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Les formations agricoles dans le monde à l’épreuve de l’agroécologie
No full text[Articles publiés progressivement par la revue] Dans le cadre de l'approche des comparaisons internationales, ce dossier spécial de la revue Cahiers Agricultures vise à analyser les évolutions des curriculums des formations agricoles à travers le monde, tant dans les pays du Nord que du Sud, dans le contexte de montée en puissance des politiques de « transition agroécologique ». Il s'agit de comprendre les enjeux de l’élaboration des programmes des formations en agroécologie en fonction des définitions de l’agroécologie selon les contextes nationaux ou locaux, leur adoption et appropriation par les personnels de formation et leur réception par les publics concernés. Face à la prise de conscience croissante des enjeux environnementaux liés à l’agriculture, les politiques publiques réorientent les formations agricoles vers l’adaptation aux changements climatiques, la réduction d’usages des pesticides à travers l’intégration de nouveaux savoirs agronomiques en cours d’élaboration. Le premier axe propose d’interroger la manière dont les programmes d’enseignement (ou référentiels de formation) sont conçus pour répondre aux enjeux de la « transition agroécologique » (Métral, et all, 2016). Il s’agit d’analyser la traduction curriculaire des différentes conceptions de l’agroécologie. En effet, les définitions multiples de l’agroécologie (scientifique, politique, sociale, etc.), sa traduction en principes (HLPE 2019, FAO 2020, Wezel et al. 2020) se reflètent dans les contenus de formation, ce qui peut être source de tensions ou permettre au contraire d’intégrer une diversité de points de vue, de référentiels. Il s’agit aussi d’interroger les mécanismes qui permettent de sourcer plus rapidement les enseignements agronomiques sur les conditions d’activation d’innovations agroécologiques que documentent différents acteurs (recherche agronomique, organisations professionnelles, société civile). Le deuxième axe invite à examiner la manière dont les personnels de formation — enseignants, formateurs, conseillers, maîtres de stage — s’approprient et traduisent dans leurs pratiques pédagogiques ou professionnelles les référentiels et les orientations curriculaires liés à l’agroécologie (Gaborieau, Peltier, 2024). L’enjeu est de comprendre comment ces acteurs, situés à l’interface entre prescriptions institutionnelles et réalités locales, participent à la mise en œuvre effective des transformations attendues. Le troisième axe s’intéresse à la manière dont les publics en formation — élèves, étudiants, agriculteurs en reconversion, adultes en formation continue — reçoivent, interprètent et s’approprient (ou non) les savoirs agroécologiques transmis. L’objectif est d’analyser comment ces nouveaux contenus, porteurs de transformations profondes des pratiques agricoles, résonnent avec les trajectoires sociales (Sahuc, 2017), les représentations professionnelles et les projets de vie des apprenants
Who suffers the heat? Partial adaptation and persistent inequalities in France
No full textInternational audienceThis paper examines the heterogeneous effects of extreme heat on mortality in France, highlighting disparities across population density, socio-economic characteristics, and time. Using a new monthly database of French municipalities from 1980 to 2019, I exploit year-to-year random variations in temperature to show that extreme heat significantly increases the mortality rate, especially for people aged 75 and over. The study also emphasizes the greater vulnerability of people living in densely populated cities due to structural challenges that amplify the impact of high temperatures. Socio-economic conditions also shape vulnerability, as low-income municipalities face a disproportionate impact, especially in rural areas. Indeed, the paper’s key contribution is to disentangle the effects of urban density and income on the heat–mortality relationship, showing that social inequalities in the effects of high temperatures are particularly pronounced in rural settings. The results also show a major reduction in the impact of heat following the extreme 2003 heatwave, partly due to the National Heatwave Plan implemented in response to this event
Assessment of biophysical properties of mango purées from whole-fruit NIRS of different varieties
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616408/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): ;SADUR;(FRA) Systèmes Alimentaires Durables en milieu insulaire//International audienceThis work combined multi-variety, multi-ripening stages with non-destructive Near-Infrared Spectra (NIRS) modeling to predict processed mango purée quality traits. 2083 fruits were analyzed by non-destructive texture and NIRS measurements, and then processed into 240 purées. The quality traits of 61 representative purées were characterized. The performance of partial least-square regression (PLS) models was evaluated to predict the purées' dry matter (DM), total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), color (L∗, a∗, b∗), rheological parameters (flow indices n, consistency index K, flow point ɣf, elastic and viscous moduli (G'LVE and G"LVE)), and granulometric parameters (statistical diameters D [3; 2] and D [4; 3]). Cogshall purées had the highest n, and the lowest G'LVE, G"LVE and D [3; 2] values. Modelling highlighted that ripening was the only factor modulating D [3; 2], whereas ɣf was variety-dependent. The fruit NIRS PLS models with RPD value > 2.5 for DM, G'LVE, while G"LVE and ɣf demonstrated good/excellent performance. For TSS, b∗, D [3;2] and D [4;3] satisfactory quantitative prediction was obtained (2 < RPD <2.5). Finally, NIRS presented poor predictive performance for pH, AT, L∗, a∗, n and k. These findings should be extended to other varieties and production systems to achieve higher representativity and genericity
