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Le juge et le forçat: A propos de Confession d'un malheureux (1846) de Jean Claude Romand
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Tissue from gender-affirming genital surgery as a model for human penile physiology research: promise, ethics, and scientific duty. A gift from transgender women to the science of male sexuality
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding human erectile tissue and tunical remodeling remains one of the enduring challenges in sexual medicine. Despite the high prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED), no major therapeutic innovation has emerged since the introduction of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors more than two decades ago. The fundamental mechanisms underlying erectile function remain incompletely understood, and many recent insights still rely on animal models to explore and validate emerging physiological hypotheses—even in leading high-impact journals.1 Access to functional human penile tissue remains rare. Most studies have analyzed samples obtained during penile implant procedures, typically performed in cases of severe ED refractory to both pharmacological and mechanical therapies, where structural preservation of the corpora cavernosa is often compromised. Similarly, Peyronie’s disease research is constrained by limited access to well-characterized human tunical tissue, and robust human tunica albuginea models remain scarce.Accordingly, there is an urgent need for new, well-characterized human models to study penile tissue structure and function
High-Resolution Facies Characterization and Metre-Scale Depositional Organization of Palustrine-Lacustrine Carbonates
No full textAccurate 3D modelling of continental limestone reservoirs is still hindered by the high spatial variability of their flow properties. This variability results from the combination of heterogeneous and laterally discontinuous sedimentary facies with vertically stacked pedogenic overprints, which remain poorly constrained at the multi-meter scale. To address this issue, this study provides a sedimentological and stratigraphic characterization of the Aquitanian Pithiviers Limestones hosting the vadose zone of the Beauce aquifer (central France). This analysis takes advantage of a high-resolution dataset (eight 25-m-deep cored boreholes, spaced 5 to 8 m apart). Eleven facies were identified grouped into lacustrine, lake-margins and palustrine depositional environments. Two cross-sections (22 m long) reveal a heterogeneous architecture structured by three hierarchical orders of cyclicity: (1) medium-term cycles (several metres thick) record alternations between widespread lacustrine and palustrine conditions, (2) short-term cycles that document vertical and lateral facies shifts at the metre scale and (3) very-short-term cycles illustrating sub-metre to metre-scale facies variability driven by autogenic processes. Palaeogeographical reconstructions highlight three depositional organizations: lacustrine-dominated, palustrine-dominated, and mixed configurations. Mixed configurations exhibit pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with lacustrine, lake-margins, and palustrine facies coexisting laterally at the scale of the study site, over distances of a few metres. Lake-margins deposits are restricted in extent and frequently absent from vertical successions, indicating rapid pedogenic overprinting. These results demonstrate that autogenic processes dominate metre-scale facies architecture in lacustrine–palustrine carbonate systems and must be explicitly accounted for when modelling fluid flow and connectivity in continental carbonate aquifers
Modélisation des spatialités historiques en réseaux : l’exemple du fait religieux au Moyen-Age
No full textInternational audienceSi le potentiel heuristique des « géovisualisations » proposant des explorations des données a été beaucoup démontré, leur caractère démonstratif dépend cependant de la complexité des données et des fonctionnalités d’exploration mises en oeuvre. Cela conduit à développer des environnements ad-hoc d’exploration visuelle des données articulant conceptualisation théorique et observation empirique (Andrienko &al., Grandjean M.). Ces développements nécessitent en amont des formalisations des données qui constituent elles-mêmes des étapes de mise en ordre, de modélisation et donc de compréhension du phénomène à un niveau méta.Dans la modélisation que nous proposons, les entités spatiales sont des établissements religieux (monastères ou collégiales) en France au moyen-âge. Les questions qui leurs sont associées, à savoir comprendre les logiques d’implantation, d’évolution institutionnelle, et d’imbrication des réseaux relèvent à la fois d’analyses longitudinales et de l’analyse spatiale et spatio-temporelle, intégrant une approche territoriale et une approche en réseau évoluant au cours du temps.Pour approcher ces questions nous avons conçu un environnement de géovisualisation où interagissent distributions géographiques et statistiques dans le temps. Le phénomène peut être exploré selon trois entrées : l’évolution des organisations, les événements et le changement, et la structuration des réseaux et leur organisation spatiale.Nous revenons sur les données et le processus de conception interdisciplinaire1 qui a conduit à élaborer un modèle de données adapté, simplifié. Nous présentons ensuite l’environnement développé, FactoViz, et ses fonctionnalités, en illustrant la capacité démonstrative de certaines visualisations pour la connaissance de la structuration spatiale du phénomène
Why revision of total hip arthroplasty fails: a retrospective consecutive cohort study of 963 patients
No full textInternational audienceAims: The aims of this study are to identify the causes and independent risk factors for failure following revision total hip arthroplasty (RTHA). Methods We conducted a retrospective multicentre cohort study involving 963 patients who underwent RTHA between January 2016 and December 2021 across three French university hospitals, with a minimum follow-up of two years. Data collected included demographic details, revision rank (R1= first revision, R 2= second revision, R ≥ 3=third or subsequent revision), surgical variables, complications, reoperations, re-revisions, and mortality. RTHA failure was defined as any reoperation or re-revision. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine independent risk factors for failure. Results The mean patient age was 72 years (14 to 104), with 55% of patients being female. The most common indications for RTHA were aseptic loosening (35.6%), periprosthetic fracture (32.0%), periprosthetic joint infection (PJI; 15.2%), and dislocation (5.7%). Failure occurred in 135 patients (14.0%), most frequently due to PJI (53%), of which 61% were new infections. Among patients revised for dislocation, recurrent instability accounted for 43.7% of failures. Most failures (70%) occurred within one year of revision. Independent risk factors included age ≥ 75 years (odds ratio (OR) 0.61), revision rank ≥ 3 (OR 1.96), PJI (OR 2.0), dislocation (OR 2.86), use of revision (OR 2.38), and constrained acetabular cups (OR 5.38). Conclusion Aseptic loosening remains the leading indication for revision surgery, while PJI is the principal cause of failure following RTHA, both as a new infection and as iterative failure. Recurrent dislocation continues to pose a complex challenge despite modern implant strategies, underscoring the need for meticulous surgical planning in high-risk patients
Ciblage et dérogation dans l’insertion par l’emploi : évaluer des dispositifs locaux à destination de « publics spécifiques ».
