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Pyriculariose du blé causée par la lignée Triticum de Pyricularia oryzae : une menaceémergente pour la région OEPP
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613766/)International audiencePyricularia oryzae encompasses several different genetic lineages which are generally host-specific. The Triticum lineage of P. oryzae is responsible for wheat blast disease. This disease, which originally emerged in South America in the 1980s, is currently responsible for considerable damage to wheat crops, and no effective control methods are available. This disease now represents a danger for all wheat-producing countries, such as those in the EPPO region. Wheat blast in the EPPO region could emerge either via a host jump from the Lolium genetic lineage from ryegrass to wheat grown nearby or from the introduction of P. oryzae Triticum lineage—infected wheat grains from regions of the world where the disease is prevalent. The recent example of the introduction of the disease in Bangladesh, via infected wheat grains, shows that it is necessary to prevent the long-distance movement of the pathogen by importing only healthy seeds. It appears essential to monitor wheat crops in the EPPO region in order to detect the disease early by identifying potential symptoms and laboratory testing, and to test wheat seeds when imported from countries in which the pest is present. To do this, different detection tools are available, which should ideally be combined to obtain a reliable analysis result.Pyricularia oryzae englobe plusieurs lignées génétiques, généralement spécifiques à leur hôte d'origine. La lignée Triticum de P. oryzae est responsable de la pyriculariose du blé ou " wheat blast ". Cette maladie, apparue initialement en Amérique du Sud dans les années 1980, y est actuellement responsable de dégâts considérables sur les cultures de blé, alors qu'aucune méthode de lutte efficace n'est. disponible. Cette maladie représente désormais un danger pour tous les pays producteurs de blé, notamment ceux de la région OEPP. La pyriculariose du blé pourrait apparaître soit par un saut d'hôte de la lignée génétique Lolium du ray-grass sur du blé cultivé à proximité, soit par l'introduction de grains de blé infectés par la lignée Triticum de P. oryzae en provenance de régions du monde où la maladie est présente. L'exemple récent de l'introduction de la maladie au Bangladesh, via des grains de blé infectés, montre qu'il est nécessaire d'empêcher la propagation à longue distance de l'agent pathogène en important uniquement des semences saines. Il apparaît essentiel de surveiller les cultures de blé dans la région OEPP afin de détecter précocement la maladie par l'identification des symptômes potentiels au champ, et des tests en laboratoire, et de tester les semences de blé importées de pays où le champignon est présent. Pour ce faire, différents outils de détection sont disponibles, qu'il est préférable de combiner pour obtenir un résultat d'analyse fiable
How to assess the dynamic capabilities needed to orchestrate a service ecosystem? A new methodology and framework
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613628/)International audienceTo accelerate sustainability transitions in the agricultural sector, supporting innovations appears to be crucial and coordinating this support is necessary while posing several challenges and requiring specific capabilities. It is thus important to assess if the coordinating organisation has the necessary capabilities to endorse this role. Yet, assessing capabilities constitutes a theoretical and methodological challenge. A key difficulty lies in the divergence between capability models proposed in academic literature and those applied by practitioners. This article integrates both perspectives to develop a comprehensive conceptual model, following a four-step methodology: (i) a literature review, (ii) a workshop with field experts, (iii) application to a case study for refinement, and (iv) comparison with capability models from other sectors to identify generic capabilities. The resulting model offers a valuable tool for evaluating the capabilities required by hub organisations in service ecosystems supporting agricultural innovation. Additionally, the methodology provides guidance for researchers and practitioners aiming to design capability models for other types of organisations.Pour accélérer les transitions agroécologiques dans le secteur agricole, il est crucial d'accompagner les innovations et la coordination de cet accompagnement, bien que nécessaire, pose de nombreux défis et nécessite des capacités spécifiques. Il est donc important d'évaluer si l'organisation qui coordonne a les capacités nécessaires pour assurer ce rôle. Cependant, évaluer des capacités représente un défi tant théorique que méthodologique. Une difficulté principale tient à la divergence entre les modèles d'évaluation des capacités proposés par la littérature scientifique et ceux utilisés par les praticiens. Cet article intègre ces deux perspectives afin de développer un modèle conceptuel global grâce à une méthodologie en 4 étapes : (i) une revue de littérature ; (ii) un atelier avec des chercheurs et experts de terrain ; (iii) application à un cas d'étude pour perfectionnement ; et (iv) la comparaison avec les modèles de capacités d'autres secteurs pour identifier les capacités génériques. Le modèle qui en résulte constitue un outil précieux pour évaluer les capacités requises par les organisations hubs dans les écosystèmes de services accompagnant l'innovation agricole. En outre, la méthodologie fournit des orientations aux chercheurs et aux praticiens qui souhaitent concevoir des modèles de capacités pour d'autres types d'organisations
