons of mass destruction. New forms of the weapons (beyond chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons) are likely to emerge. This is namely cyber weapons that is capable of inflicting a widespread disruption and generating high costs to deter large-scale cyber attacks. As a consequence of war redefinition, the article is also a trial of reconsidering the term of weapon of mass destruction, by explaining the role of cyber attacks, political fanaticism and hateful propaganda.Wojna potrzebuje nauki i zaawansowanej technologii, aby ewoluować. Do czasów rewolucji technologicznej wojny miały charakter lokalny, a nie globalny. Artykuł przedstawia koncepcję nowej idei wojny zdecentralizowanej jako wojny domowej i hybrydowej. Celem badawczym artykułu jest zainicjowanie dyskusji na temat ewolucji wojny i broni masowego rażenia. Problem badawczy został sformułowany w następujący sposób: czy jest to nowe wyzwanie wymagające doskonalenia w zakresie edukacji, szkolenia, wyposażenia oraz uzupełniania luk w regulacjach prawnych i istniejącej strategii? Czy obowiązujące akty prawne oraz działania wyspecjalizowanych instytucji i organów mogą przyczynić się do zmniejszenia ryzyka związanego z użyciem broni masowego rażenia? Mając na uwadze powagę problemu, autor stawia hipotezę, że broń chemiczna, biologiczna, radiologiczna i nuklearna może stać się jednym z najskuteczniejszych sposobów osiągania celów w konfliktach zbrojnych. W opracowaniu skoncentrowano się na problematyce tej broni, ponieważ nie tylko broń jądrowa może odgrywać istotną rolę w środowisku bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego, a ograniczenia w proliferacji i stosowaniu broni chemicznej i biologicznej wydają się nieskuteczne. Artykuł, będący konsekwencją redefinicji wojennej, jest próbą ponownego przemyślenia pojęcia broni masowego rażenia, poprzez wyjaśnienie roli cyberataków, fanatyzmu politycznego i nienawistnej propagandy
Bezpieczeństwo Polski w świetle działań wojennych Rosji na Ukrainie
No full textThe article describes Poland’s military security in the years 2014-2022 based on the analysis of Russian and Polish official documents. Official statements of political leaders in the media and views of authors dealing with the issues of Poland\u27s security were presented. The article recommends directions for actions to improve Poland’s security in the face of Russian military operations in Ukraine. In search of an answer to the following question: What impact do Russia’s military operations in Ukraine have on Poland’s security?, the author studied the subject literature, Russian and Polish documents and official statements of political leaders in the media, as well as the views of authors dealing with Polish security issues. The results of the conducted research indicate that Poland alone would not be able to repel a possible Russian aggression at the current stage of modernization of the army. Only close cooperation with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the deployment of more American troops in the territory of the Republic of Poland and the states on the eastern flank guarantee the security of Poland. The content cited in the article is intended to update the opinion on the state of Poland’s security during the military operations in Ukraine.W artykule opisano stan bezpieczeństwa militarnego Polski w latach 2014-2022 na podstawie analizy dokumentów rosyjskich i polskich. Przedstawiono oficjalne wypowiedzi przywódców politycznych w mediach oraz poglądy autorów zajmujących się problematyką bezpieczeństwa Polski. Artykuł rekomenduje kierunki działań poprawiające bezpieczeństwo Polski w aspekcie działań wojennych Rosji na Ukrainie. Poszukując odpowiedzi na pytanie: Jaki wpływ na bezpieczeństwo Polski mają działania wojenne Rosji na Ukrainie?, studiowano literaturę przedmiotu, przeprowadzono analizę dokumentów rosyjskich i polskich oraz oficjalnych wypowiedzi przywódców politycznych w mediach, a także poglądów autorów zajmujących się problematyką bezpieczeństwa Polski. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wskazują, że Polska samodzielnie nie byłaby w stanie na obecnym etapie modernizacji armii odeprzeć ewentualnej agresji Rosji na nasz kraj. Jedynie ścisła współpraca z Paktem Północnoatlantyckim oraz rozlokowanie większej ilości wojsk amerykańskich na obszarze RP i państw flanki wschodniej daje gwarancje bezpieczeństwa naszego państwa. Przywołane w artykule treści mają na celu aktualizację opinii na temat stanu bezpieczeństwa Polski w czasie działań wojennych na Ukrainie.
