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Genetic diversity and verification of plant material compliance of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in the Barombi-Kang Regional variety trial
No full textInternational audienceCocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a pivotal agricultural commodity in Cameroon, which ranks as one of the top five global cocoa producers. This study focused on evaluating the genetic diversity and verifying the plant material compliance of cocoa genotypes in the Barombi-Kang Regional variety trial, employing 12 highly polymorphic SSR markers. A comprehensive analysis of 318 hybrid families and 15 parental genotypes was conducted, which revealed extensive genetic variability. The study found an average polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.72 for hybrids and 0.68 for parents, alongside observed heterozygosity rates of 0.54 and 0.42, respectively, indicating a rich genetic reservoir. Significantly, an 18.55% labeling error rate was identified, underscoring prevalent issues in germplasm management that could impact the efficacy of breeding programs. These errors highlight the critical need for enhanced genetic verification protocols to ensure the accuracy and reliability of plant materials used in breeding. The genetic analysis also demonstrated substantial allelic richness with the hybrids showing an average of 72 alleles per locus, suggesting a high capacity for selection within the breeding pool. The data from this study not only reinforce the potential for genetic improvement of cocoa in Cameroon but also provide crucial insights into the genetic structure and population dynamics within the trial. Addressing the genetic and management challenges identified could lead to the development of superior cocoa varieties, enhancing yield, disease resistance, and environmental stress tolerance, thereby contributing to the sustainable advancement of the cocoa industry in Cameroon and beyond.</div
Integrating land-use and food planning for the re-territorialisation of agricultural activities: a review of the literature
No full textInternational audienceThe re-territorialisation of agricultural activities (RAA) refers to the promotion of local food production and its diversification geared towards local consumption. RAA helps to shape the local food system, a subject that is increasingly studied with regard to planning. Land-use and food planning are two local policy areas associated with RAA, yet the way in which they interact to facilitate RAA remains unclear. This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the integration between land-use and food planning by reviewing the scientific literature in these planning fields in the Global North over the past 24 years. We reviewed 161 publications pertaining to RAA-related interests and instruments, intersecting action fields and governance mechanisms. The literature shows the complementarity between land-use and food planning in areas related to RAA, and the consequent need to develop coherent planning strategies to improve the effective implementation of RAA. Land-use planning has a spatial dimension with regulatory instruments, whereas food planning often has a food system and life cycle dimension with strategic instruments. Access to land, collective food infrastructures, and farming practices are three areas around which land-use and food planning can have synergies. Coherence and synergy can also be favoured by a well-established co-governance model, which implies collaboration between sectors, multi-level governmental actors, and a combination of top-down and bottom-up processes. We conclude with suggestions for planning practitioners and provide a future research agenda by appealing for more empirical studies on the intersectional fields of land-use and food planning
Co-Designing Sustainable and Resilient Rubber Cultivation Systems Through Participatory Research with Stakeholders in Indonesia
No full textInternational audienceThe rubber industry is facing major socio-economic and environmental constraints. Rubberbased agroforestry systems represent a more sustainable solution through the diversification of income and the provision of greater ecosystem services than monoculture plantations. Participative approaches are known for their ability to co-construct solutions with stakeholders and to promote a positive impact on smallholders. This study therefore implemented a participatory research process with stakeholders in the natural rubber sector for the purpose of improving inclusion, relevance and impact. Facilitation training sessions were first organised with academic actors to prepare participatory workshops. A working group of stakeholder representatives was set up and participated in these workshops to share a common representation of the value chain and to identify problems and solutions for the sector in Indonesia. By fostering collective intelligence and systems thinking, the process is aimed at enabling the development of adaptive technical solutions and building capacity across the sector for future government replanting programmes. The resulting adaptive technical packages were then detailed and objectified by the academic consortium and are part of a participatory plant breeding approach adapted to the natural rubber industry. On-station and on-farm experimental plans have been set up to facilitate the drafting of projects for setting up field trials based on these outcomes. Research played a dual role as both knowledge provider and facilitator, guiding a co-learning process rooted in social inclusion, equity and ecological resilience. The initiative highlighted the potential of rubber cultivation to contribute to climate change mitigation and food sovereignty, provided that it can adapt through sustainable practices like agroforestry. Continued political and financial support is essential to sustain and scale these innovations