Carbon availability acts via cytokinins to promote gemma cup formation in <i>Marchantia polymorpha</i>
No full textLiverworts can clonally propagate by producing compact shoot structures called gemmae, which develop within basket-like structures known as gemma cups. It was previously reported in Marchantia nepalensis that carbon availability promotes gemma cup formation. However, the mechanisms by which carbon availability controls this process remains largely unexplored. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated how carbon promotes gemma cup formation using Marchantia polymorpha as a model species. Through a series of pharmacological and genetic experiments, we found that carbon availability promotes gemma cup formation by inducing the cytokinin pathway, thereby increasing the expression of MpGCAM1 and MpSTG, which encode two transcription factors involved in forming the basal floor of gemma cups. Indeed, our data show that cytokinins accumulate in marchantia thallus in response to sucrose and to high light treatments. In addition, constitutive induction of cytokinin signalling could overcome the repressive effect of low sucrose on gemma cup formation, whereas suppression of this hormonal pathway led to inhibition of sucrose-induced gemma cup formation. Furthermore, our results indicate that sucrose can induce gemma cup formation independently of KAI2A and MAX2, two molecular components of karrikin signalling known to control this developmental process by inducing cytokinin synthesis. Interestingly, in flowering plants, carbon availability also promotes cytokinin accumulation to induce axillary bud outgrowth, a process involving the transcription factors AtRAX and AtLOF1, the Arabidopsis thaliana orthologues of MpGCAM1 and MpSTG, respectively. Collectively, these observations indicate that the interactions between carbon and cytokinins are critical for the developmental plasticity of land plants in response to their environment
The evolution of drought characteristics in semi-arid Africa over the last four decades
No full textInternational audiencetudy regionSemi-arid Africa, covering six subregions: the Mediterranean (MED), Sahel, North Eastern Africa (NEAF), South Eastern Africa (SEAF), Southern Africa (SAF), and Madagascar (MDG).Study focusWe analyse drought duration, intensity, and severity from 1979 to 2024 across semi-arid Africa. Using Climate Prediction Center (CPC, 0.5°) precipitation and temperature, we compute the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Trends are detected with the Mann–Kendall test and Theil–Sen slope estimator. Short-term droughts (3–6 months), strongly influenced by temperature variability, are distinguished from 12-month events driven by cumulative hydrological deficits.New hydrological insightsThree drought episodes emerge: the early 1990s, early 2000s, and the recent period beginning in 2022. Long time-scale indices (SPI-12, SPEI-12) capture the most persistent droughts, whereas short time-scale indices (SPEI-3, SPEI-6) reveal intense temperature-driven episodes. In MED, only 7–25 % of grid cells show significant SPI trends in duration, severity, and intensity, but up to 75 % exhibit drought intensification with SPEI, underscoring strong temperature sensitivity. Across NEAF, SEAF, SAF, and MDG, 25–55 % of pixels show significant increases in drought duration (up to +3 months per decade), severity (+3 units per decade), and intensity (+0.5 units per decade). Parts of the western Sahel and southern Madagascar display decreasing trends. Overall, the study delivers a continent-wide assessment of drought evolution and identifies hotspots where intensifying drought threatens water resources and food security
Floral resource strips enhance parasitoid abundance and diversity in apple orchards and promote agroecological advances in a South African biosphere reserve
No full textInternational audience1. Agricultural intensification drives insect declines, including that of parasitoids, through landscape simplification and extensive use of synthetic pesticides. Spatially heterogeneous agricultural landscapes are potentially important biodiversity reservoirs where non-crop habitats may support populations providing ecosystem services to farming. However, there is a need to find methods to support thistransition to more sustainable farming and support the progressive concept of biosphere reserves.2. We focus here on the relationship between apple orchards and sclerophyllous natural fynbos vegetation in the megadiverse Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve, Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. We established patches of floral resources within apple orchards, which are embedded in landscapes, equivalent to the transition zone