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Recursos genéticos de la vid: retos actuales, logros y perspectivas
No full textInternational audienc
Fitoterápicos como abordagem alternativa ao uso de antiparasitários na caprinocultura
No full textInternational audienceA caprinocultura leiteira na América Latina enfrenta desafios significativos devido à alta prevalência de nematoides gastrintestinais (NG) e à crescente resistência anti-helmíntica (RAH), além da preocupação com resíduos de fármacos no leite. Este estudo teve como objetivo revisar o potencial da fitoterapia como alternativa para o controle de NG em caprinos, visando mitigar a RAH e reduzir a presença de resíduos antiparasitários no leite. Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura, abordando a importância socioeconômica da caprinocultura leiteira, os principais NG que afetam os rebanhos, especialmente Haemonchus contortus, e a problemática da RAH relacionada ao uso indiscriminado de anti-helmínticos (AH) sintéticos. Os resultados evidenciam que extratos e óleos essenciais de plantas como Mangifera indica, Croton zehntneri e Psidium guajava demonstram eficácia no controle de NG, atribuída a compostos bioativos como limoneno, geranial e carvacrol. Esses compostos, ao interagirem com múltiplos alvos parasitários, sugerem um menor risco de desenvolvimento de resistência. Conclui-se que a fitoterapia representa uma estratégia promissora para o manejo sustentável de NG em caprinos leiteiros, oferecendo benefícios como menor toxicidade, ampla disponibilidade e menor impacto ambiental. Apesar dos avanços, são necessárias mais pesquisas para viabilizar o uso seguro e eficaz de fitoterápicos em programas de controle parasitário
Conservatoires champenois de ressources génétiques : outils de caractérisation et de valorisation à l'usage des professionnels
No full textThe Comité Champagne is engaged in an initiative focused on the preservation, characterization and valorization of intra-varietal diversity within the regional conservatories of Champagne. In the context of climate change and evolving production conditions, this diversity represents a key lever for enhancing grapevine adaptation, increasing vineyard resilience and preserving the typicity of Champagne wines.Le Comité Champagne s’inscrit dans une démarche de préservation, caractérisation et valorisation de la diversité intra-variétale des conservatoires régionaux champenois. Dans un contexte de changement climatique et d’évolution des conditions de production, cette diversité constitue un levier pour favoriser l’adaptation des cépages, accroître la résilience du vignoble et préserver la typicité des vins de Champagne
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida incommunis inoculated during cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) fermentation as great biologogical agents for reduction of the beans spoilage by molds
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616444/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): FOOD/2019/412-132;C4F;(EU) Cocoa4Future// ;DeSIRA;(EU) Development Smart Innovation through Research in Agriculture//International audienc
Effect of agroforestry and cocoa-producing geographical origin on the sensory profile of beans and chocolates in the climate change context in Côte d'Ivoire
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616449/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): FOOD/2019/412-132;C4F;(EU) Cocoa4Future// ;DeSIRA;(EU) Development Smart Innovation through Research in Agriculture//International audienceThis paper investigated the effects of agroforestry (AF) on the sensory profiles of cocoa beans and the organoleptic quality of end-chocolates. A three-day opening delay for the Ivorian hybrid cultivar commonly known as “Mercedes” (Amelonado × West African Trinitario) from AF and full-sun (FS) plantations as control located at five cocoa-producing areas were fermented in wooden boxes for 6 days and stirred at days 2 and 4. Fermented cocoa was sun-dried until reaching 7–8% moisture and processed into chocolate. Volatile compounds of cocoa powder and chocolate were analyzed using the SPME-GC-MS method, while the organoleptic perception of chocolates was assessed by 12 professional judges according to 10 sensory descriptors. The findings revealed that the concentrations of esters ranged from 9.41 ± 0.61 to 19.35 ± 1.28 µg.g−1, aldehydes from 11.56 ± 0.7 to 25.33 ± 1.5 µg.g−1, and ketones from 5.76 ± 0.62 to 55.84 ± 4.39 µg.g−1 in cocoa beans regardless of the cropping system. However, the concentrations of some volatile compounds classes including alcohols, acids, and pyrazines were similar in AF and FS chocolate samples. AF system clearly influenced the volatile compound profiles of cocoa beans in only the Adzopé, Guibéroua, and Méagui regions without impacting those of the chocolates regardless of the geographical origin after fermentation and roasting. Furthermore, AF chocolate was not less appealing than the FS chocolate samples. So, AF system did not significantly influence the sensory perception of chocolate. AF can therefore be encouraged as a cropping system for cocoa cultivation to reduce deforestation and promote reforestation, ensuring the sustainability of cocoa
A modified spherical variogram model with constrained optimization for spatial volume estimation