Mass mortality events in the sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean caused by long-distance circumpolar spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b
No full textInternational audienceSince 2020, the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus clade 2.3.4.4b has turned into the largest documented panzootic to date, reaching the sub-Antarctic region and Antarctica via the tip of South America in 2023. Here, we describe its recent arrival into the Indian Ocean sub-Antarctic archipelagos of Crozet and Kerguelen, where we first detected the virus in October 2024 in dead southern elephant seals, king penguins, gentoo penguins, brown skuas and kelp gulls. While the panzootic is ongoing, it has already caused unprecedented and alarming mortalities of southern elephant seals. We collected brain swabs from various seal and bird carcasses, subsequently isolated the virus and obtained 25 novel HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b sequences. Our phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses show that there have been independent introductions of the virus to Crozet and Kerguelen, from the distant South Georgia Islands in the Southern Atlantic, and not from the more nearby coasts of South Africa. Our results point to a year-long gap in genomic surveillance in the south polar region, obscuring how HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b is spreading in the sub-Antarctic and illustrating the difficulties in tracking pathogen dispersal in the region. Locally, our phylogenetic analyses show that the virus is transmitted between different species. Moreover, our serological analyses show that some southern elephant seal pups had mounted an anti-H5 antibody response. With the spread to Crozet and Kerguelen, HPAI H5N1 2.3.4.4b is moving ever closer to Australia and New Zealand, which currently remain free from infections with this strain, and represents a major threat to the sub-Antarctic wildlife. Our results provide key elements to enable stakeholders to anticipate the arrival and spread of the virus in remote areas of critical wildlife conservation concerns
A spatial perspective on flowering in cauliflorous cacao: architecture defines flower cushion location, not its early activity
No full textInternational audienceBackground and Aims: Theobroma cacao L., a tropical sciaphilous tree, exhibits cauliflory, with persistent flowering sites known as flower cushions. Cushions develop from floral buds located at the axils of leaves or cataphylls. They can sustain recurrent flowering and contribute to the tree's fruit production throughout its lifespan. However, factors influencing their formation and flowering activity remain poorly understood. Methods Architectural and geometrical measurements, combined with weekly monitoring of flowering activity at the node scale, were conducted on plagiotropic branches of two cacao genotypes under medium and heavy shade. We investigated how architecture and geometry influence cushion formation, frequency and duration of flowering episodes, and synchrony of flowering among cushions at different scales. Key results Flower cushions developed once a flush (growth unit) had reached a specific ontogenetic age, defined by its position along the shoot (axis). The probability of flower cushion formation was then primarily determined by the node’s (phytomer) position within the flush and its basal diameter. Heavy shade (90% light reduction) greatly limited cushion formation, irrespective of the architectural traits or growth characteristics of the node, flush or shoot. In contrast, the temporal activity of the flower cushions was not related to architectural or geometrical factors, and flowering occurred with moderate synchrony at the growth unit, axis, and branch scales. Conclusions These findings indicate the dual importance of shoot ontogeny and node-specific traits in flower cushion formation in this cauliflorous species. They also demonstrate the overall negative influence of heavy shade on flower cushion development, and the absence of architectural constraints on the flowering activity of cushions during the tree’s first reproductive phase. Further analyses are needed to better understand the hormonal and carbohydrate regulation of flowering and fruiting in productive trees of this cauliflorous species
Decoding France’s food environment combining data bases to characterize the food environment in France
No full textInternational audienceThe dataset presented here draws on several French institutional database sources. The aim is to develop a nationwide database of food outlet locations that can be automatically enriched and updated with a high level of reliability. To this end, we created a flexible and dynamic Python script that can be widely utilized by a maximum of users. Data can be updated either on a daily basis to create a series of files within a limited timeframe, or on a monthly basis to reflect updates to the SIRENE 3.11 database of the national statistical institute INSEE. Starting from SIRENE 3.11, we enriched the data using the Alim’ Confiance (Ministry of Agriculture) and the Les Professionnels Engagés en Bio (organic farmers) databases. We were also able to enhance the accuracy of food environment description by identifying food outlets currently closed, exploiting the BODACC (official trade bulletin) database with its almost daily updating. These data provide valuable support for studies on the food environment at both macro and micro levels. The database’s wide range of scales makes it possible to map food sales and distribution outlets, a prerequisite to any investigation of food environments in a given territory
Modélisation de l'exposition de la biodiversité aux produits Phytopharmaceutiques (PPP) a l’échelle du paysage