Bezpieczeństwo w aspekcie tajemnicy państwowej: Stanisław Topolewski, Rafał Wądołowski, Ewolucja systemu ochrony tajemnic państwowych w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej od roku 1918. Aspekt prawnokarny oraz doboru personalnego, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach, Siedlce 2022, ss. 264
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Diagnoza Nicka Bostroma rozwoju Superinteligencji a zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa integralności rodzaju ludzkiego: Nick Bostrom, Superinteligencja. Scenariusze, strategie, zagrożenia, tłum. Dorota Konowrocka-Sawa, Wydawnictwo Helion, Gliwice 2021, ss. 488
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Cremation in Elamite period (Sukkalmah): Hirbodan site
No full textEvery region and period have its own characteristics when it comes to burial, which is considered a part of spiritual and material culture. Since burial practices are influenced by society\u27s thoughts, beliefs, and culture, studying them can help reconstruct the evolution of ancient culture. Large parts of Iran were considered the territory of the Elamite civilisation from about 2700 BCE until the beginning of the Achaemenid empire. While various studies have been conducted on the cultural materials of this period, burial methods, especially in the old Elamite period, remain unknown. The evidence of cremation is one of unique features that could be observed among burying ritual in each society. Based on the findings, this article describes the evidence for cremation in the Old Elamite period in south of Iran. In Hirbodan, a burial was buried in a crouching position and burned with wood sticks. It can be concluded from the burn marks on the skeleton and the soil beneath the body, that the body had been burned inside the grave before being covered in soil. This burial is associated with the period of old Elamite and with the reign of the Sukkalmah dynasty based on the analysis of pottery and C14 results.Every region and period have its own characteristics when it comes to burial, which is considered a part of spiritual and material culture. Since burial practices are influenced by society\u27s thoughts, beliefs, and culture, studying them can help reconstruct the evolution of ancient culture. Large parts of Iran were considered the territory of the Elamite civilisation from about 2700 BCE until the beginning of the Achaemenid empire. While various studies have been conducted on the cultural materials of this period, burial methods, especially in the old Elamite period, remain unknown. The evidence of cremation is one of unique features that could be observed among burying ritual in each society. Based on the findings, this article describes the evidence for cremation in the Old Elamite period in south of Iran. In Hirbodan, a burial was buried in a crouching position and burned with wood sticks. It can be concluded from the burn marks on the skeleton and the soil beneath the body, that the body had been burned inside the grave before being covered in soil. This burial is associated with the period of old Elamite and with the reign of the Sukkalmah dynasty based on the analysis of pottery and C14 results
A systematic survey of Ardashir Palace’s Stronghold at Tol-e Khezr, Firuzabad Plain in Fars Province, Iran
No full textThis research investigated the archaeological site of Tol-e Khezr in Firuzabad with the purpose of establishing a relative chronology. This site is among those whose pottery has been less extensively studied, and it also boasts a strategic location. Therefore, the site of Tol-e Khezr was selected for systematic sampling and investigation of its structures to ascertain its relative chronology and usage as accurately as possible. A methodical approach was chosen for the investigation of Tol-e Khezr, consisting of three steps: mapping, sampling, and documentation of the findings (including washing the pottery, registering the pottery fragments, entering the information of the findings into SPSS software, selecting the diagnostic samples, drawing the diagnostic samples, and photographing the samples). In this methodical way, 50% of all grids were sampled, with the form of every other grid. This included 30 grids of 10 x 10 meters. The number of all gathered pottery comprised 644 pieces. To interpret the pottery, we considered 12 variables for them, and the information on each piece was entered into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) according to these variables. One of the most essential classifications relates to the typology of Tol-e Khezr pottery forms, which parallels various surveyed and excavated areas\u27 findings in Iran and beyond. Furthermore, the survey revealed that, in addition to typical pottery, three distinct types of ceramic were identified: coarse with raised bands, glazed (alkaline), and ceramics with a dark slip coating. At this firm, architecture and its details in visible and exposed areas were documented, described, analyzed, and compared.This research investigated the archaeological site of Tol-e Khezr in Firuzabad with the purpose of establishing a relative chronology. This site is among those whose pottery has been less extensively studied, and it also boasts a strategic location. Therefore, the site of Tol-e Khezr was selected for systematic sampling and investigation of its structures to ascertain its relative chronology and usage as accurately as possible. A methodical approach was chosen for the investigation of Tol-e Khezr, consisting of three steps: mapping, sampling, and documentation of the findings (including washing the pottery, registering the pottery fragments, entering the information of the findings into SPSS software, selecting the diagnostic samples, drawing the diagnostic samples, and photographing the samples). In this methodical way, 50% of all grids were sampled, with the form of every other grid. This included 30 grids of 10 x 10 meters. The number of all gathered pottery comprised 644 pieces. To interpret the pottery, we considered 12 variables for them, and the information on each piece was entered into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) according to these variables. One of the most essential classifications relates to the typology of Tol-e Khezr pottery forms, which parallels various surveyed and excavated areas\u27 findings in Iran and beyond. Furthermore, the survey revealed that, in addition to typical pottery, three distinct types of ceramic were identified: coarse with raised bands, glazed (alkaline), and ceramics with a dark slip coating. At this firm, architecture and its details in visible and exposed areas were documented, described, analyzed, and compared
Himmelsbeobachtungen und deren Messung, von der Regierungszeit des Gudea von Lagash bis zum Almagest des Claudius Ptolemäus
No full textThe present article gives an overview on the development of the measurement and practical acquisition of circle section dimensions since the late 3rd millennium BC. In key points, the prerequisites and practical implementation for celestial observations over approx. 1500 years up to the 8th century BC are collected and analyzed, in terms of their logical requirements and connected archaeological findings. A comprehensible and unambiguous calculation is made for the celestial dimensions in cubits used from the 8th to the 2nd century BC, for which estimated values between 2.5 and 2.1 angular degrees have been determined since Kugler 1900 until to recently researchers. Therefore, for the first time, the exact transformation value is presented here. Not only the connections and the further development of this celestial measurement system are presented, but also its coherent adaptation up to the first definition and use of the angular unit measurement, which is still used today, around 200 BC. In addition, some data and their previous interpretation from various sources are put up for discussion, which even include the table of Chords, presented by Ptolemy in his Almagest and their use.The present article gives an overview on the development of the measurement and practical acquisition of circle section dimensions since the late 3rd millennium BC. In key points, the prerequisites and practical implementation for celestial observations over approx. 1500 years up to the 8th century BC are collected and analyzed, in terms of their logical requirements and connected archaeological findings. A comprehensible and unambiguous calculation is made for the celestial dimensions in cubits used from the 8th to the 2nd century BC, for which estimated values between 2.5 and 2.1 angular degrees have been determined since Kugler 1900 until to recently researchers. Therefore, for the first time, the exact transformation value is presented here. Not only the connections and the further development of this celestial measurement system are presented, but also its coherent adaptation up to the first definition and use of the angular unit measurement, which is still used today, around 200 BC. In addition, some data and their previous interpretation from various sources are put up for discussion, which even include the table of Chords, presented by Ptolemy in his Almagest and their use