No full textInternational audienceIn this study, we proposed a modified spherical variogram model aimed at improving the accuracy of spatial modeling in volume estimation. The model enhances the flexibility of the traditional spherical variogram structure by incorporating additional polynomial terms to better capture spatial variability in structured plantation datasets. Parameters such as nugget, sill, range, and the coefficients of the polynomial terms were estimated using the L-BFGS-B optimization algorithm under box constraints, ensuring numerical stability and physically meaningful values. The performance of the modified model was evaluated using real-world volume data from Tectona grandis Linn. f. (teak) trees planted in a multiclonal block in Brumas Camp, Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia. To assess model accuracy and generalizability, predicted volumes derived from the fitted variogram model were compared to measured values using three validation strategies: Full dataset fitting, Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation (LOOCV), and K-Fold Cross-Validation. The modified spherical variogram model demonstrated superior performance over the classical version in terms of weighted root mean squared error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R²). These findings highlighted the value of refining variogram structures to improve estimation precision in geostatistical applications, particularly when modeling spatially complex forest data.</div
Main conclusions and perspectives from the collective scientific assessment of the effects of plant protection products on biodiversity and ecosystem services along the land–sea continuum in France and French overseas territories
No full textErratum : 10.1007/s11356-025-36011-4International audiencePreservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services is critical for sustainable development and human well-being. However, an unprecedented erosion of biodiversity is observed and the use of plant protection products (PPP) has been identified as one of its main causes. In this context, at the request of the French Ministries responsible for the Environment, for Agriculture and for Research, a panel of 46 scientific experts ran a nearly 2-year-long (2020-2022) collective scientific assessment (CSA) of international scientific knowledge relating to the impacts of PPP on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The scope of this CSA covered the terrestrial, atmospheric, freshwater, and marine environments (with the exception of groundwater) in their continuity from the site of PPP application to the ocean, in France and French overseas territories, based on international knowledge produced on or transposable to this type of context (climate, PPP used, biodiversity present, etc.). Here, we provide a brief summary of the CSA's main conclusions, which were drawn from about 4500 international publications. Our analysis finds that PPP contaminate all environmental matrices, including biota, and cause direct and indirect ecotoxicological effects that unequivocally contribute to the decline of certain biological groups and alter certain ecosystem functions and services. Levers for action to limit PPP-driven pollution and effects on environmental compartments include local measures from plot to landscape scales and regulatory improvements. However, there are still significant gaps in knowledge regarding environmental contamination by PPPs and its effect on biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services. Perspectives and research needs are proposed to address these gaps
Analyzing pathways to agroecological change in Northern Laos
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616265/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): ;ASSET;(FRA) Agroecological and Safe Food System Transitions//International audienceThis study examines the influence of structural factors of landscapes and characteristics of farming systems on agroecological pathways within complex agrarian transformation processes in northern Laos, employing a comprehensive multi-method approach. In 2022 and 2023, we conducted focus group discussions with village committees and agricultural extensionists and surveyed 500 households across three districts in Xiengkhouang Province as part of the ASSET Project. Agroecological performance was evaluated across different farming systems using a standardized scoring system based on the 13 principles of agroecology, with scores ranging from 0 to 1 across measurable components. Farm typologies based on structural characteristics, land access patterns, and cropping and livestock systems. Three distinct farm types were identified: Paddy/Tea Systems, 40% of households, with diversified land access enabling cultivation of both lowland paddy rice and upland tea, demonstrating the highest agroecological performance; Paddy-focused Systems, 35% of households, with good lowland access but limited upland access, showing moderate agroecological performance; and Upland Systems, 25% of households, located in remote areas with limited lowland access, exhibiting the lowest agroecological scores. The agricultural landscape encompasses diverse production systems, with rice-based