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Potential of eDNA metabarcoding for the inventory of alpine plants and mammals in the Vallorcine catchment area
No full textEnvironmental DNA (eDNA) is increasingly used in ecology to detect biodiversity, at relatively low cost. In this study, we evaluate how effectively eDNA reflects mammal and plant diversity in a mountain watershed, using the Nant de Loriaz catchment as a case study. We compared eDNA results with traditional methods such as vegetation plots and camera traps for mammals, tested differences between water and sediment samples, and inspected how eDNA signals change along an upstream-downstream gradient. Our results show that eDNA reflects only part of the diversity detected by traditional surveys, with some species detected only by eDNA and others only by traditional methods. This comparison highlights the complementarity of both approaches, with eDNA improving detection of elusive or hard-to-observe species, while traditional surveys provide more reliable species-level identification for mammals. Sediment samples mostly reflect local communities and may retain DNA for longer periods, providing a snapshot of species that persist in a given location. In contrast, water samples integrate eDNA from both local aquatic sources and upstream inputs, combining signals from nearby and more distant communities. Along the upstream-downstream gradient, we found no clear nestedness pattern; instead, high species turnover indicates that eDNA primarily reflects local communities shaped by environmental conditions rather than passive downstream transport. Our results show that eDNA can improve the precision and resolution of biodiversity identification, but its performance depends on environmental conditions and context. These findings highlight both the potential and the limitations of eDNA for informing conservation decisions.</div
Injection of acoustic waves via volumetric sources on a control surface for computational aeroacoustics
No full textInternational audienceA formulation to introduce acoustic waves from a control surface using volumetric source terms is proposed for numerical simulations. A general expression of the source terms is derived from the non-linear Euler equations. The method is validated through three academic configurations: the injection of oblique plane waves and the radiation of a monopole source in two and three dimensions, in uniform flow. The governing equations are solved in a Cartesian grid using a low-dispersion and low-dissipation high order finite-difference numerical scheme. However, the control surface has an arbitrary shape, as demonstrated here with the use of a cylindrical surface. Numerical results show good agreement with analytical solutions in both phase and amplitude. The method is then applied to an open-fan aircraft engine configuration. The source terms are computed from a cylindrical control surface enclosing the rotor, based on data extracted from a previous fluid mechanics simulation. The radiated acoustic field is compared with the one obtained using the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings integral formulation. The two solutions are again found in good agreement for this more realistic configuration
Inégalités de Sobolev Logarithmique généralisées par le schéma JKO
No full textUsing a discrete Bakry-Émery method based on the JKO scheme, relying on the dissipation of entropy and Fisher information along a discrete flow, we establish new generalized logarithmic Sobolev inequality for log-concave measures of the form under strict convexity assumptions on . We then show how this method recovers some well-known inequalities. This approach can be viewed as interpolating between the Bakry-Émery method and optimal transport techniques based on geodesic convexity.En utilisant une version discrète de la méthode de Bakry–Émery basée sur le schéma JKO, reposant sur la dissipation de l’entropie et de l’information de Fisher le long d’un flot discret, nous établissons une nouvelle inégalité de Sobolev logarithmique généralisée pour des mesures log-concaves de la forme , sous des hypothèses de stricte convexité sur . Nous montrons ensuite comment cette méthode permet de retrouver certaines inégalités bien connues. Cette approche peut être vue comme une interpolation entre la méthode de Bakry–Émery et les techniques de transport optimal fondées sur la convexité géodésique
GWTC-4.0: Constraints on the Cosmic Expansion Rate and Modified Gravitational-wave Propagation
No full textInternational audienceWe analyze data from 142 of the 218 gravitational-wave (GW) sources in the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration (LVK) Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0) to estimate the Hubble constant jointly with the population properties of merging compact binaries. We measure the luminosity distance and redshifted masses of GW sources directly; in contrast, we infer GW source redshifts statistically through i) location of features in the compact object mass spectrum and merger rate evolution, and ii) identifying potential host galaxies in the GW localization volume. Probing the relationship between source luminosity distances and redshifts obtained in this way yields constraints on cosmological parameters. We also constrain parameterized deviations from general relativity which affect GW propagation, specifically those modifying the dependence of a GW signal on the source luminosity distance. Assuming our fiducial model for the source-frame mass distribution and using GW candidates detected up to the end of the fourth observing run (O4a), together with the GLADE+ all-sky galaxy catalog, we estimate km s Mpc. This value is reported as a median with 68.3% (90%) symmetric credible interval, and includes combination with the measurement from GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterpart. Using a parametrization of modified GW propagation in terms of the magnitude parameter , we estimate , where recovers the behavior of general relativity