of the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve (KBR), with varying proportions of natural habitat in a 500-m radius around orchards. We assessed the role of these enhanced floral resources for supporting parasitoid abundance, species richness and diversity inside orchards and compare these metrics to those in ruderal vegetation around orchards and in nearby natural vegetation. Further, we assessed the effect of semi-natural vegetation in the surrounding landscape mosaic on parasitoids in orchards.3. Floral enhancement improved parasitoid abundance and influenced assemblage composition within apple orchards. However, non-crop ruderal habitat immediately adjacent to orchards supported greater abundance and richness of parasitoid species, while natural fynbos supported even richer parasitoid assemblages. Vegetation within orchards and landscape complexity enhanced parasitoid assemblages inside and surrounding the orchards.4. Our study shows that increasing floral resources within orchards improves local diversity of parasitoids within agroecosystems in the Biosphere Reserve. In doing so, this improves levels of biodiversity and increases parasitoid richness within the biosphere transition zone, supporting a shift from conventional production to a more biodiversity-friendly agroecological approach
Intragenerational conflict undermines cooperation with the future
No full textFuture generations have no agency in today's decisions, making their well-being a defining challenge of our time. Climate change, biodiversity loss, and resource depletion all depend on trade-offs between immediate gains and long-term sustainability. These dilemmas are often attributed to shortsightedness. We show instead that the critical obstacle lies within generations themselves: coordination failures among contemporaries can undermine sustainability even when individuals care about the future. Using a lab-in-the-field intergenerational goods game with a threshold-based regeneration rule, we compare settings with a single decision maker per generation to ones with three contemporaries deciding simultaneously without communication. When individuals act alone, resources are almost always preserved; when contemporaries must coordinate, conservation collapses. Our models explain this pattern by combining intergenerational altruism with beliefs about others' restraint: pessimistic expectations erode altruistic motives, driving overextraction. These insights have direct implications for climate governance and natural resource management, where failures in coordination today can be as detrimental as lack of concern for the future
The Recommended Network of Semantic Resources for the Food Supply Chain
No full textThis is not the final version of this document.IntroductionThis document provides guidance for stakeholders in the food supply chain to identify and access relevant semantic resources when integrating a semantic layer into their digital solutions.The recommended semantic resources—forming a network of shared resources for the agricultural and food supply chains—has the potential to create a standardized and interoperable framework that integrates and harmonizes data across stakeholders.PurposeAdopting shared semantic resources enables data integration and interoperability among food supply chain actors—and, ultimately, across all supply chains. This approach ensures that all stakeholders interpret data and its relationships consistently, supporting seamless communication, collaboration, and more efficient decision-making.This is not the final version of this document
Exploring service ecosystems supporting agrifood innovation: a systematic literature review toward a new conceptual framework
No full textInternational audiencePurposeThis paper explores how organisations supporting agricultural innovation collaborate within service ecosystems, and examines how these ecosystems emerge, are structured, and contribute to innovation processes, particularly in contexts facing Grand Challenges.Design/Methodology/ApproachWe conducted a systematic literature review, analysing 96 scientific and grey literature sources to develop the new concept of innovation support service ecosystems.FindingsWe identified five clusters of innovation support services ecosystems (ISSEs): (1) Planned technology-driven ISSE; (2) University and research-driven ecosystems for interactive innovation; (3) Mission-driven co-innovation platforms; (4) Regional innovator-led ecosystems; and (5) Centralised state-led ecosystems.Practical ImplicationsThis classification provides policymakers and donors with key insights to support the most suitable inter-organisational arrangements that foster innovation for tackling Grand Challenges.Theoretical ImplicationsApplying the concept of service ecosystems to the agricultural context, we propose the new concept of innovation support services ecosystems (ISSE). Although our review is global, particular attention is paid to the relevance of this concept for sub-Saharan Africa.Originality/ValueThis study offers a meso-level perspective on innovation support, highlighting practical coordination among service providers and targeting specific domains of agricultural innovation
Bulletin de veille du réseau d'écotoxicologie terrestre et aquatique N°83
No full textINRAE, réseau ECOTOX → A paraîtreBulletin de veill