Mesurer la qualité des services support à l'innovation agricole à Madagascar
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613523/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): FOOD/2021/422-432;MAKIS;(EU) Malagasy Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems//International audienc
Actionable learning from a review of multi-stakeholder collaboration for agricultural innovation in DeSIRA
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613487/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): FOOD/2021/424-11;DeSIRA-LIFT;(EU) Leveraging the DeSIRA Initiative for Agri-Food Systems Transformation//International audienceAgricultural innovation in developing countries increasingly confronts challenges of complexity that transcend the capacity of any single organisation. The DeSIRA Initiative, funded by the European Commission, has invested in collaborative approaches that bring together research institutions, government agencies, farmer organisations, private sector entities, and civil society in various configurations of collaborative platforms. This learning review examined eight diverse case studies to understand what makes these collaborative platforms effective. The case studies revealed four distinct types of collaborative platforms, each addressing different needs in agricultural innovation systems: 1. Connectors that bridge communities with centres of power and resources 2. Policy platforms that focus on policy change and scaling 3. Power brokers that address competing interests and power imbalances blocking innovation 4. Knowledge integrators that bring together scientific expertise and local wisdom. Analysis across these different platforms, guided by an analytical framework inspired by the Capabilities, Opportunities, and Motivation model for Behavioural change (COM-B), reveals that successful collaboration emerges not from rushing to show quick results but from deliberate investment in three interconnected domains: building collaborative capabilities, enhancing opportunities for engagement and resource access, and continuously reaffirming the legitimacy of the collaborative process and its outcomes. The COM-B elements work together synergistically— improved capabilities help stakeholders better recognise and act on opportunities, while positive experiences strengthen motivation for continued engagement. Practical benefits (or the expectation thereof) for all stakeholders drive sustained engagement, whilst trust in the collaborative process is critical for overcoming differences and negotiating trade- offs. Successful collaboration requires deliberate investment in developing facilitation skills and relationship-building capabilities. Working through existing structures, rather than creating parallel systems, proves more sustainable, while governance mechanisms must balance clarity with flexibility. Prioritising the building of strong collaborative foundations is key for future projects while maintaining flexibility to adapt to local contexts. Success requires recognising collaboration as a core element of project design and implementation, not merely as an enabling factor. For project designers, this means building in adequate time and resources for relationship development before expecting technical outputs. For implementers, it suggests focusing on building trust and developing shared understanding before advancing technical activities. For donors, it highlights the importance of allowing sufficient time for foundation building and recognising the value of process alongside results. For policymakers, it underscores the need to create enabling environments that support sustainable collaboration beyond individual project cycles
Actionable learning from a review of DeSIRA projects' contributions to policy change
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613486/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): FOOD/2021/424-11;DeSIRA-LIFT;(EU) Leveraging the DeSIRA Initiative for Agri-Food Systems Transformation//International audienceThis learning brief presents findings from a review of 21 DeSIRA research and innovation (R&I) projects that have made significant contributions to policy change, to understand how such projects can effectively contribute to policy change in agriculture and natural resource management. This is an important endeavour because influencing policy change is a crucial pathway by which research can contribute to impact. The review found that successful policy influence emerges from long-term “outcome trajectories” - ongoing interactions between diverse actors, knowledge, and institutions in pursuit of a common mission. Projects play important roles in advancing these trajectories