No full textInternational audienceUne limite majeure de l’évaluation des risques pour les produits phytosanitaires est que les pesticides sont généralement appliqués à l’échelle de la parcelle agricole, alors que les sources d’émission et les voies de contamination se situent à l’échelle du paysage et tendent à s’accumuler au fil du temps. Les méthodes d’évaluation des risques environnementaux (ERE) utilisées pour l’autorisation de mise sur le marché reposent souvent sur une approche substance par substance à l’échelle de la parcelle, ne permettant pas de prendre en compte l’ensemble des risques liés aux mélanges de pesticides. Pour faire face à cette complexité, il est nécessaire de développer de nouvelles approches de modélisation de l’exposition permettant de refléter fidèlement la dynamique de dispersion des pesticides en tenant compte des caractéristiques écologiques et des stades de vie propres à chaque espèce, tels que les modes d’exposition, les schémas de dispersion et les déplacements d’animaux entre différents habitats. Dans ce contexte, le modèle MIPP (développer sigle), dédié au devenir des pesticides dans les agroécosystèmes viticoles permet de simuler la dispersion des concentrations de pesticides dans l’air, le sol et les eaux de surface, tout en prenant en compte des éléments paysagers clés tels que les parcelles agricoles, les réseaux hydrographiques, les types de sols et les pratiques agricoles. Ces schémas de contamination seront croisés avec un modèle individu-centré (Individual-Based Model) permettant de représenter l’utilisation de l’habitat et les comportements alimentaires de différents groupes fonctionnels d’organismes. Ce travail permettra de mieux comprendre comment la contamination par les pesticides dans les différents milieux environnementaux (air, eau, sol) interagit avec les traits biologiques des espèces sauvages pour déterminer les risques d’exposition. Cet effort contribuera à des évaluations des risques environnementaux plus réalistes, en intégrant une vision globale des facteurs écologiques et paysagers influençant la dispersion des pesticides. L’approche retenue sera présentée à l’issue d’un aperçu des outils disponibles pour atteindre cet objectif
Orchestrer la mise en œuvre de la blockchain dans les supply chains : Vers une clarification du concept de consortium
No full textNational audienceBlockchain consortia represent a collaborative association where several organizations come together to jointly initiate, implement and exploit blockchain technology. Blockchain consortia offer players a hybrid model that combines elements of collective governance and limited control. This raises the question of how players organize themselves into blockchain consortia. The aim of this article is to define and characterize blockchain consortia, understand their governance framework and identify the motivations associated with consortium organization. We propose a literature review of the various frameworks for analyzing blockchain consortia and their governance to better understand the foundations, challenges and evolutionary prospects of these modes of organization.Les consortiums blockchain représentent une association collaborative où plusieurs organisations se regroupent pour initier, mettre en œuvre et exploiter la technologie blockchain de manière conjointe. Les consortiums blockchain offrent aux acteurs un modèle hybride qui combine des éléments de gouvernance collective et de contrôle restreint. Se pose alors la question de comprendre comment les acteurs s’organisent en consortium blockchain. L’objectif de cet article est de définir et de caractériser les consortiums blockchain, de comprendre leur cadre de gouvernance et d’identifier les motivations associées à l’organisation en consortium. Nous proposons une revue de la littérature des différents cadres d’analyse des consortiums blockchain et de leur gouvernance pour mieux comprendre les fondements, les enjeux et les perspectives d’évolution de ces modes d’organisation
Exploration of Hiptage (Malpighiaceae) diversity in Vietnam reveals a new species with wingless fruits
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613559/)International audienceHiptage (Malpighiaceae) is a genus almost exclusively native to Asia, with a single species, Hiptage benghalensis, being a noxious invasive plant in several areas of the world and particularly threatening the native flora of the Mascarene Islands. Whereas 17 Hiptage species have been reported from Vietnam, there is currently no available genetic information that could be used to confirm the species diversity in the country. Through a study combining phylogenetic and morphological analyses of newly-collected samples and herbarium specimens, we were able to accurately identify five Hiptage species in Vietnam. One of these, Hiptage aptera, represents a species new to science. Specimens of the new species show white to slightly pink petals, erect to forward-curved petals, eight tiny calyx glands and wingless fruits, a unique feature within this genus. Our results strongly support Vietnam as one of the diversity centres of the Hiptage genus with 18 species out of the 48 species. Although we could not determine the source of introduction of Hiptage in the Mascarenes Archipelago, our findings highlight the genetic similarity of all Hiptage benghalensis samples collected in its secondary distribution areas, suggesting a probable single introduction. This is consistent with historical reports dating the plant's introduction to the Mascarenes to the 18th century
Construction et territorialisation de l'accompagnement de l'innovation agricole à Madagascar
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613521/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): FOOD/2021/422-432;MAKIS;(EU) Malagasy Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems//International audienc