systems (72% of households) forming the backbone of local agriculture, hybrid maize systems (26% of households) dominating upland commercial production, and livestock (91% of households raising cattle/buffalo) playing a crucial role across all systems. Cross-analysis revealed significant variations in agroecological performance, with households generally excelling in biodiversity conservation (scores > 0.5) and social/economic dimensions, including knowledge co-creation, social values, and connectivity. However, technical agricultural practices, particularly input reduction and soil health management, showed consistently weak performance across all clusters (scores < 0.25). Land access diversity emerged as the fundamental determinant of agroecological performance, with households having access to both lowlands and uplands achieving significantly higher scores across multiple dimensions. The study revealed a notable performance gap between social/economic aspects of agroecology, where communities maintain strong traditional knowledge systems and social cohesion, and technical agricultural practices requiring specific agroecological techniques. The research identified distinct production zones with specialized agricultural focus, reflecting topographical constraints and market access patterns. The co-existence of multiple agricultural models challenges one-size-fits-all approaches to sustainable agriculture development. Policy interventions must develop differentiated strategies for different farm types and territories, prioritizing support for input reduction and soil health while building on existing strengths in biodiversity conservation and social organization. The findings emphasize the importance of creating adaptation spaces where stakeholders having different stakes can negotiate agroecological interventions collaboratively, integrating both technical and institutional support with particular attention to connecting remote communities to diversified planting material, knowledge networks, and market opportunities
Plant Hydraulic Architecture for a Mechanistic Representation of Soil‐Plant‐Atmosphere Water Transfer in the Land Surface Model ORCHIDEE (r9107)
No full textInternational audienceLand surface models (LSMs) typically represent soil moisture control on stomatal conductance through an empirical sensitivity function, without considering plant hydrology. This study proposes integrating water transfer representation within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in the ORCHIDEE land surface model. This new configuration includes vegetation hydraulic architecture and a stomatal control based on leaf water potential ψ leaf ) , along with a mechanistic representation of water absorption by roots via radial diffusion around the roots. An adaptive numerical scheme is implemented to prevent numerical instabilities during hydric stress, reducing hourly instabilities by a factor of 2. The implementation and the standard configuration of ORCHIDEE are calibrated and evaluated at FLUXNET sites with eddy-covariance flux measurements. A detailed assessment is carried out at two well-documented forest sites (FR-Hes and FR-Pue), where both configurations perform similarly regarding the seasonal dynamics of latent heat flux (RMSEs of 16.0 W/m 2 for the potential-based configuration and 15.8 W/m 2 for the standard configuration at FR-Hes). An evaluation of leaf water potential at FR-Pue shows correlations of 0.87 and 0.72 for predawn and midday ψ leaf respectively. A second evaluation across 135 sites from the FLUXNET2015 database highlights similar performances for both configurations. Finally, a global assessment of the differences between the two schemes emphasizes the good performance of the hydraulic architecture model. Overall, the new hydraulic architecture provides a more mechanistic description of stomatal conductance response to soil water stress and paves the way for incorporating physiological processes controlling tree mortality and using in situ observations to calibrate plant responses to water stress.Plain Language Summary Land surfaces models (LSMs), which aim at representing the exchanges between the land surfaces and the atmosphere, usually represent the rate of water exchanges between the vegetation and the atmosphere according to soil water stress defined as an empirical function and without considering the plant water status. Here, we propose to represent the water transfers from the soil-root interface toward the leaves via a hydraulic architecture model, accounting for potential water storage in the plant. This model provides a more mechanistic description of the response of stomatal conductance to soil water stress and opens for the representation of important physiological processes such as cavitation. In order to evaluate the model, a detailed analysis has been performed at two forest sites. It enabled to understand the behavior of the new configuration and to verify its capacity to reproduce observations of water exchanges with the atmosphere. An extended analysis over 135 FLUXNET sites illustrated the overall good performances of the model. Finally, a study at global scale highlighted significant differences between the new hydraulic architecture and the standard model with respect to energy, water and carbon fluxe