Conservation agriculture enhances soil biodiversity and fertility: Evidence from contrasting soil textures in Cambodia
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613401/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): 6221-KH;HEIP;(KHM) Cambodia Higher Education Improvement Project//International audienceLand use and farming practices significantly influence soil health. This three-year study evaluated the effects of transitioning from conventional tillage (CT) to conservation agriculture (CA) on soil properties and fauna communities in vegetable production systems in Battambang (clay loam) and Siem Reap (sandy loam), Cambodia. Soil samples (0–20 cm) were analyzed for physicochemical properties, soil macro- and meso-fauna abundance, richness, and diversity. CA significantly improved soil fertility, increasing nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and soil organic carbon. Soil mesofauna abundance, richness, and diversity increased under CA, particularly in Battambang, with Entomobryomorpha, Poduromorpha, Symphypleona and Diptera showing greater abundance. While CA had positive effects in Siem Reap, the improvement was less pronounced. Soil mesofauna response to CA varied by soil type, with clay loam soils exhibiting a greater positive response than sandy loam. These findings emphasize the significance of soil type in optimizing CA practices to improve soil health and mesofauna communities in these agroecological conditions
Influence of physicochemical properties of yam starch and flour on extensibility of pounded yam in Côte d'Ivoire
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/612864/)International audienceIn this study, we determined pounded yam (PY) extensibility of 19 yam genotypes from Cote d'Ivoire by two procedures: uniaxial extensibility (UAE) and bi-extensional viscosity (BEV); while the physicochemical properties of yam flour and starch such as the swelling power, solubility, pasting properties, amylose and pectin were analysed. We hypothesized that the extensibility of PY significantly depended on inherent physicochemical properties of the yam. Results showed that extensibility of PY ranged between 3.8 - 20 mm and BEV ranged between 2.7·104 - 15.7·104 Pa·s, and were significantly different among the yam genotypes (P < 0.0001). Solubility of yam flour and starch ranged between 11.2 - 24.5 % and 7.5 - 13.9 %, respectively. The peak viscosity of yam flour ranged between 1895-3036 cP, varying significantly with genotype and specie. Correlations and multilinear regressions revealed PY extensibility was significantly estimated by solubility and peak viscosity of yam flour (P = 0.005, R2 = 0.83). The results are important for breeders in screening and selecting phenotypic traits to breed improved yam varieties with excellent PY quality
Conversion of degraded forests to oil palm plantations in the Peruvian Amazonia: Shifts in soil and ecosystem-level greenhouse gas fluxes
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/612577/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): ;;(DEU) Transparent monitoring in practice: supporting post-Paris land use sector mitigation//International audienceOil palm (OP) expansion and associated forest clearance can significantly impact greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. We investigated carbon stocks and soil GHG (N2O, CO2, CH4) fluxes in a degraded forest and an adjacent 17-year-old OP plantation in Peruvian Amazonia. The plantation comprised three nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments: 0 (OPN0), 84 (OPN1), 168 (OPN2) kg N ha−1 y−1. Carbon stocks were inventoried across all pools. GHG and environmental parameters were monitored monthly for 11 months and (bi)daily when fertilizing the OP, with measurements taken both near and far from trees/palms. Ecosystem-scale CO2equivalent losses from the conversion were computed by balancing carbon stock losses against N2O emission changes. N2O emissions (kg N ha−1 y−1) in the forest (6.7 ± 1.2) where litterfall N inputs were large (213 kg N ha−1 y−1) were 11, 5, and 3 times the emissions in OPN0 (0.6 ± 0.2), OPN1 (1.4 ± 0.2), and OPN2 (2.3 ± 0.3). In the plantation, 1 % of the N fertilizer applied was released as N2O. Across ecosystems, N inputs primarily controlled N2O emissions. Soil respiration (Mg C ha−1 y−1) was 1.4 times higher in the forest (9.1 ± 0.6) than in the plantation (7.3 ± 1, 5.5 ± 0.5, 6.5 ± 0.3 in OPN0, OPN1, OPN2). The forest was a soil CH4 (kg C ha−1 y−1) sink (-1.5 ± 0.3) while all OP treatments were sources (0.2 ± 0.3, 0.7 ± 0.5, 0.2 ± 0.4 in OPN0, OPN1, OPN2). Ecosystem carbon stock losses from forest-to-OP conversion were substantial (196.8 ± 44.0 Mg CO2 ha−1 15 y−1) and partially offset (14–20 %) by decreased N2O emissions. Complementary studies for this transition are needed to improve global GHG assessments
Restauration de la Hem et Suivi scientifique minimal : objectifs atteints ?
No full textInternational audienceThe restoration of rivers is a major issue, supported by public policies (WFD, Habitats Directive and soon NRL), and considered one of the main levers for mitigating the effects of global change. Although more and more restoration actions are being implemented on French and European watercourses, the effect of these actions on the rivers and associated communities remains poorly understood. The objective of the Demonstration sites network (DSN) and Minimal scientific monitoring (MSM) is to acquire knowledge on the response of freshwater ecosystems to restoration actions.Hem river at Tournehem-sur-la-Hem (north of France) is a DSN site. Thanks to strong mobilization of local structures from the start, the project was fully monitored, according precisely to the MSM and beyond for certain compartments. Even before the end of restoration works, the arrival of migratory fish species and lowering water level in key areas are the first convincing results. In 2025, the site will benefit of an 8-year monitoring (restoration work was implemented in 2017-2018), making it possible to collect numerous physico-chemical, hydrobiological and hydromorphological data. I.S.Rivers 2025 will be an opportunity to take stock of the restoration project on the Hem River and the knowledge acquired through MSM monitoring: Have the objectives for restoring the natural functioning of the river been achieved? Is there a gain in flood prevention? What feedback has been provided for the implemented scientific monitoring?La restauration des cours d’eau est un enjeu majeur, porté par les politiques publiques (DCE, DHFF et bientôt RRN) et considéré comme l’un des leviers majeurs d’atténuation des effets du changement climatique. Si de plus en plus de mesures de restauration sont mises en place sur les cours d’eau de France et d’Europe, l’effet de ces mesures sur les milieux et les communautés reste mal connu. L’ambition du réseau de sites de démonstration (SDD) et du suivi scientifique minimal (SSM) est de tenter de mieux comprendre la réponse des écosystèmes aux opérations de restauration des milieux aquatiques.Le site de la Hem à Tournehem-sur-la-Hem (62) est l’un des sites du réseau SDD. Grâce à une forte mobilisation des structures locales dès l’amont, le projet a bénéficié d’un suivi qui suit précisément les préconisations du SSM, et va même au-delà pour certains compartiments. Avant même la fin des travaux, l’arrivée des poissons migrateurs, et la diminution de la ligne d’eau sur les secteurs à enjeux, ont été des premiers résultats probants. En 2025, le site sera suivi depuis 8 ans (avec des travaux réalisés entre 2017 et 2018), permettant de bénéficier de nombreuses données physico-chimiques, hydrobiologiques, hydromorphologiques. I.S.Rivers 2025 sera l’occasion de faire le point sur le projet de restauration de la Hem et sur les informations apportées par le SSM : les objectifs de restauration du fonctionnement naturel du cours d’eau et de prévention des inondations ont-ils été atteints ? Quelles connaissances apportées par le suivi scientifique mis en œuvre
Grounded perspectives on water infrastructures and drought imaginaries in the semi-arid Northeast of Brazil
No full textInternational audienceThis paper discusses how water infrastructure became central to drought management in the state of Ceará in Brazil's Northeast region, and how this status has been maintained over the decades. It emphasizes the importance of social imaginaries and institutional arrangements in defining water ontologies and developing subjectivities that play in the moralization of water use and rights in crisis contexts. Our empirically grounded, interdisciplinary approach demonstrates how the co-evolution of infrastructure and institutional arrangements contributes to the maintainance of the infrastructure's centrality in drought management, primarily to increase water availability. Consequently, despite the establishment of participatory bodies and an alternative approach to manage droughts in rural communities, large-scale water infrastructure remains a key pillar in preparing for future droughts. While these infrastructures provide the state with some 'control capacities' over the water resources, they also have considerable uncontrolled and intertwined territorial effects. We argue that further interdisciplinary research is required to understand the complex role of infrastructures and imaginaries in water management